control 2003
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Nervous
system
Peripheralnervoussystem
Motor nerves
Autonomicnervoussystem
Somaticnervoussystem
Sensorynerves
Centralnervoussystem
Brain Spinal Chord
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Nervous system
The organ system in an animal that serves to coordinateand control the functioning of all other organ systemsin the body is known as nervous system.
Nervous system works with the endocrine system tocommunicate, integrate and coordinate the functionsof various organs and systems in our body and helpsthe body to respond to the external stimuli. In humans,the nervous system has two main divisions:
The central nervous system (CNS)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervoussystem includes the
sensory and motor nervesand
connects the centralnervous system with the
sense organs, muscles andglands of
the body. The peripheralnervous system is regardedas actor or performer in
the body.
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Autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous
system (ANS or visceral nervoussystem) is the part of
the peripheral nervoussystem that acts as a control
system functioning largely belowthe level of consciousness, and
controls visceral functions.[1] TheANS affects heart
rate, digestion,respirationrate, salivation, perspiration,
diameter of thepupils, micturition (urination),
and sexual arousal. Whereasmost of its actions are
involuntary, some, such asbreathing, work in tandem with
the conscious mind.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_arousalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_arousalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system -
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Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system (SoNS) is the part of
the peripheral nervous system[1] associated with
the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal
muscles. The SoNS consists ofefferent
nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction,
including all the non sensory neurons connected with
skeletal muscles and skin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voluntaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscleshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voluntaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system -
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Nerve Impulse
Neurons send messageselectrochemically; thismeans that chemicals
(ions) cause an electricalimpulse. Neurons and
muscle cells areelectrically excitable cells,which means that theycan transmit electricalnerve impulses. These
impulses are due toevents in the cellmembrane, so to
understand the nerveimpulse we need to revise
some properties of cell
membranes.
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Synapse
Synapse is the functional junction between two
neurons where information is transferred from
one neuron to the other neuron.
f d f
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How is information transmitted from
one neuron to the other?
When the electrical impulse reaches the nerve ending thesynaptic bulbs release chemicals called neurotransmitters(eg. Acetylcholene) in synpse which stimulates thedendrites of the next neuron to initiate the nerve impulse
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Central Nervous System
The central nervous
system consists of
brain and spinal
cord. It is regarded
as the thinker or
information
processor in the
body.
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Spinal Cord
The spinal cord begins asan ectodermal neuralgroove, which becomes ahollow neural tube.
The spinal cord isprotected by the vertebrae(derived from thenotochord).
White, myelinated sheath
of axons & dendritessurround the gray mattercontaining cell bodies.
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The Hindbrain
The hindbrain consists of the medulla
oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.
The medulla oblongata, is really a
continuation of the spinal cord.
The pons carries impulses from one side of
the cerebellum to the other and connects the
medulla and cerebellum to other brain
regions.
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Cerebellum
The cerebellum controls balance posture, and
muscle coordination.
Birds have a highly developed cerebellum because
flying is complicated.
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Brain Stem
The brain stem includes
the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It connects the rest of the
brain to the spinal cord.
Controls breathing,
swallowing, digestive
processes, heartbeat, and
diameter of bloodvessels.
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Midbrain
The midbrain consists of the tectum, including
optic lobes, which contain nuclei that serve as
centers for visual and auditory reflexes.
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Forebrain
Vertebrates other than fishes have a complexforebrain:
Diencephalon contains:
Thalamus relay center between cerebrum & sensorynerves.
Hypothalamus participates in basic drives &emotions. Also controls pituitary gland.
Telencephalon (cerebrum in mammals) is devotedto associative activity.
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Reflex action
It is the spontaneous, involuntary, automatic,mechanical response to the stimulus in which the willpower is not involved
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Reflex arc
It is the shortest route followed by the impulsefrom sense organssensory nerveCentralnervous systemmotor nerveEffector organs
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Control and coordination in
plants
Plant shows two types of movements- one dependent ongrowth and the other independent of growth.
Movements Due to growth or Tropic Movements
A growth movement of a plant part in response to an externalstimulus in which the direction of a stimulus determines the
direction of response s called tropism. Thus tropism is adirectional movement of the part of a plant caused due to its
growth. The tropic movements can be either towards thestimulus or away from it e.g. the shoot of a growing plant bendstowards the light, while roots of a plant move away from light.
Types of tropism:
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Types of tropism:
1. The movement of a plant part in response to light is called phototropism.The stem of a growing plant bends towards the light (positive phototropism),
while roots of a plant move away from light (negative phototropism).2. The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.
The roots of a plant move downwards in the direction of gravity. On the otherhand the stem of a plant grow upwards and away from the earth.3. The movement of a plant part in response to chemicals is called
chemotropism. The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules during the processof fertilization.
4. The movement of a plant part in response to water is called hydrotropism.The roots of a plant always grow towards water.
5. The directional growth movement of a plant part in response to the touch ofan object is called Thigmotropism.
There are some plants called climbing plants which have weak stems, cannotstand erect on their own. They have climbing organs called tendrils. Tendrilsare thin, thread like structures on the stem or leaves of climbing plants.
Tendrils are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with an object,wind around the object and cling to it. This is due to the growth of a tendril
towards the object.
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Nastic Movements:
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Nastic Movements:In nastic movements the movement of plant part is
neither towards the stimulus nor away from the stimulus.This movement is not a directional movement of the
plant part with respect to the stimulus. In nasticmovements growth may or may not take place.
The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant or touchme not plant (Mimosa pudica) on touching is an example
of nastic movement. Here stimulus is touch. Thisinformation is traveled from cell to cell by electricalchemical means.
This plant has pad like swellings called pulvini at the baseof each leaf. The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive
plant on touching is due to the sudden loss of water fromthe pulvini.
Plant cells change shape by changing the amount ofwater in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking, and in
changing shapes.
Hormones in Plants
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Hormones in Plants
Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth,development and responses to the environment. They are
produced at places away from where they act simplydiffuses to the area of action.
Types of Hormones:1. Auxin: It is produced at the shoot tip. It helps plant to
grow. It promotes cell enlargement and celldifferentiation in plants2. Gibberellins: It also helps in the growth of the stem
along with Auxin.3. Cytokinins: It promotes cell division. They are present
in large amount in areas of rapid cell division, such asfruits and seeds. It promotes the opening of stomata.4. Abscisic acid: It inhibits growth. It effects wilting of
leaves. It also promotes the closing of stomata.
5. Ethylene: Helps in ripening of fruit.
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Hormones in animals
1. The endocrine system consists of anumber of endocrine glands whichsecrete chemicals known as
hormones.
2. Endocrine system helps incoordinating the activities of our
body in addition to nervous system.
3. The hormones produced byendocrine glands act as messengers
between the nervous system and theorgans of our body.
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Hormone Endocrine
gland
Function
Growth hormone Pituitary Regulates growth and development
of body
Throxin Thyroid gland Controls carbohydrate, protein andfat metabolism
Adrenaline Adrenal gland Prepares the body to deal with
emergency situations
Insulin Pancreas Regulates blood sugar levels
Testosterone Testis Causes development of sexual
organs and secondary sexual
characteristics in males
Oestrogen Ovary Causes development of sexual
organs and secondary sexual
characteristics in females
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More about Adrenal glands
In case of flight or fight reactionto an emergency situation,
Adrenal glands releaseadrenaline into blood whichacts on heart and other tissues causes faster heart beat more oxygen to muscles reduced blood supply to
digestive system and skindiversion of blood to skeletalmuscles increase in breathingrate.
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About some diseases
Deficiency of iodine causes goiter whereas deficiencyof growth hormone and insulin causes dwarfism and
diabetes respectively.
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Feedback Mechanisms
Feedback mechanisms are present to regulate thehormone action.
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Videos
Some videos on the following topics:
1. The Nervous System
2. The Autonomic Nervous System
3. Neurotransmitters Synapse
4. Reflex Action
5. Tropismare there in the other folder.
I request you to please see them once. I tried adding
them in the presentation but I was not able to.
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