contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture · 2018. 10. 1. · contributing the feed...
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Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture
Serhat Turkmen, Maria Jesus Zamorano, Marisol Izquierdo
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PHOTO
of the
Speaker
EcoAqua Institute, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture: Nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and
improvements towards better utilization of low n-3 HUFA diets
Zamorano M.J., and Izquierdo M.
Serhat Turkmen
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development
During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs
Medium-term effects on juveniles
Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms
Is it possible to improve nutritional programming
effects with selection of the broodstock?
Conclusions
Introduction
#MedForum2018
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector
(FAO, 2018)
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Pro
du
cti
on
(To
nn
es)
Th
ou
sa
nd
sGilthead sea bream is the one of the most
important specie for the marine aquaculture
FAO, 2018
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Capture-derived sources are limited
Fish meal
(FO)
Fish oil
(FO)
Can not promote the growth of aquaculture
sector
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Capture-derived sources are limited.
Fish meal
(FM)
Fish oil
(FO)
Can not promote the growth of aquaculture sector.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Tota
l fish
oil
pro
duction
(mill
ion t
ones)
Tota
l fishm
eal
pro
duction
(mill
ion t
ones)
Fish meal Fish oil
Aquaculture production stats by FAO, FM&FO from IFFO
70%
73%
Aquaculture production consumes
Excellent high protein source
Best source of n-3 LC-PUFA – EPA & DHA
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
EPA 20:5n-3
DHA 22:6n-3
n-3 LC-PUFA
Fish oilVegetable
18:2n-6
C18
18:3n-3
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
C18
PUFA
Rich in vegetable
oils such as linseed,
rapeseed oil…
> C20
PUFA
Rich in marine
originated oils such
as fish oil…
Pathways adapted from Oboh et al. 2017, Scientific ReportsGilthead sea bream is observed to be deficient ∆5 desaturase activity (Tocher & Ghioni, 1999, Lipids)
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO ENHANCE UTILISATION
OF VM/VO BASED DIETS?
“NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING”
LC-PUFA biosynthetic capabilities of teleost's are more varied and adaptive in comparation to other vertebrate groups
(Monroig et al., 2018, In Pol. Fat. Ac. Met., Burdge eds.)
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
These two mice are genetically identical and the same age
While pregnant, both of their mother were fed
Bisphenol A (BPA) but different diets
The mother of this
mouse received a normal
mouse diet
The mother of this
mouse received a
supplemented with
choline, folic acid,
betaine and B12
Mother's diet changes pups’ metabolism and colour
Waterland & Jurtle 2003
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Exon 1 Exon 2
No methylation = activation of expression
Methylation = inhibition of expression
Early environmental factors change the phenotype
DNA methylation of agouti gene
Waterland & Jurtle 2003
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
In fish:
Geurden et. al., 2007, 2013…
Morais et. al., 2014…
Engrola et. al., 2017, 2018…
Rocha et. al., 2014…
Clarkson et. al., 2017
Vera et. al., 2017
Izquierdo et. al., 2015, 2016…
Turkmen et. al., 2015, 2016, 2017…
Vagner et. al., 2007, 2009…
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Embryonic development Larval stage Juvenile stage
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development
During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs
Medium-term effects on juveniles
Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms
Is it possible to improve nutritional programming
effects with selection of the broodstock?
Conclusions
Introduction
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
#MedForum2018
Embryonic development Larval stage Juvenile stage
When is the right time?Nutritional programming
30 329 1 23128
2421 23 25 272622
201814 17 191615
129 1187 10 13
S
6
F
5
T
4
W
3
T
21
M
30
S
Early Development
Select Today
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Hatching
No exogenous feeding
0-3 dah
Early larval period Late larval period
Feeding with live prey
3-30 dah
Feeding with micro diets
15-30 dah
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Feeding with live prey
3-30 dah
Feeding with micro diets
15-30 dah
Hatching
No exogenous feeding
0-3 dah
Early larval period Late larval period
?
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development
During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs
Medium-term effects on juveniles
Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms
Is it possible to improve nutritional programming
effects with selection of the broodstock?
Conclusions
Introduction
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
#MedForum2018
Gilthead sea bream, is a multi-batch spawner whose oligolecitic eggs largely
depend on their continuous intake of nutrients during reproduction (Fernandez-Palacios et al., 2011)
YOLK SAC FATTY ACID PROFILES CAN BE MODIFIED THROUGH BROODSTOCK DIETS DURING
THE SPAWNING
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
100 FO40 FO
60 LO
20 FO
80 LO
Experiment 3
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
ISFNF 2018, Las Palmas 3-7 June
ProductsPrecursors
Izquierdo et al., 2015, Aquaculture
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3
% o
f to
tal fa
tty a
cid
sin
die
ts
100FO 60LO 80LO
0
5
10
15
20
25
18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3
% o
f to
tal fa
tty a
cid
sin
eggs
ProductsPrecursors
Increase Decrease
Experiment 3
Izquierdo et. al., 2015, Aquaculture
100%
FO
60%
VO
fad
s2
80%
VO
Parental diets
fads2 GENE EXPRESSION UP-REGULATED IN
LARVAE AT 30 DAH.
WHAT ARE THE LONGER TIME EFFECTS?
Experiment 3
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Experiment 3
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
4 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.7
FO 60% LO 80% LO
SG
R (
%)
PARENTAL DIETS
FM/FO
BA A
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
FO 60% LO 80% LO
SG
R (
%)
PARENTAL DIETS
VM/VO
Izquierdo et. al., 2015, Aquaculture
Experiment 3
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Later in lifeEmbryonic development and lactation
Enviromental changes Brain development
Immune development
Metabolic development
Later in lifeEmbryonic development and lactation
16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
FO 60%LO 80%LO
SG
R (
%/d
ay)
Turkmen et. al., 2017, British Journal of
Nutrition
*12% increase
If juveniles challenged with a high VM/VO based diets
GROWTH OF THE OFFSPRING WHOSE
PARENTS WERE FED WITH MODERATE
LEVELS OF VO PERFORMS BETTER EVEN
AFTER 16 MONTHS
WHAT ARE THE MECANISM INVOLVED?
Experiment 4
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Turkmen et al. 2017, British Journal of Nutrition
Parental nutrition modifies gene exp. of
lipid related genes even after 16 months!
*
**
Created using genemania.org
16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES
Experiment 4
Global methylation in liver is similar. However, would methylation of specific
genes be different?
16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES
Piferrer F., Anastasiadi D., CSIC
Turkmen S., Zamorano M., Izquierdo M. (in prep).
Epigenetic marks, global methylation in liver?
Experiment 4
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING
IMPROVES
VO BASED UTILISATION
SELECTION
+
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO FURTHER IMPROVE
UTILISATION OF
VO BASED DIETS?
Selection + Nutritional Programming
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Experiment 5
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development
During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs
Medium-term effects on juveniles
Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms
Is it possible to improve nutritional programming
effects with selection of the broodstock?
Conclusions
Introduction
#MedForum2018
120 broodfish were tested to observe
the levels of
fads2 in peripheral blood cells
Turkmen et. al., in prep
Selected fishes divided into two groups:
High fads2 = HD
Low fads2 = LD
Experiment 5
Rela
tive f
old
fa
ds2
expre
ssio
n
0 5
1
0 1
5 2
0
Broodstock pit-tag number
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
ProductsPrecursors
≅
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3
% o
f to
tal fa
tty a
cid
sin
die
ts
FO
VO
FO
Selected broodstock fed with one of the diets
VO
Fish meal Fish meal
Source of n-3 HUFA (EPA & DHA)
Turkmen et. al., in prep
Experiment 5
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Spawning quality
High fads2 groups had similar spawning quality between them
and better than Low fads2, regardless the feed received during
spawning.
Selection HIGH fads2 low fads2
Nutritional stimulii
FO VO FO VO
Similar Lower
Turkmen et. al., in prep
Experiment 5
Experiment 6
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
A x
y
B
y
50
70
90
110 2way ANOVA
Diet 0.01
Delta exp. 0.001
Interaction 0.05
Fish oil – high fads2
Fish oil – low fads2 Vegetable oil – low fads2
Vegetable oil – high fads2
High fads2 groups, grew faster than low fads2
groups
However, nutritional programming only high in
C18 fatty acid resulted lower growth in
comparation to FO groups.
WHAT ARE THE MECANISM INVOLVED?
If juveniles challenge with
VM/VO based diets
Experiment 6W
eig
ht
gain
(%
)
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Perez-Sanchez J., Turkmen S., Izquierdo M. CSIC, in prep.
Fatty acid desaturases
Fatty acid elongases
Methylation of fads2 promoter regions
Experiment 6
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
Nutritional programming windows
During larval stages, early and late development
During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs
Partial replacement of FO and LO in parental diets during spawning induce long-term
stable positive effects on offspring (up to 16 months) (Turkmen et. al., 2017, British
Journal of Nutrition).Is it possible to improve nutritional programming effects with selection of the broodstock?
Genetic selection had very high impact on spawning performance, juvenile VM/VO
utilization. On the other hand, nutritional programming only with C18 fatty acids resulted
negative effects on juveniles (Turkmen et. al., in prep). DNA methylation also found to
be affected by broodstock nutrition even after 6 months.
Conclusions
In gilthead sea bream, nutritional programming of lipid metabolism was not effective
early or late larval development periods (Turkmen et. al., 2017, Aquaculture research,
Izquierdo & Turkmen, in prep).
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
#MedForum2018
Dr. Sachi Kaushik
Dr. Fransesc Piferrer
Renewable Marine Resources Department, Barcelona
Acknowledgments
Follow me on Twitter
@turkmens
Dr. Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de La Sal
Dr. Bernardo Basurco
IAMZ-CIHEAM Zaragoza
MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September
#MedForum2018
Thank YouAddress EcoAqua Institute, University of Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
E-mail:
Phone number +34 685 10 17 18Serhat TURKMEN
Get in Touch
Follow me on Twitter
@turkmens