controlled traffic/permanent bed farming reduces ghg emissions. jeff tullberg
DESCRIPTION
A presentation from the WCCA 2011 event held in Brisbane, Australia.TRANSCRIPT
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Controlled traffic/permanent bed farming reduces GHG emissions.
Jeff Tullberg , Jack McHugh, Boorzoo Ghareel Khabbaz, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba and CTF Solutions, Brisbane.
Clemens Scheer, Peter GraceQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane.
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Australian controlled traffic (no-till) farming
Harvesting, Seeding, Spraying,
From same permanent traffic lanes
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China Controlled Traffic Research
Harvesting, Seeding, Spraying,
From same permanent traffic lanes
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Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF)• Permanent traffic lanes for all heavy wheels.
Permanent no-till crop beds.• Layouts designed for drainage and logistics.
Timeliness, precision, better soil and agronomy**opportunity crops, optimised inputs
Many characteristic shared with – Permanent Raised Bed (PRB) in Mexico and Asia – Permanent bed, reduced-till intensive cropping.
Impact?
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Parameter Units Australian Vertosol China, Loess
Wheeled Non-wheeled Wheeled Non-wheeled
Wheel Load t/axle 4-5 1-2
Rainfall ( 5year mean) mm/yr 907 (incl. irrigation) 558
Runoff ( 5year mean) mm/yr 193 112L 32 18W
Infiltration (80mm/h, 1h) mm/h 27 97L 12 41W
Available water
Top 300mm
mm 29 47M 27 30W
Bulk density 1.36 1.28M 1.51 1.59W
Earthworms/m2 # 40 108
Fuel use, seeding l/ha 5.6 3.0T / /
Grain yield( 5year mean) t/ha 3.70 4.05T 3.05 3.25W
L Li et (2007); W Wang et al(2009): T Tullberg et al(2007); M McHugh et al(2009)
TComparison of wheeled and non-wheeled soil
Why?
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Annual Tractor Wheel Impact in Zero Till
.
24 cm
4- Years CTF Non-Wheeled
Annually Wheeled (5t Tractor)
Black = Soil Solids, White = Air or Water (from D.McGarry )
Greenhouse Impact?
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• Inputs • Fuel, Machinery• Herbicides• Fertilisers
• Outputs • Nitrous oxide & methane• Nitrate in runoff and drainage• Nitrate in eroded soil
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Easily QuantifiedFor Known Systems
Highly Variable, Less Well-Understood
Greenhouse gas emissions (not Carbon)
Energy
Wasted Energy
In practise:Greenhouse Impact = Economic Impact
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Soil Emissions – Nitrous Oxide, NO3 (+ Methane)
Literature: N loss and emissions associated with waterlogging
NO3emissions occur when: Water- filled porosity <75%, >65%., Nitrate +C present in surface 10 cm.
Management Impact ?
Till v. no-till: less NO3 emissions in well-drained soils. (Rochette 2009) more NO3 emissions in poorly drained soils.
(measurements rarely taken in wheel tracks)
Wheel effect: wheeled soil emissions 5 x non wheeled (Russer 1998)(potato fields) wheeled soil emissions 5 x non wheeled (Thomas 2003)
Common thread– wheel effects?
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Permanent Traffic Lane
(T.Lane)
Permanent Traffic Lane
(T.Lane)
Permanent Bed Non-Wheeled
(P.Bed)Permanent Bed +
1 Pre-seeding Wheeling (Rand)
Pilot trial, 2010 Wheat seeded + 80kg/ha N as anhydrous ammomia, interrow
4-year of 3m CTFheavy vertosol, disk
seeder, tine fertiliser. 3m
Emission Chambers
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400N2O-N
ug.m-2.h-1T Lane
Rand
P Bed
Series7
Wheel Impact:N2O increased significantly on 3 occasions after rainCH4 increased significantly on 1 occasion after rain
Days after planting
Emissions
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kg CO2-e/ha
Source T Lane Rand P Bed
kg kg kg
N2O 324.6 369.5 58.2
CH4 0.33 0.41 -0.43
Total 324.6 369.5 58.2
Ratio 5.57 6.35 1.00
Wheeltrack emissions probably greater by a factor of 5.0 – 7.0
Cumulative Emissions Emissions (6 weeks post-seeding)
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Conclusions
1. Pilot trial confirms the literature: wheel track emissions 5-7 times greater than bed emissions.
2. Permanent traffic lanes in CTF occupy 10– 20% area.but minimum of 50% area is wheeled in non—CTF.
3. This suggests that CTF should reduce soil emissions by >50% possibly more with precise, split N application. plus a substantial impact on input-related emissions.
4. Improved agronomy, soil health and precision also increase WUEindicating possibility of greater biomass and C input.
Needs investigation in different environments