CHAPTER 3

Session ObjectivesSession Objectives

Explain If, If..else statements

Understand Looping concepts

Explain Switch..Case statement

Explain Break,continue Statements

Explain the Goto Statement

Explain Types of Control Statements

•Decision making& Branching • Looping Statement

• Jumping Statement

By default the statements are executed sequentially. However in practice we have situations where we may have to change the order of executions of statements until specified conditions are met.

Decision

Making &Branching

Statement

Jumping Statement

Looping Statement

Syntax :

if(condition){True Block Statement(s);}Executable statement(s);

Test Condition

True Block Statements

Executable Statements

TRUE

FALSE

Syntax :

if(condition){True Block Statement(s);}else{False Block statement(s);}

Test Condition

True Block StatementsFalse Block Statements

TRUEFALSE

Syntax :Initialization counter;while(condition){Body of the Loop;Increment/Decrement counter ;}

Start

Initialize

Test Condition

TRUE

Body of the loop

Increment or Decrement

FALSE

STOP

Syntax :Initialization counter;do{Body of the Loop;Increment/Decrement counter ;} while(condition);

Start

Initialize

Test Condition

TRUE

Body of the loop

Increment or Decrement

Stop

FALSE

Syntax : For(initialization;condition;increment/decrement){Body of the Loop;}

Start

Initialize

Test Condition

TRUE

Body of the loop

Increment or Decrement

FALSE

STOP

Multiple Initialization / IncrementsMultiple Initialization / Increments

The following loop is used for multiple initialization -

The for loop will be termed as a nested for loop when it is written like this : -

Write a “C” Program swapping two numbers#include<stdio.h>void main(){int a,b,c;printf("enter two number=");scanf ("%d %d",&a,&b);b=a+b;a=b-a;b=b-a;printf("%d %d",a,b);}

Decrement Operator Example#include<stdio.h>void main(){int i;i=2;printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);printf("\n The value of i is %d",--i);printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);}

Increment operator(++) Example#include<stdio.h>void main(){int i=2;printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);printf("\n The value of i is %d",++i);printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);}

Write a program to convert farenheit into celsius = (far - 32) *5/9

#include<stdio.h>void main(){float faren,celsius;printf("\n Enter the farenheit = ");scanf(" %f", &faren);celsius = (faren -32) *5/9;printf("The Celsius is = %f",celsius);}

Write a program to accept your name,address & city and print it one by one

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

char name[20],add[30],city[20];

printf("\n Enter the name=");

scanf("%s",&name);

printf("\n Enter the Address=");

scanf("%s",&add);

printf("\n Enter the City=");

scanf("%s",&city);

printf("The Name is = %s\n",name);

printf("The Address is = %s\n",add);

printf("The City is = %s\n",city);

}

Enter the Name = CSCComputer Enter the Address= MeenambalsalaiEnter the city = Chennai

The Name is = CSCComputer The Address is= MeenambalsalaiThe city is = Chennai

How to print a Special characters #include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){char c;clrscr();printf("\n This is how to print a double quote : \"\n");printf("\n This is how to print a backslash : \\\n");c='\'';printf("\n c now contains %c\n",c);printf("\n This is how to print a percent - sign : %%\n");c='\007'; /* beep sound code is 7 */printf("\n c now contains %d\n",c);getch();}

Write a program to print employee name, basic pay,pf,lic & calculate the net salary #include<stdio.h>void main(){char name[20];int basic,pf,lic,net;printf("\n Enter the name=");scanf("%s",name);printf("\n Enter Basic Bpay =");scanf("%d",&basic);printf("\n Enter PF =");scanf("%d",&pf);printf("\n Enter LIC =");scanf("%d",&lic);net = basic – (pf + lic);printf("Net Salary is = %d ",net);}

Write a program to find the greatest among two numbers a,b#include<stdio.h>void main(){int a,b,c;printf("\n Enter 2 nos. =");scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);if (a>b) {printf("A is greatest %d“,a);}else {printf(" B is greatest %d“,b);}getch();}

Enter 2 nos. = 100 20

A is greatest 100

Write a program to check whether the given number is positive or negative. #include<stdio.h>void main(){int a;printf("Enter the number=");scanf("%d",&a);if (a>0){printf( "Given number is positive %d“.a);}Elseif(a<0){printf("Given number is negative %d“,a);}Else{printf("Given number is Zero %d“,a);}}

Write a program to find the greatest of Three numbers#include<stdio.h>void main(){int a,b,c;printf("\n Enter 3 nos. =");scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);if ((a>b) && (a>c)){printf("A is greatest %d“,a);}elseif (b>c){printf(" B is greatest %d“,b);}else{printf("C is greatest %d“.c);}getch();}

Enter the number = 10The Given Number is positive

Enter 3 nos. = 10 205B is greatest

Write a progrm input the given year is LEAP YEAR or Not#include<stdio.h>void main(){int year;printf("Enter the year =\n");scanf("%d",&year);if ((year%4)==0){printf("\n It is a leap year");}else{printf("\n It is not a leap year");}getch();}

Write a progrm input the given Number id Odd or Even Number#include<stdio.h>void main(){int no;printf("Enter the Number =\n");scanf("%d",&no);if ((no%2)==0){printf("\n The Number is Even Number %d“,no);}else{printf("\n The Number is Odd Number %d“,no);}getch();}

Enter the number = 12The Number is Even Number 12Enter the Year 2000

It is a leap year

Write a program to print the FIBONACCI SERIES upto N Numbers#include<stdio.h>void main(){int n,i,f1,f2,f3;printf("enter the number = ");scanf("%d",&n);f1=-1;f2=1;for(i=0;i<=n;i++){f3=f1+f2;printf("%d\n",f3);f1=f2;f2=f3;}}

011235

Enter the number = 5

PASCAL TRIANGLE #include<stdio.h>void main(){int i,j;clrscr();for(i=1;i<=5;i++){for(j=1;j<=i;j++){printf("%d\n",i);}printf("\n");}

Output

1

2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

PASCAL TRIANGLE #include<stdio.h>void main(){int i,j;clrscr();for(i=1;i<=5;i++){for(j=1;j<=i;j++){printf("%d\n",j);}printf("\n");}

Output

1

1 2

1 2 3

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5

PASCAL TRIANGLE #include<stdio.h>void main(){int i,j,c=1;clrscr();for(i=1;i<=5;i++){for(j=1;j<=i;j++){printf("%d\n",c);c++;}printf("\n");}

Output

1

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

PASCAL TRIANGLE to print * #include<stdio.h>void main(){int i,j;clrscr();for(i=1;i<=5;i++){for(j=1;j<=i;j++){printf(“*");}printf("\n");}

Output

*

* ** * ** * * ** * * * *

PASCAL TRIANGLE #include<stdio.h>void main(){int i,j;clrscr();for(i=0;i<5;i++){for(j=i;j>0;j--){printf("%d\n",j);}printf("\n");}

Output

1

2 1

3 2 1

4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1

To print the word in reverse#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>#define size 10void main(){char name[size+1];int i=1;clrscr();printf("\n Enter Any String");scanf("%s",name);printf("\n The Given string is %s\n",name);for(i=0;name[i]!='\0';i++);printf("\n\n The Reversed String is");for(i=size-1;i>=0;i--){printf("%c",name[i]);}getch();}

Enter Any String : raja

The Given String is rajaThe Reversed String is ajar

The continue statement causes the next iteration

of the enclosing loop to begin. When this statement is encountered, the remaining

statements in the body of the loop are skipped and

the control is passed on to the re-initialization step.

continue;

function

The exit() is used to break out of the program.

The use of this function causes immediate termination

of the program and control rests in the hands of the

Operating System.

statement

The break statement is used to terminate a case in a switch statement.

When the break statement is encountered in a loop, the loop is terminated immediately and control is passed to the statement following the loop.

break;

label

The goto statement transfers control to any other statement within the same function in a C program.

They reduce program reliability and make program difficult to maintain.

goto Labelname:

Statements;

--

Labelname:

---

Statements;

Syntax :switch(Expression){case 1: Statements;

break;case 2: Statements;

break;case 3: Statements;

break;default :Statements;

break;}

• Default is Optional

• It is useful while writing menu driven programs

• Break statement transfers the control to the end of switch..case statement.

Write a menu type program to solve arithmetic calculation using switch case stmts. #include<stdio.h>void main(){int a,b,choice,tot;printf("\n 1. Addition");printf("\n 2. Subtraction");printf("\n 3. Multiplication");printf("\n 4. Division");printf("\n Enter the Values=");scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);printf("enter your choice=");scanf("%d",&choice);switch(choice){case 1:tot = a+b;printf("\n The Addition of 2 nos. % d",tot);break;case 2:tot = a-b;printf("\n The Subtraction of 2 nos. % d",tot);break;case 3:tot = a*b;printf("\n The Multiplication of 2 nos. % d",tot);break;

case 4:tot = a/b;printf("\n The Division = % d",tot);break;default:printf("\n invalid");break;}}

Write a program to count the number of vowels and consonants in a string#include<stdio.h>void main(){int c=0,v=0;char x;printf("enter any string \n");do{switch(x=getchar()){case 'a':case 'e':case 'i':case 'o':case 'u':v++; break;case '\n': break;default: c++; break;}}while (x!='\n');printf("no. of vowels is %d \n",v);printf("no. of consonants is %d", c);getch();}

Enter Any String : welcomeNo.of Vowels : 3No.of Consonants : 4

Write a “C” Program to generate Armstrong No.s from 1 to 1000#include<stdio.h>void main(){int a,b,s,n,i;printf("\n ENter the Limit");scanf("%d",&n);printf("\n The armstrong Numbers are");for(i=0;i<=n;i++){a=i;s=0;while(a>0){b=a%10;b=b*b*b;s=s+b;a=a/10;}if(i==s){printf("\t %d",i);}}}

Write a program print the given number as reverse format.#include<stdio.h>void main(){long int a,b,c=0,n;printf("\n Enter the Number");scanf("%ld",&a);while(a>0){n=a%10;a=a/10;c=b+c*10;}printf("\n The reversed numeral is %ld",c);}

Enter the Number : 345The reversed Numeral is 543

Write a program to convert the number from binary to decimal#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>void main(){int i=0,j=0,sum=0;long int n,x;printf("\n Enter Binary Number");scanf("%ld",&n);if(n!=0){i=n%10;if(i==0 || i==1){while(n!= 0){i=n%10;sum=sum+i*pow(2,j);n=n/10;j++;}}}if(sum==0)printf("\n The no is not a binary number");elseprintf("\n The equivalent decimal number is %d",sum);}

Enter Binary Number : 101The Equivalent Decimal No : 5

'break' statement Example'break' stmt is used to terminate loops

or exit from a switch.it can be used within a do-while, for and switch statement

#include<stdio.h>void main(){int i;printf("The values are\n");for(i=1;i<=100;i++){printf("They are %d \n",i);if(i==25){break;}}}

Print the Numbers from 1…25

Convert the character from lower to upper and vice versa.#include<stdio.h>void main(){char x,a;Do {printf("\n Enter any character");fflush(stdin);scanf("%c",&x);if(x>='A' && x<='Z') printf("\nLower case %c",x+('a' - 'A'));else if(x>='a' && x<='z') printf("\n Upper case is %c",x - ('a' - 'A'));else printf("\n That's not a Letter");printf("\n Another Data[Y/N]?");fflush(stdin);scanf("%c",&a);}while(a=='y');}

F2 Key Save File

F3 Open an existing File

F5 Maximize

F6 Move to next Program

Alt+F9 To compile (Check Errors)

Ctrl+F9 Compile and Linking (Execute a Program)

Alt+F5 Display output mode

Alt+F3 Close screen

Quit Alt+X (come out from Turbo “C”)

Session Summary

The if statement is used to make decisions

The switch statement allows us to make a decision from a number of choices.

The break & continue statements used inside a for, while and do..while loops

The loop does does not terminate when a continue statement is encountered

The switch statement can only for test equality

Break used to terminate or exit from a switch statement

The goto statement is used to transfer the control in a loop or function from one point

to any other portion in that program where it encounters a label

EXERCISES

1. Write a program to find the perfect square using if..else statement?

2. Write a program to input the given number is prime or Not?

3. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations using switch statement?

4. Write a program to find the mean and standard deviation of N Numbers?

5. Write a program to find the number of five hundreds,Hundreds,

Fifties,Twenties,Tens,Fives,two’s and one’s in a amount given using while loop?

6. Write a program to convert Octal number to a Decimal Number?

7. Write a program to generate N even Numbers and calculate its sum?

8. Write a program to count the number of digits in an integers using while loop?

9. Write a program to calculate the sine series?

EXERCISES

10. Write a program to print the following Outputs using for while and do..while loops?