controlled release drug delivery systems - an introduction
DESCRIPTION
A presentation on the basic elements and concept of controlled drug delivery systems.TRANSCRIPT
CONTROLLED RELEASEDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
BY:
SURAJ CHOUDHARY
M.PHARM (PHARMACEUTICS)
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICS
CRDD
S
Al Ameen College of Pharmacy
PPT. PACKAGE
CONTENTS:-
2
THEME QUESTION -1THEME QUESTION -2FLASHBACKCOMPARISON - 1COMPARISON - 2MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONSCRDDS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSPRE-REQUISITESCLASSIFICATIONCONCEPT-BASED ON CLASSESRECENT INNOVATIONS
THEME QUESTION - 1
3
4
What is DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM?
THEME QUESTION - 2
5
• Definition covers : …..
Controlled rate Localize drug action Target drug action
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What is CONTROLLED RELEASE DDS?
FLASHBACK
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HISTORY
¤ The history of controlled release technology is divided into three time periods:
1950 to 1970 - Period of SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE
1970 to 1990 - NEEDS of the control drug delivery
1990 (post era) - MODERN ERA of controlled release technology
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COMPARISON - 1CONTROLLED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CRDDS)
Vs.
CONVENTIONAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CONVENTIONAL)
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CRDDS VS CONVENTIONAL
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• Conventional
Periodic administration
Non-specific administration
High systemic concentrations can be toxic, causing side effects or damage to organs.
Low concentrations can be ineffective.
• CRDDS
Drug Concentration rises quickly to effective level.
Effective concentration is maintained for extended time.
11CRDDS VS CONVENTIONAL
• Conventional
Inconvenient
Difficult to monitor
Careful calculation necessary to prevent overdosing
Large amounts of drug can be “lost” when they don’t
get to the target organ
Drug goes to non-target cells and can cause damage
Expensive (using more drug than necessary)
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DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL
COMPARISON - 2CONTROLLED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CRDDS)
Vs.
SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (SR)
13
14
CRDDS VS SR
• Sustained Release
Controlled drug delivery
Well - characterized and
reproducible dosage form
Controls entry to the body
according to the specifications
of the required drug delivery
profile.
(rate and duration of delivery
are designed to achieve
desired concentration)
• CRDDS
Release of drug is
extended in time
Rate and duration are
not designed to
achieve a particular
profile.
15
CRDDS VS SR
MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONS
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Cost of formulation
Fate of CRDDS Biocompatibility Fate of
polymer,etc.
17
CHALLENGES IN CRDDS
Drug absorption, distribution and metabolism vary
among individuals
Individualized therapy
Controlled release
CRDDSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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Route of delivery Target sites
1. Desired site for efficacy
2. Sites to avoid to minimize side effects Type of therapy
1. Acute or chronic – rate and duration
e.g., 1 yr duration implant vs. antibiotic for acute infection Patient condition
1. Cognitive ability and memory
2. Physical condition – ambulatory, bedridden, etc.
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Polymer design considerations
1. Physical properties Glass transition
temperature Diffusion
characteristics
2. Compatibility with active
3. Stability – must not decompose in storage
4. Biocompatibility of polymer and degradation products
5. Ease of formulation and fabrication
6. Mechanical properties are stable when drug is added
7. Cost
Agent
1.Physicochemical properties
2.Stability
3.Solubility
4.Partitioning
5.Charge
6.Protein binding properties
20
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PRE-REQUISITES
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PRE-REQUISITES ……OF A RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
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• Controlled release profiles, especially for sensitive drugs
• Long-lived, Biocompatible and inexpensive
• Safe from accidental release, easy to fabricate and sterilize and allow high drug loading
• Inert, mechanically strong, easy to implant and remove (patient compliance)
• Continuous monitoring, telemetric data transfer and allow physician intervention if needed
BASIC MECHANISMS
23
MECHANISMS24
PARTITION
DISSOLUTION
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
EROSION
SWELLING TARGETTING
COMBINATION
CLASSIFICATION
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Based on the……………
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CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION
ROUTES OF DELIVERY
27BASED ON THE
TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION
Rate-Preprogramm
ed DDS
Activation-Modulated
DDS
Feedback-Regulated
DDS
Site-Targeting DDS
Rate of release of the drug has been PRE-PROGRAMMED at specific rate profiles.
Fick’s law of diffusion are often followed.
28
RATE-PREPROGRAMMEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Drug Reservoir
Rate-Controlling surface
Drug
1. Polymer Membrane Permeation
Ex: i. Norplant subdermal implant (levonorgestrol, encap/sd)
ii. Occusert system (Pilocarpine – Ethylene acetate mem)
iii. Transderm-Nitro (disp. Of Nitroglycerine-lactose triturate)
2. Polymer Matrix Diffusion Controlled
Ex: i. Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin)
ii. Compudose subdermal implant (Estradiol)
3. Polymer Micro-reservoir Partition
Ex: i. Nitrodisc (Nitroglycerin)
ii. Subdermal Synvro-Mate-C implant (Norgestomet-PEG 400)
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RATE-PREPROGRAMMEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Rate of release of the drug has been ACTIVATED by some physical, chemical or Bio-chemical processes.
Or it may be activated even by the energy supplied externally.
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ACTIVATION-MODULATEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Drug Reservoir
Rate-Controlling surface
Drug
Energy Sensor
1. Physical Means Osmotic pressure activated
Ex: Acutrim Tab (PPA HCl)
Hydrodynamic pressure activated
Vapor pressure activated
Ex: Infusaid pump (Heparin)
Mechanically activated
Ex: M.D.Nebulizer (Buserelin)
Magnetically activated
Ex: Hemisphere (Bovine serum albumin)
Sonophoresis activated Iontophoresis
activatedEx: Phoresor by Motion Control (for anti-inflammatory drugs)
Hydration activatedEx: Valrelease Tab (Valium)
2. Chemical Means pH-activated Ion-activated Hydrolysis-
activated
3. Biochemical Means
Enzyme-activated
Ex: Albumin microspheres (5-Fluorosil)
Biochemical-activated
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ACTIVATION-MODULATEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Rate of release of the drug has been activated by a
triggering agent, such as biochemical substance (in the
body) & also regulated by it’s concentration via some
FEEDBACK mechanisms.
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FEEDBACK-REGULATEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Drug Reservoir
Rate-Controlling surface
Drug
Biochemical responsive/Energy
Sensor
1. Bioerosion regulated
Ex: Urea activated Hydrocortisone
2. Bioresponsive
Ex: Glucose triggered Insulin
3. Self-regulating
Ex: Glycosylated Insulin-
Concanavalin A
33
FEEDBACK-REGULATEDDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Proposed by Ringsdorf. Consists of following parts attached to the non-immunogenic & biodegradable polymer:
1. Site-specific targeting moiety 3. Drug moiety with spacer
2. Solubilizer
34
SITE TARGETTINGDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Drug ReservoirRate-Controlling
surface
Drug
Biochemical responsive/Energy
Sensor
Site-TargettingMoiety
35BASED ON THE
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral DDS
Mucosal DDS
Nasal DDS
Ocular DDS
Transdermal DDS
Parenteral DDS
Vaginal DDS
Intrauterine DDS
• Osmotic Pressure
• Hydrodynamic Pressure
• Membrane Permeation Microporous MP Gastric Fluid-Resistant Intestine-Targeted
• Gel Diffusion
• pH
• Ion-Exchange
36BASED ON THE
ORAL DRUG DELIVERY
• Nasal delivery of…………..
- Organic based Pharmaceuticals
- Peptide based Pharmaceuticals
• Development of……………
- Epinephrine-Releasing
- Hydrophilic Contact lenses
37
NASAL DRUG DELIVERY
OCULAR DRUG DELIVERYNON-INVASIVE
• Transdermal delivery of…………..
- Polymer Membrane Permeation
- Polymer Matrix Diffusion
- Drug Reservoir Gradient
- Micro reservoir Dissolution
• Development of……………
- Dissolution-Controlled Depot
- Adsorption-type Depot
- Encapsulation-type Depot
- Esterification-type Depot
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TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
PARENTAL DRUG DELIVERY
RECENT TRENDS39
REFERENCES
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1. Chien Y W; Novel Drug Delivery Systems; Informa
Healthcare, 2nd Edition, 2009.
2. Siegel R A and Rathbone M J; Overview of
Controlled Release Mechanisms; Advances in
Delivery Science and Technology, 2012.
3. Bhowmik D, et.al; Recent trends in scope and
opportunities of control release oral drug
delivery systems; Critical review in pharmaceutical
sciences, (1): 2012.
4. Ummadi S, Shravani B; Overview on Controlled
Release Dosage Form; International Journal of
Pharma Sciences, 3(4); 2013.
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