control chart for attributes bahagian 1. introduction many quality characteristics cannot be...
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Control Chart for Attributes
Bahagian 1
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Introduction
Many quality characteristics cannot be conveniently represented numerically.
In such cases, each item inspected is classified as either conforming or nonconforming to the specifications on that quality characteristic.
Quality characteristics of this type are called attributes.
Examples are nonfunctional semiconductor chips, warped connecting rods, etc,.
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p charts: proportion of units nonconforming.
np charts: number of units nonconforming.
c charts: count of nonconformities.
u charts: count of nonconformities per unit.
Control Charts for Variables Data
X and R charts: for sample averages and ranges.
Md and R charts: for sample medians and ranges.
X and s charts: for sample means and standard deviations.
X charts: for individual measures; uses moving ranges.
Types of Control Charts
Control Charts for Attributes Data
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Type of Attribute Charts
p charts This chart shows the fraction of nonconforming or defective
product produced by a manufacturing process. It is also called the control chart for fraction nonconforming. np charts This chart shows the number of nonconforming. Almost the
same as the p chart.c charts This shows the number of defects or nonconformities
produced by a manufacturing process.u charts This chart shows the nonconformities per unit produced by a
manufacturing process.
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p charts
In this chart, we plot the percent of defectives (per batch, per day, per machine, etc.).
However, the control limits in this chart are not based on the distribution of rate events but rather on the binomial distribution (of proportions).
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Formula
Fraction nonconforming:
p = (np)/n where p = proportion or fraction nc in the
sample or subgroup, n = number in the sample or subgroup, np = number nc in the sample or subgroup.
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Example
During the first shift, 450 inspection are made of book-of the month shipments and 5 nc units are found. Production during the shift was 15,000 units. What is the fraction nc?
p = (np)/n = 5/450 = 0.011
The p, is usually small, say 0.10 or less. If p > 0.10, indicate that the organization is in
serious difficulty.
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p-Chart contruction for constant subgroup size Select the quality characteristics. Determine the subgroup size and method Collect the data. Calculate the trial central line and control
limits. Establish the revised central line and
control limits. Achieve the objective.
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Select the quality characteristicsThe quality characteristic?
A single quality characteristic A group of quality characteristics A part An entire product, or A number of products.
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Determine the subgroup size and method The size of subgroup is a function of the
proportion nonconforming. If p = 0.001, and n = 1000, then the average
number nc, np = 1. Not good, since a large number of values would be zero.
If p = 0.15, and n = 50, then np = 7.5, would make a good chart.
Therefore, the selection subgroup size requires some preliminary observations to obtain a rough idea of the proportion nonconforming.
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Collect the data
The quality technician will need to collect sufficient data for at least 25 subgroups.
The data can be plotted as a run chart. Since the run chart does not have limits, its is
not a control chart.
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Calculate the trial central line and control limits
The formula:
= average of p for many subgroups n = number inspected in a subgroup
n
pppUCL
)1(3
n
pppLCL
)1(3
n
npp
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Sub-group
Number
Number Inspected
n
np p
1 300 12 0.040
2 300 3 0.010
3 300 9 0.030
4 300 4 0.013
5 300 0 0.0
6 300 6 0.020
7 300 6 0.020
8 300 1 0.003
19 300 16 0.053
25 300 2 0.007
Total 7500 138
018.07500
138
n
npp
0.0005.0300
)018.01(018.03018.0
LCL
041.0300
)018.01(018.03018.0
UCL
Negative value of LCL is possible in a theoritical result, but not in practical (proportion of nc never negative).
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p Chart
p-bar
LCL
UCL
Subgroup
p
5 10 15 20 250
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.053
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Establish the revised central line and control limits Determine the standard or reference value for
the proportion nc, po.
where npd = number nc in the discarded subgroups
nd = number inspected in the discarded subgroups
d
dnew nn
npnpp
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Revised control limits
where po is central line
n
pppUCL ooo
)1(3
n
pppLCL ooo
)1(3
newo pp
039.0300
)017.01(017.03017.0
UCL
0.0005.0300
)017.01(017.03017.0
LCL
017.03007500
16138
newp
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Achieve the objective
The first 5 steps are planning (p304-308). The last step involves action and lead to the
achievement of the objective. The revised control limits were based on data
collected in May. For June, July, August? See Fig 8-3, p.310 Quality improved?
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Analysis of June results shows the quality improved.
Using June data, a better estimation of proportion nc is obatained.
The new value: po = 0.014, UCL = 0.036 Data from July are used to determine CL &
UCL for August.
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np Chart
The np chart is almost the same as the p chart.
Central line = npo
If po is unknown, it must be determined by collecting data, calculating UCL, LCL.
)1(3 ooo pnpnpUCL
)1(3 ooo pnpnpLCL
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Example
Subgroup n np UCL np -bar LCL
1 300 3 12.0 5.24 0.02 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.03 300 4 12.0 5.24 0.04 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.05 300 20 12.0 5.24 0.0
21 300 2 12.0 5.24 0.022 300 3 12.0 5.24 0.023 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.024 300 1 12.0 5.24 0.025 300 8 12.0 5.24 0.0
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c Chart
The procedures for c chart are the same a s those for the p chart.
If count of nonconformities, co, is unknown, it must be found by collecting data, calculating UCL & LCL.
= average count of nonconformitiesccUCL 3 ccLCL 3
g
cc
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ExampleID Number Subgroup c UCL c -bar LCL
MY102 1 7 12.76 5.64 0MY113 2 6 12.76 5.64 0MY121 3 6 12.76 5.64 0MY125 4 3 12.76 5.64 0MY132 5 20 12.76 5.64 0MY143 6 8 12.76 5.64 0MY150 7 6 12.76 5.64 0MY152 8 1 12.76 5.64 0MY164 9 0 12.76 5.64 0MY166 10 5 12.76 5.64 0MY172 11 14 12.76 5.64 0
MY267 22 4 12.76 5.64 0MY278 23 14 12.76 5.64 0MY281 24 4 12.76 5.64 0MY288 25 5 12.76 5.64 0
64.525
141
g
cc
76.1264.5364.5 UCL
048.1
64.5364.5
LCL
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c-Chart
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Subgroup Number
Co
un
t o
f N
on
con
form
itie
s
c
UCL
c-bar
LCL
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Revised
Out-of-control: sample no. 5, 11, 23.
23.4325
141420141
d
dnew gg
ccc
40.1023.4323.43 oo ccUCL
094.123.4323.43 oo ccLCL
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u Chart
The u chart is mathematically equivalent to the c chart.
n
cu
n
cu
n
uuUCL 3 n
uuLCL 3
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Example
ID Number Subgroup n c u UCL u -Bar LCL
30-Jan 1 110 120 1.091 1.51 1.20 0.8931-Jan 2 82 94 1.146 1.56 1.20 0.841-Feb 3 96 89 0.927 1.54 1.20 0.872-Feb 4 115 162 1.409 1.51 1.20 0.893-Feb 5 108 150 1.389 1.52 1.20 0.884-Feb 6 56 82 1.464 1.64 1.20 0.76
28-Feb 26 101 105 1.040 1.53 1.20 0.871-Mar 27 122 143 1.172 1.50 1.20 0.902-Mar 28 105 132 1.257 1.52 1.20 0.883-Mar 29 98 100 1.020 1.53 1.20 0.874-Mar 30 48 60 1.250 1.67 1.20 0.73
20.12823
3389
n
cu
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For January 30:
09.1110
12030
n
cuJan
51.1110
20.1320.130 JanUCL
89.0110
20.1320.130 JanLCL
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Nonconformity Classification
Critical nonconformities Indicate hazardous or unsafe conditions.
Major nonconformities Failure
Minor nonconformities
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Control Charts for Variables vs. Charts for Attributes
Sometimes, the quality control engineer has a choice between variable control charts and attribute control charts.
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Advantages of attribute control charts Allowing for quick summaries, that is, the engineer
may simply classify products as acceptable or unacceptable, based on various quality criteria.
Thus, attribute charts sometimes bypass the need for expensive, precise devices and time-consuming measurement procedures.
More easily understood by managers unfamiliar with quality control procedures.
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Advantages of variable control charts More sensitive than attribute control charts. Therefore, variable control charts may alert us to
quality problems before any actual "unacceptables" (as detected by the attribute chart) will occur.
Montgomery (1985) calls the variable control charts leading indicators of trouble that will sound an alarm before the number of rejects (scrap) increases in the production process.