contribuţii botanice 2014, xlix: 143-178 grădina botanică...

Contribuţii Botanice – 2014, XLIX: 143-178

Grădina Botanică “Alexandru Borza”

Cluj-Napoca

FOREST TYPES AND BIODIVERSITY AROUND

THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY IN KENYA

Kazue FUJIWARA1, Takuya FURUKAWA

2, Samuel KIBOI

3, Simon MATHENGE

3, Patrick MUTISO

3,

Hisanori HAYASHI4, Shin-ichi MEGURO

4

1 Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, 236-0027 Japan 2 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, University of Nairobi, Kenya

3 University of Nairobi, Kenya

4 Global Environmental Strategies, Japanese Center for International Studies in Ecology (IGES-JISE)

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The forests along the Great Rift Valley in Kenya are unique as green islands in dry land and extend

from southern Ethiopia to Tanzania. These forests include Afromontane and dry-tropical forests, studied in Kenya by

Bussmann and Beck, and in southern Ethiopia by Bussmann. Two taxonomical classes (Ocotetea usambarensis in moist

climate and Juniperetea procerae at a dry site) were described prior to our phytosociological studies, which were carried

out on the east and west sides of the Great Rift Valley in 2006-2014, and results were compared with Bussmann's

outcome from the 1990’s. New results are presented in this paper: 1) Forests remain on the west side above 2000 m and

are characterized by Ocotea kenyensis (Lauraceae); these are different from the moist Afromontane forest at an eastern

site (Ocotetea usambarensis) next to the Rift Valley. Four months with > 100 mm rainfall occur from March or April to

August or September. 2) At 1300-2200 m at the eastern site, there are unique dry forests characterized by Brachylaena

huilliensis (Compositae), Warburgia ugandensis (Canellaceae), Elaeodendron buchananii (Celastraceae), Vepris

trichocarpa (Rutaceae), Calodendrum capense, etc. Some of these are unique species and extend to the rainforest in

South Africa. 3) Higher-altitude forests at the eastern site are characterized by Podocarpus latifolius and Juniperus

procera, which belong to the Juniperetea procerae. Podocarpus latifolius forests occur at the western site, but these are

different from those at the eastern site. 4) The forests of the isolated northern mountains Marsabit and Kulal are

different; there is no Podocarpus or Juniperus, and higher moisture permits hanging Usnea usneoides to occur at

Marsabit. 5) The forest area of Kenya was potentially 12%, and remnant natural forests only cover 1.9%. This small

area permits various forest types along a moisture gradient. 6) Several woody and fern genera of the Afromontane

forests are common to tropical montane and subtropical forests in Asia, including Podocarpus, Juniperus, Myrsine,

Rapanea, Psychotria, Rumohra, Asplenium, Pteris, and Dryopteris. 7) Our and Bussmann's classifications are not the

same at the association or community level. There is thus the question whether the 1990s data were from a quite

different area or whether some vegetation disappeared due to human or wildlife affects.

Keywords: Afromontane forests, dry montane forests, new syntaxa, phytosociological study, tropical dry

forests.

Plant names: Turill et al. (1952-2006); Knox et al. (1994).

Introduction

Phytosociological study of forests in Kenya was carried out in great detail by Bussmann and

Beck [5] and by Bussmann [4]. The present authors took new vegetation data in 2006-2014, for

understanding Kenyan forests, for restoration of natural forests in degraded areas, and for scientific

interest in similar genera occurring in subtropical laurel forests in Asia and Afromontane forests in

144 K. FUJIWARA, T. FURUKAWA, S. KIBOI, S. MATHENGE, P. MUTISO,

H. HAYASHI, SHIN-ICHI MEGURO

eastern Africa. Africa separated from Gondwana as the supercontinent split up in the middle

Mesozoic era. The Great Rift Valley resulted from this tectonic separation, accompanied by

volcanic activity [36, 43], Nowadays, remaining natural forests cover only 1.9% of the total area of

Kenya [40]. With such small areas of remnant natural forests, it is difficult to find good natural

forests and to describe their species composition for the future. We looked for natural forests with

less human impact (e.g. livestock) and less disturbance by wildlife, which overpopulates some

forest areas. Forests in Kenya were described by White [42] and Bussman & Beck [5] as: 1)

Savanna with Acacia on lower and dry sites; 2) tropical dry forests with evergreen and semi-

evergreen bushland and thicket on the middle slopes; 3) Afromontane moist forest and dry conifer

forests; 4) Hagenia forest at timberline; and 5) ericaceous scrub above timberline. In this paper we

tried: 1) to clarify the forest types of Kenya and compare with data from Bussmann and Beck [5]

and Bussmann [4]; 2) to understand characteristics of tropical dry forests and Afromontane forests,

especially evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; and 3) to understand differences of Kenyan forest

types on the east and west sides of the Great Rift Valley.

Material and Method

Study area

The study area is from 1230 m to 3405 m altitude, from 2º40’00.1” N to 1º53’48.8” S

latitude and from 38º00’01.11” to 35º52’01.2” E longitude, along the Great Rift Valley of western

Kenya (Fig. 1, Table 1 in Appendix). We used climate data from the world climate database of E.O.

Box (University of Georgia, USA). The climates of the study sites are dry tropical and moist

mountain climates, with 604-1165 mm precipitation except at the mountain tops, where

precipitation reaches 1200-2000 mm (see Figure 1; [4], cf. [9]); there are one or two drier seasons

per year. The mean temperature is 16 to 23ºC and the temperature of the coldest month is

sometimes below freezing at 2800 m in Mau. A drier climate occurs in the eastern lower hills of the

Great Rift Valley.

The topography of the Great Rift Valley area involves continuous hilly area at the western

site and solitary mountains such as Mt. Kenya, Mt. Marsabit and Mt. Kural, plus hills of the

Mattews Range, the Karrissa and Loita Hills, Karura and Ngong. Various rock types underlie these

areas, but granite and volcanic rocks are the main substrates. The main soil types are Vertisols,

Regosols, Lithosols and Cambisols on the plains, with humic Nitisols and Acrisols on the base

substrates, volcanic areas on the mountain slopes, and deep humic Andosols above about 2700 m

[4, 30, 31, 32, 37].

Vegetation survey

The vegetation survey was carried out in 2006-2014, based on Braun-Blanquet and Fujiwara

[1, 10]. Forest description involved: 1) selecting homogeneous sites with less human impact, as by

livestock or illegal cutting; and, 2) describing the species composition in four or five forest layers

(estimating by height and density) and assigning cover and occurrence frequency. Environmental

variables recorded include elevation, slope, aspect and inclination, etc. (Table 2 in Appendix) and

vegetation profiles.

Data analysis

The classification of plant communities was carried out by Braun-Blanquet methodology.

Data from Bussmann and Beck [5] and Bussmann [4] were added into the synoptic table

FOREST TYPES AND BIODIVERSITY AROUND THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY… 145

and compared, but environmental data are missing for the Bussmann sites.

De-trended Correspondence Analysis (DCCA, PC-CORD version 4.25) was used to analyze

the relationship between plant communities and environmental variables, using the middle values of

cover-abundance on the Braun-Blanquet scale. Elevation, slope, minimum temperature of coldest

months, precipitation, latitude, longitude, and times of drier periods in a year, from the authors'

relevé data, were selected as the main variables to represent environmental conditions.

Fig. 1: Average annual rainfall and temperature in Kenya.

Results

The results consist mainly of a phytosociological summary. Here we discuss the

characteristic distribution of tropical dry forests and Afromontane forests. Therefore a new

syntaxonomical classification is attempted, as a basis for discussion.

I. Tropical dry forests

Tropical dry forests in Kenya were described by several authors [41, 23, 5, 4, 16]. The main

canopy species of Kenyan tropical dry forests are Croton megalocarpus, Celtis africana,

Fagaropsis angolensis, Calodendrum capense, Grewia similis, and Euclea divinorum. These



species are common from Mt. Marsabit and Mt. Kulal (northern Kenya) to the Loita Hills (southern

Kenya). The main forests are characterized by Elaeodendron buchananii, Vepris trichocarpa,

Brachylaena huillensis, Warburgia ugandensis, Rawsonia lucida, and Manilkara discolor,

especially in the Nairobi area.

These tropical dry forests were assigned to Juniperetea procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995,

but there are no common characteristic species in Juniperus procera and tropical dry forests (Table

3 in Appendix). In this paper, we propose a new class for Kenyan tropical dry forests.

1. Schoenoxiphio lehmannii-Crotonietea megalocarpae cls. nova (Table 3 in Appendix)

1-1. Schoenoxiphio lehmannii-Crotonietalia megalocarpae ord. novus (Table 3 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Strychnos usambarensis, Barleria micrantha, Schoenoxiphium lehmannii, Setaria

plicatilis, Ehretia cymosa, Phaulopsis imbricata, Croton megalocarpus, Clausena anisata, Celtis

africana, Fagaropsis angolensis, Ficus thonningii, Commelina benghalensis, Allophylus ferruginus,

Calodendrum capense, Grewia similis, Acokanthera schimperi, Euclea divinorum, Zanthoxylum

usambarense, Ehrharta erecta var. abyssinica, Ochna ovata, Maytenus undata, Vangueria infausta.

Holotype: Brachylaenion huillensis Bussmann et Beck 1995.

Forests dominated by Croton megalocarpus are mostly secondary forests but occur also as a

zone next to dry savanna areas. Tropical dry forests contain C. megalocarpus relatively frequently,

except at Mt. Kulal. The canopy trees are usually very tall, at 20-40 m; only forests in the Loita

Hills and Karrisa Hills are 12-20 m. The canopy is relatively open, with most forests having 50-

70% canopy cover but some forests reaching 80%. The occurrence of C. megalocarpus in open

habitats matches its character as a light-demanding, fast-growing tree [22]. A similar character

species is Brachylaena huillensis, whose seedlings demand light but do grow especially under

mother trees. Seed viability decreases under sunlight exposure, but continuous regeneration was

found in both disturbed forest stands and under closed canopies [24].

1-1-1. Strychnoso mitis-Diospyrosion abyssinicae all. nova (Table 3 and 4 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Strychnos mitis, Dorstenia brownia, Rinorea convallarioides ssp. marsabitensis,

Dregea abyssinica.

Holotype: Pavetto gardeniifoliae-Cassipouretum malosanae ass. nova

Mt. Marsabit, Mt. Kulal and Kitichii Camp in the Mattews Range are ‘isolated islands' in the

savanna. These are volcanic mountains, with more humid environments. In particular, Usnea

usnoides is hanging on the trees in the Marsabit forests surrounding the Paradise Lake at the top of

the National Park. These are classified as a new alliance with the diagnostic taxa listed above. Three

new associations are contained.

1-1-1-1. Pavetto gardeniifoliae-Cassipouretum malosanae ass. nova (Table 4 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Pavetta gardeniifolia, Isoglossa laxa, Scadoxus multiflorus ssp. multiflorus,

Oxyanthus speciosus ssp. stenocarpus, Margaritaria discoidea, Allophylus abyssinica.

Holotype: running no. 3 (Kl-3: 1946 m).

Mt. Kulal is an isolated volcanic mountain. Lake Turkana lies on its west side, and the

surrounding area is covered by volcanic gravel. A wide area of the forest is protected on top of the

mountain. The height of this forest is 27-40 m, and canopy trees have diameters (DBH) of 20-47

cm. Five or six species are mixed in the tall canopy layer. Four to five layers are recognized,


according to presence of very tall canopy trees such as Cassipourea molasana, Olea europea ssp.

africana, Strychnos usambariensis, Diospyros abyssinica, Ocotea kenyensis and Ficus thonningii.

The forest of Mt. Kulal is protected by the local Conservation Committee, but cattle can be seen

grazing everywhere. Also, baboons disturb the soil to search for soil roaches. Relevé data were

recorded at 1835-1946 m elevation. Ocotea kenyensis occurs on Mt. Kulal, but the other diagnostic

taxa (e.g. Tabernaemontana, Sysygium, Psychotria, and Piper) are missing. Croton megalocarpus is

also missing on top of the mountain.

1-1-1-2. Veprisio hanagensi-Drypetetum gerrardii ass. nova (Table 4 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Vepris hanagensis, Erythroxylum fischeri, Ritchiea albersii, Coffea arabica,

Premna maxima.

Holotype: running no. 12 (Mar-6: 1392 m).

The forests in Marsabit National Park are relatively well preserved at 1230-1540 m. The

striking characteristic species is Usnea usneoides hanging on canopy trees surrounding Lake

Paradise. The height of the forests is 27-38 m, and average canopy cover is about 63% (50-80%). It

is a relatively open forest. The forests in Marsabit are characterized by fewer species than other

forests, and cover by Drypetes gerardii is relatively high (20-50%). Githae (2006) made an

inventory and diversity assessment in the forest dominated by Drypetes gerardii. Mt. Marsabit is

missing some species from tropical dry forests, such as Celtis africana and Vepris simplicifolia. The

mean number of species is 30 (21-41), which is relatively low. Bussmann [4] reported the presence

of Coffeo arabicae-Rinoreetum convallarioidis, but its diagnostic taxa were not recognized in our

vegetation sampling; also, tropical dry-forest species are missing in his sampling (Table 3: running

no. 31).

1-1-1-3. Argomuellero macrophylli-Crotonetum megalocarpae ass. nova (Table 4 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Allophylus rubifolius, Erythroxylum emarginatum, Argomuellera macrophylla,

Vangueria madagascariensis, Haplocoelum foliolosum, Encephalartos tegulaneus,

Pseuderanthemum hildebrandtii, Sapium ellipticum, Bauhinia tomentosa, Craibia laurentii,

Hippocratea paniculata

Holotype: Ken-90 (running no. 25)

The forest height is lower, at 25-33 m, than at Mt. Marsabit and Mt. Kulal; canopy cover is

50-80%. Characteristic is the dominance of Aegollera macrophylla (Euphorbiaceae) in the shrub

layer and of Encephalartos tegulaneus, the Kenyan giant cycad (Zamiaceae), in the shrub layer to

sub-canopy tree layer. The physiognomy of the forest is different from that of other tropical dry

forests.

1-1-2. Brachylaenion huillensis Bussmann et Beck 1995 (Table 3 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Elaeodendron buchananii, Vepris trichocarpa, Brachylaena huillensis, Asparagus

setaceus, Pterolobium stellatum, Vernonia holstii, Warburgia ugandensis, Dombeya burgessiae,

Strychnos henningsii, Rawsonia lucida, Manilkara discolor, Uvaria scheffleri, Chrysophyllum

viridifolium

Holotype: Elaeodendro buchananii-Brachylaenetum huillensis Bussman et Beck 1995 (Table 3 in

Appendix)



This alliance is typical of tropical dry forests in Kenya. The diagnostic taxa occur in

southern Kenya (Karura, Ngong, Oloolua in Nairobi, and the Loita Hills) and on Mt. Kenya [5].

Most forests are 19-25 m tall, except at Karura, which still has well preserved forests 23-40 m tall.

Forests in the Loita Hills are shorter than other forests, at 12-19 m (an exception is 27 m). Two new

suballiances are distinguished but still need more discussion.

1-1-2-1. Crotonenion alieno-megalocarpae suball. nova (Table 5 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Craibia brownii, Markhamia lutea, Croton alienus, Rothmannia urcelliformis.

Holotype: Crotono megalocarpae-Brachylaenetum huillensis Bussmann et Beck 1995 (Table 3 in

Appendix)

The Karura forest and one Oloolua forest (1613-1945 m) were characterized by Craibia

brownii, Markhamia lutea, Croton alienus and Rothmannia urcelliformis, and lacking Schrebera

alata, Turraea mombassana and Gnidia subcordata (diagnostic species of Schreberenion alatae).

These diagnostic species are characteristic at Ngong, Oloolua and the Loita Hills. Karura is a quite

undulating, hilly area, with more rivers than at Ngong. Two associations are distinguished: Crotono

megalocarpae-Brachylaenetum huillensis Bussmann et Beck 1995 and Markhamio luteae-

Veprisetum trichocarpae ass. nova.

1-1-2-1-1. Markhamio luteae-Veprisetum trichocarpae ass. nova (Table 5 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Craibia brownii, Markhamia lutea, Croton alienus, Rothmannia urcelliformis.

Holotype: running no. 7 (Ken 81, 1710 m)

This association is typical for Karura Forest. In most forests in Karura, Vepris trichocarpa,

Croton megalocarpus, Rawsonia lucida and Strychnos usambarensis are dominant in the canopy

layer. The forest height is 25-40 m. Areas of natural forest are well kept in the Karura Forests.

Markhamio luteae-Veprisetum trichocarpae is classified into three subassociations: allophyletosum

rubifoliae, warburgietosum ugandensis,and newtonietosum buchananii.

1-1-2-1-1-1. allophyletosum rubifoliae subass. nova (Table 5 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Allophylus rubifolius, Hippocratea africana, Crotalaria goodiiformis.

Holotype: running no. 1 (201308 Kar-1, 1676 m)

The height of this forest is 30-40 m, and the canopy is open (cover 50-65%). The

undercanopy layer is of typical height at 20-22 m, and its cover is 70-80%. Only the forest of

running no. 5 has higher values i.e., 23 m height and 80% canopy cover. This subassociation occurs

on relatively flat areas. Cover of the forest floor is 20%, which is higher than in other

subassociations.

1-1-2-1-1-2. warburgietosum ugandensis subass. nova (Table 5 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Warburgia ugandensis, Vepris hanangensis var. unifoliata, Ochna ovata,

Allophylus ferruginus, Cissus oliveri, Vitex strickeri

Holotype: running no. 8 (Ken-9, 1669 m)

This subassociation is also tall forest, at 25-35 m, and has canopy cover of 60-80%. It occurs

on relatively flat topography.

1-1-2-1-1-3. newtonietosum buchananii subass. nova (Table 5 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Newtonia buchananii, Uvariodendron anisatum



This subassociation is characterized by the dominance of Newtonia buchananii in the

canopy layer, which is 22-32 m high. Canopy cover is also high, at 75-80%. This forest type occurs

from flat areas to steep slopes of 20-28% and at the highest elevations (1657-1945 m) of the three

subassociations.

1-1-2-2. Schreberenion alatae suball. nova (Table 3 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Schrebera alata, Turraea mombassana, Gnidia subcordata

Holotype: Euphorbio candelabrae-Oleetum africanae ass. nova

One diagnostic species, the deciduous Schrebera alata (Oleaceae), occurs in open woodlands

and drier forests. Forests at Ngong, Oloolua and the Loita Hills are classified into this suballiance.

The field data were obtained at 1731-2024 m. This suballiance occurs in the southernmost hills.

Two associations and one community are distinguished in this suballiance: Elaeodendro

buchananii-Brachylaenetum huillensis Bussman et Beck 1995, Euphorbio candelabrae-Oleetum

africanae ass. nova, and Canthium keniense-Brachylaena huillensis community.

1-1-2-2-1. Euphorbio candelabrae-Oleetum africanae ass. nova (Table 6 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Scolopia zeyheri, Scolopia theifolia, Euphorbia candelabrum, Abutilon longicuspe,

Justicia anagalloides, Pappea capensis, Tinnea aethiopica, Tridactyle furcistipes, Maerua triphylla.


Euphorbio candelabrae-Oleetum africanae has a unique physiognomy, with tall Euphorbia

candelabrum. The height of forests is mostly 12-20 m, sometimes 27 m. Canopy cover is 25-60%,

i.e. relatively open. This forest association occurs in the Loita Hills and on slopes of 5-20%.

1-1-3. Mayteno undatae-Veprision simplicifoliae all. nova prov. (Table 3 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Ehretia cymosa, Maytenus undata, Vangueria infausta, Fagaropsis angolensis

Holotype: Crotono megalocarpae-Tecletum simplicifoliae Bussmann 2002

This alliance is composed of two community types: Crotono megalocarpae-Tecletum

simplicifoliae Bussmann 2002 and Desmodium repandum-Fagaropsis angolensis community. This

alliance occurs widely in Mukogodo Forest, the Ngong Hills Plain, Karissia Hills, Bawa, Aberdare

National Park, the Mattews Range and Loita Naimena Eukiyo Forest. This alliance includes

Podocarpus falcata forests, Juniperus forests, and also evergreen broad-leaved forests.

II. Afromontane forests

White (1983) described Afromontane forests as occurring between 1200 and 2500 m, from

southern Ethiopia to Malawai. Our data in Kenya are from 2100 m to 2600 m, where evergreen

moist forests are described as the class Ocotetea.

2. Ocotetea usambaraensis Bussmann et Beck 1995, Ocotetalia usambaraensis Bussmann et Beck

1995

Diagnostic taxa: Tabernaemontana stapfiana, Syzygium guineense, Ocotea usambarensis, Peddiea

fischeri, Strombosia scheffleri, Panicum calvum, Piper capense, Schefflera volkensii, Xymalos

monospora, Adenia gummifera.

Holotype: Macarangion kilimandscharicae Bussmann et Beck 1995



This class was described as including two orders by Bussmann and Beck [5], but diagnostic

species of the two orders were not clear.

2-1-1. Dracaena afromontana-Cassipourea malosana community (Table 3 in Appendix)

Differential taxa: Dracaena afromontana, Acanthus eminens, Pavetta elliottii, Mimulopsis solmsii,

Dicliptera laxata, Vepris (Teclea) nobilis, Simirestis goetzei, Canthium oligocarpum, Stombosia

scheffleri, Bersama abyssinica.

Holotype: running no. 16

The new community type was recorded from the so-called Mau area that included the

Tinderet Forest (Nandi Hills), Nyangores Block (Narok), Nyangores Forest Station (Narok) and

Chemususu Lembus Forest (Eldama Ravine). Forests from the western hills of the Great Rift Valley

are not surveyed well. Kakamega Forest is always studied and reported. The data were gathered

from Nkareta Forest, Tinderet Forest, the Nyangores Block, Transmara Forest, Nyangores Forest

and Chemususu Lembus Forest. This community occurs in the western hill area, at 2125-2318 m.

The forest is tall (28-55 m) and canopy cover is 60-80%. It occurs on gentle slopes or almost flat

topography.

2-1-2. Macarangion kilimandscharicae Bussmann et Beck 1995

Diagnostic taxa: Begonia meyeri-johannis, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus, Neoboutonia macrocalyx,

Macaranga kilimandscharica, Plectranthus luteus.

Holotype: Macarangetum kilimandscharicae by Bussmann et Beck 1995

Macarangion kilimandscharicae Bussmann et Beck 1995 was described through certain

diagnostic taxa. In particular, the Macarangetum kilimandscharicae sensu lato by Bussmann et Beck

1995 was described from Mt. Kenya. Those authors, though, made too many associations based on

herb species in Kenya, and these should be reorganized. Therefore, it seems that the unit by

Bussmann [4] needs to be reconsidered (Table 3 in Appendix). Another forest type was recorded

from Kieni Forest, Ragati Forest and Kiandongoro Forest and identified as Psychotria

fractinervata-Macaranga kilimandscharica community, with the following differential species:

Carex monostachya, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Keetia gueinzii, Psychotria fractinervata, Impatiens

fischeri, Urera hypselodendron and Psychotria riparia. Podocarpo latifolii-Sinarundinarietum

alpinae Bussmann et Beck 1995 does belong to Sinarundinarietea alpinae Bussmann et Beck 1995.

It does not have character species of Ocotetea usambarensis or Juniperetea procerae, but common

species do occur. It needs more consideration.

III. Dry montane forests

These forest were assigned to Juniperetea procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995 and

Juniperetalia procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995.

Diagnostic taxa: Juniperus procera, Stipa dregeana, Isoglossa gregorii, Ehrharta erecta.

Holotype: Juniperion procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995

3-1-1 Juniperion procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995 (Table 3 in Appendix)

Diagnostic taxa: Geranium arabicum, Rhamnus prinoides, Rubus volkensii, Myrsine africana,

Brachypodium flexum.

Holotype: Myrsino africanae-Juniperetum procerae Bussmann et Beck 1995


Six associations on Mt. Kenya were described in this alliance, but only three associations

have clear diagnoses: Podocarpo latifolii-Cassipouretum malosanae Bussmann et Beck 1995,

Myrsino africanae-Juniperetum procerae Bussmann 1995, and Faulio salignae-Ilicietum mitis

Bussmann 2002 (Table 3 in Appendix). These occur on Mt. Kenya and Mt. Nyiro, and at Ngare,

Porror, and Lorogi.

3-1-2 Cassipourion malosanae Bussmann et Beck 1995

Diagnostic taxa: Cassipourea malosana, Olea capensis ssp. hochstetteri, Lepidotrichilia volkensii,

Pilea usambarensis

Holotype: Tecleo nobilis-Tecletum simplicifoliae Bussmann et Beck 1995

This plant association is summarized in this alliance from the Loita Hills, Ndare Ngare,

Porror, and Lorogi.

Discussion and Conclusions

There are not enough climate data in Kenya, and Bussmann and Beck [5] and Bussmann [4]

did not include detailed environmental data. The data used herein, however, do cover the whole

area. Therefore we can discuss forest types and environmental factors based on DCCA results (see

Figure 2).

1. Characteristics of forest-type distribution along the Great Rift Valley

The forests of Kenya and other parts of eastern Africa were described by [42, 35, 5, 4, 25].

White [42] described the forests of Africa especially well. Tropical dry forest at Karura and the

Ngong forest in Nairobi were reported by [24, 16, 11, 12], as well as by [4]. Bytebier and Bussmann

[7] reported vegetation types and provided a taxa checklist for Mt. Nyiru. Githae [14] provided a

botanical inventory and reported on diversity at Mt. Marsabit, at least partially. Hemp [17] reported

on the vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Vegetation zonation is similar to that of Mt. Kenya except

that there is no bamboo on Kilimanjaro. People use the forest in several ways [18, 19, 26, 33].

Therefore, natural forests are now only remnants. Regeneration and succession in tropical dry forest

and Afromontane forest have also been studied [3, 21, 34, 38].

According to the DCCA results, the longitude, latitude, elevation, slope, aspect,

precipitation, number of wetter and drier seasons, and coldest month temperature are major

environmental factors. The forests of Marsabit and the Mattews Range are located the farthest east

and north. These (running nos. 2 & 3 in Table 1, in Appendix) are ‘island forests’ in the desert [cf.

4, 6, 13, 15, 20, 28, 29, 41, 42]. These are mostly tropical dry forests and are different from forests

of the Nairobi area (nos. 5-10: Brachylaenion huillensis). Tropical dry forests are characterized by

lower annual precipitation (see Figure 1), low wet-season precipitation, gentle slopes, southern

aspects and southern latitude in the Nairobi area (nos. 4-11). Another type of tropical dry forest,

without Brachylaenion huillensis species, is characterized by more western locations (hilly

topography), more dry-season precipitation, low coldest mean temperature, just one (but a longer)

dry season each year, and northern latitude, except for the Loita Hills (nos. 12-15). Afromontane

forests (Ocotetea usambarensis and Juniperetea procerae) are characterized by the lowest

temperatures and high elevation (nos. 16-20). The highest-elevation forest in our relevé set was on

Mt. Aberdare, at 3030 m (no. 21). It is a unique Podocarpus forest with Arundinaria, no dry-forest

species, and some moist-forest tree species. The Afromontane forests occur in relatively inland

mountains. These sites are at high elevation, where the coldest-month temperature is close to 0ºC

(nos. 16, 20, 21).



Fig. 2: DCCA (De-trended Canonical Correspondence Analysis) of forest types along the Great Rift Valley

Top: The numbers 2-21 are the running numbers of Table 3 (see Appendix). Only those vegetation samples with

environmental data (see Table 2 in Appendix)were analyzed by the DCCA.


Caption of Figure 2 (continued)

Oval A represents the Tropical Dry Forests in the main text: Schoenoxiphio lehmannii-Crotonietalia megalocarpae. Its

subsets correspond to subsections in the main text: A-1: Strychnoso mitis-Diospyrosion abyssinicae; A-2:

Brachylaenion huillensis; A-3: Mayteno undatae-Veprision simplicifoliae. Ovals B and C represent Afromontane

Forests (see main text): Ocotetea usambarensis (B) and Podocarpo latifolii-Sinarundinarietum alpinae (C).

Bottom: Results of the DCCA, based on the following environmental factors: ELE = elevation, RSP = precipitation sum

of the rainy season, AP = annual precipitation, ASP = aspect, AT = annual mean temperature, CMT = mean temperature

of coldest month, LON = Longitude, DPS = precipitation sum of the dry season, FDS = number of dry periods per year,

LAT = latitude, SLO = slope, and CT1 = Cover percentage of the canopy layer (T1).

2. Data differences from Bussmann and Beck 1995 and Bussmann 2002.

Detailed phytosociological data for forests in Kenya were reported by [5, 4]. Their data were

integrated with the present authors' data in Table 1 (see Appendix). It is curious that data from

Bussmann suggest independent association types, such as at Karura and Ngong, Mt. Marsabit, Mt.

Kulal, the Loita Hills and the Mattews Range. The two classes of evergreen and semi-evergreen

forest, plus the Sinoarundinarietea (bamboo class) and Hagenietea on Mt. Kenya, were classified

fundamentally. Four classes, five orders, 10 alliances and 41 associations were reported from Mt.

Kenya [5]. These data were integrated with the new data, which allowed the distinction of one new

order and one new class (Schoenoxiphio lehmannii-Crotonietalia megalocarpi and Schoenoxiphio

lehmannii-Crotonietea megalocarpi) circumscribed to tropical dry forests. These did belong to the

Juniperetea procerae before, but common species were not clear. The Ocotetea usambarensis

Bussmann et Beck 1995 was difficult to order. Here the authors made the new units but leave the

question for later discussion, because many associations are classified by herbs. Two orders and

four alliances could not be clarified. Here, new data from Mau Mt. suggested a new association and

alliance.

In this paper three classes were discussed. Unfortunately, new relevés from Mt. Kenya were

not obtained, partly since most forests had been destroyed. We guess that the forests would have

been in better condition in 1995, when Bussmann and Beck made their vegetation samples.

Macarangion kilimandscharicae constitutes the major part of the Afromontane forests on Mt.

Kenya. Three classes were followed by Ocotetea usambarensis and Juniperetea procerae that

Bussmann and Beck [5] described in 1995. There are several tree species common in Kenyan

evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. The situation of these species needs to be discussed. The

authors will do more vegetation samples and record other natural Kenyan forests in the future.

Acknowledgements: We wish to express our thanks to foresters of the Forest Department of the Kenyan Forest

Service; also to Mr. S. Kage, IFCM, for the whole study period, and to former staff members of the Green Belt

Movement (2006-2007); to Graduate School students of the former Faculty of Vegetation Science of Yokohama

National University (2006-2009) and to Dr. L. Borghesio (2007, 2008); and to Prof. E.O. Box (2008) (University of

Georgia), Mr. Chebee (2010-2013), Mr. C. Mutiso (2014) (University of Nairobi), and Mrs. Atsuko Harada (in 2012)

for helping our field survey. We also thank Dr. You Hai-Mei (Jiangsu Normal University, in China) for analyzing the

data by DCCA; and Mrs. Masami Sugita and Dr. Chie Itow for organizing the data and making the figures and tables

for this manuscript. We are grateful to Prof. E.O. Box for English editing of this manuscript and for providing the

climate data for Kenya. This survey was funded by a grant from HIOKI Co. Ltd. for the project of restoration of natural

forests in Kenya.



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journals.com.

35. Peltorinne, P., 2004, The Forest Types of Kenya. In: Pelikka, P., Ylhasi, J., Clark, B., (eds.), Taita Hills and Kenya,

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Geography, University of Helsinki, 40: 8-13.

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37. Schmitt, K., 1991, The vegetation of the Aberdare National Park, Kenya, Hochgebirgsforschung, 7: 1-250.

38. Teketay, D., 2005, Seed and regeneration ecology in dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia: II. Forest disturbance and

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41. White, F., 1981, The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation, Afr. J.

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43. Yirgu, G., Ebinger, C.J., Maguire, P.K.H., 2006, The Afar volcanic province within the East African Rift System:

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African Rift System, Geological Society of London, Special Pub., 259: 1-6.

TIPURILE DE PĂDURE ȘI BIODIVERSITATEA DIN ZONA VĂII MARELUI RIFT DIN KENYA

(Rezumat)

Pădurile din Valea Marelui Rift din Kenya sunt unice, ca insule verzi în deșert și se extind din sudul Etiopiei

până în Tanzania. Aceste păduri le includ pe cele Afromontane și tropical-uscate, studiate în Kenya de către Bussmann

și Beck, iar în sudul Etiopiei de Bussmann. Au fost descrise două clase taxonomice (Ocotetea usambarensis în climatul


H. HAYASHI, SHIN-ICHI MEGURO umed și Juniperetea procerae în locurile uscate) anterior studiilor noastre care s-au desfășurat pe părțile estică și vestică

ale Văii Marelui Rift, în perioada 2006-2014, iar rezultatele au fost comparate cu cele ale lui Bussmann din 1990.

Această lucrare prezintă următoarele rezultate noi: 1) Pădurile rămân pe partea vestică și la peste 2000 m și sunt

edificate de Ocotea kenyensis (Lauraceae); acestea sunt diferite de cele Afromontane umede din zonele mai estice

(Ocotetea usambarensis) lângă Valea Riftului. Din martie până în aprilie și din august în septembrie sunt 4 luni cu

precipitații de peste 100 mm. 2) La altitudini de 1300-2200 m, pe partea estică, sunt pădurile uscate unice, edificate de

Brachylaena huilliensis (Compositae), Warburgia ugandensis (Canellaceae), Elaeodendron buchananii (Celastraceae),

Vepris trichocarpa (Rutaceae), Calodendrum capense etc. Unele dintre aceste specii sunt unice și se întind până în

pădurile tropicale din Africa de Sud. 3) Pădurile de altitudine ridicată din zonele estice sunt edificate de Podocarpus

latifolius și Juniperus procera, care aparțin la Juniperetea procerae. Pădurile de Podocarpus latifolius apar în zonele

vestice, dar sunt diferite de cele din zonele estice. 4) Pădurile din munții nordici izolați Marsabit și Kulal sunt diferite;

nu există Podocarpus sau Juniperus, iar umiditatea ridicată permite apariția specie Usnea usneoides la Marsabit. 5)

Zona împădurită a Kenyei este teoretic de 12%, iar pădurile naturale rămase ocupă doar 1,9%. Această suprafață mică

permite eșalonarea unor tipuri diferite de păduri de-a lungul gradientului de umiditate. 6) Numeroase specii lemnoase și

de ferigi din pădurile Afromontane sunt comune și în pădurile tropicale montane și subtropicale din Asia, inclusiv specii

de Podocarpus, Juniperus, Myrsine, Rapanea, Psychotria, Rumohra, Asplenium, Pteris și Dryopteris. 7) Clasificările

făcute de noi și cea a lui Bussmann nu sunt identice la nivel de asociație sau comunitate. De aici și întrebarea dacă

informațiile din 1990 au fost colectate din zone diferite, sau dacă, o parte din vegetație a dispărut datorită impactului

uman sau al faunei sălbatice.

Received: 17.11.2014; Accepted: 27.11.2014.


Tab

le 1

: Site

loca

tions

and

cor

resp

onde

nce

with

Fig

ure

2 an

d T

able

3.

Ref

. no.

in F

ig. 2

Run

ning

no.

in T

able

3L

ocat

ion

-1

Mt K

ulal

22

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k3

-M

t. N

yiro

43,

14

Mat

thew

s Ran

ge (K

itich

i Cam

p)5

17, 1

8, 2

6M

atth

ews R

ange

(Rap

a-O

loik

Mat

thew

s Ran

ge, O

rkai

la, L

onda

dapo

)6

18K

aris

sia

Hill

s (Sa

anat

a)7

15N

abol

o Ro

ck, B

awa,

Kar

issi

a H

ills

815

, 16,

18

Kar

issi

a H

ills (

Nab

olo

Rock

, Lol

geriy

io, N

gabo

lo)

912

Kar

issi

a H

ills (

Lem

etek

i)10

22, 2

7, 2

9N

gaia

Hill

s, N

dare

Nga

re, P

orro

r, Lo

rogh

i, N

yam

beni

Hill

s11

13M

ukog

odo

Fore

st, D

ol D

ol v

illag

e, K

opia

Val

ley

(Kur

i Kur

i Vill

age)

, Muk

ogod

o Fo

rest

, Dol

Dol

vill

age

1220

Che

mus

usu

Lem

bus F

ores

t（El

dam

a Ra

vine）

1320

Tind

eret

For

est （

Nan

di H

ills）

1428

Abe

rdar

e N

atio

nal P

ark

1521

, 23,

24,

30,

31

Raga

ti Fo

rest

1624

Kia

ndon

goro

For

est

1720

Tran

smar

a Fo

rest

(Nya

ngor

es F

ores

t, C

ham

anen

airo

tia F

ores

t Sta

tion)

1824

Kie

ni F

ores

t, K

iam

bu D

istri

ct19

19N

kare

ta F

ores

t20

22G

akoe

215,

6, 8

Nai

robi

arb

oret

um, K

arur

a Fo

rest

, Kar

ura

fore

st (N

airo

bi)

-7,

9, 1

0, 2

5N

gong

Roa

d Fo

rest

San

ctua

ry (N

airo

bi);

Ngo

ng R

oad

Fore

st, N

airo

bi (r

eplic

ate

of K

en-1

2), N

gong

Roa

d Fo

rest

, Nai

robi

; Ngo

ng F

ores

t, N

airo

bi; O

lool

ua F

ores

t (N

gong

Hill

s For

est S

tatio

n), N

airo

bi; O

lool

ua

(Mus

eum

For

est),

Nai

robi

; Olo

olua

For

est,

Nai

robi

-13

,25

Ngo

ng p

lain

s (w

est o

f Ngo

ng H

ills i

nsid

e th

e G

reat

Rift

Val

ley)

Ngo

ng H

ills P

lain

(Rift

Val

ley)

Ngo

ng

Hill

s, N

airo

bi

-4,

11,

18

Loita

For

est,

Olo

osuy

ian

(Loi

ta N

aim

ena

Euki

yo F

ores

t) Lo

ita F

ores

t, N

esuk

ari L

oita

For

est,

Nko

pon

Loita

Fo

rest

(Loi

ta N

aim

ena

Euki

yo F

ores

t)

APP

EN

DIX

158 K. FUJIWARA, T. FURUKAWA, S. KIBOI, S. MATHENGE, P. MUTISO, H. HAYASHI, SHIN-ICHI MEGURO

Table no.Running no.

Releｖé no.

Dat

eL

ocat

ion

T1 height (m)

T2 height (m)

S1 height (m)S2 height (m)

H height (m)

T1 cover (%)

T2 cover (%)S1 cover (%)

S2 cover (%)

H cover (%)

Elevation (m)

Aspect

Slope (°)

Area (m²)

Lat

itude

Lon

gitu

de

1K

l 106

/02/

2014

Mt K

ulal

(Mar

sabi

t)42

2216

70.

570

3030

2050

1916

S80E

1530

×35

N02

°40'

00.1

"E3

6°56

'29.

0"2

Kl 2

06/0

2/20

14M

t Kul

al (M

arsa

bit)

3622

145

0.3

6050

2520

6019

18S2

0E25

25×3

0N

02°3

9'58

.8"

E36°

56'3

0.0"

3K

l 306

/02/

2014

Mt K

ulal

(Mar

sabi

t)38

2416

60.

380

4030

2525

1946

S15

25×3

0N

02°3

9'59

.2"

E36°

56'3

2.5"

4K

l 407

/02/

2014

Mt K

ulal

(Mar

sabi

t)27

1912

70.

460

3030

5020

1835

S50W

530

×40

N02

°40'

06.6

"E3

6°56

'45.

4"5

Kl 5

07/0

2/20

14M

t Kul

al (M

arsa

bit)

3322

146

0.5

5540

3060

5019

75S6

0E20

30×3

5N

02°4

0'07

.9"

E36°

56'3

6.3"

6K

l 607

/02/

2014

Mt K

ulal

(Mar

sabi

t)30

2215

70.

440

6030

2550

1940

S10E

1030

×30

N02

°40'

03.2

"E3

6°56

'26.

5"7

Mar

_101

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k 35

2010

50.

760

5075

401

1337

S75E

1330

×35

N02

°15'

45.0

"E3

7°55

'50.

6"8

Mar

_202

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k35

2414

60.

475

2010

4530

1540

S40E

1530

×30

N02

°18'

53.5

"E3

7°58

'22.

1"9

Mar

_302

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k38

2214

60.

570

3025

3025

1539

S35E

1830

×25

N02

°18'

19.8

"E3

7°57

'42.

7"10

Mar

_402

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k27

2312

60.

360

3050

1025

1520

S35E

1030

×25

N02

°18'

08.1

"E3

7°57

'32.

8"11

Mar

_503

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k37

2012

30.

350

5070

153

1410

L0

35×3

5N

02°1

6'16

.0"

E37°

55'4

7.5"

12M

ar_6

03/0

2/20

14M

arsa

bit N

atio

nal P

ark

3422

144

0.5

6040

7025

313

92S7

5E5

25×4

0N

02°1

5'12

.3"

E37°

56'0

2.4"

13M

ar_7

03/0

2/20

14M

arsa

bit N

atio

nal P

ark

3724

187

0.6

6060

5020

512

30S5

5W3

25×4

0N

02°1

4'39

.3"

E37°

55'5

5.9"

14M

ar_8

04/0

2/20

14M

arsa

bit N

atio

nal P

ark

3723

178

0.3

7050

6020

513

00L

035

×35

N02

°18'

35.3

"E3

7°59

'41.

9"15

Mar

_904

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k37

2314

70.

480

6030

2010

1410

S10W

535

×50

N02

°18'

34.5

"E3

7°58

'47.

3"16

Mar

_10

04/0

2/20

14M

arsa

bit N

atio

nal P

ark

3823

164

0.5

5050

4020

5012

96S5

0E3

10×2

0N

02°1

8'34

.7"

E38°

00'0

1.1"

17M

ar_1

104

/02/

2014

Mar

sabi

t Nat

iona

l Par

k32

2214

60.

260

5040

205

1390

N50

E20

30×4

0N

02°1

6'57

.9"

E37°

57'1

5.1"

18K

en-8

316

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p21

.414

-4

0.7

7060

-25

3014

35S1

0W10

20x2

0N

01˚1

5'10

.8"

E37˚

17'3

0.7"

19K

en-8

416

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p29

.116

-4

0.4

7575

-30

2514

45N

20W

1625

x25

N01˚1

5'13

.6"

E37˚

17'2

8.0"

20K

en-8

516

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p33

.516

6-

0.5

8040

55-

1014

40N

80W

1020

x25

N01˚1

5'11

.7"

E37˚

17'3

7.5"

21K

en-8

616

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p33

.618

6-

0.5

7550

35-

514

75N

85W

2112

x20

N01˚1

5'08

.7"

E37˚

17'4

3.2"

22K

en-8

717

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p27

.116

6-

0.6

7560

35-

2014

35S8

0E12

20x2

0N

01˚1

4'45

.7"

E37˚

17'3

0.0"

23K

en-8

817

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p27

127

-1.

565

5025

-80

1445

N40

E12

25x3

0N

01˚1

4'47

.4"

E37˚

17'2

6.8"

24K

en-8

917

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p30

.620

6-

0.6

7055

60-

1514

20N

60E

520

x25

N01˚1

4'47

.5"

E37˚

17'2

7.0"

25K

en-9

017

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p32

176

-0.

570

5035

-25

1425

S80W

623

x18

N01˚1

4'48

.1"

E37˚

17'3

6.2"

Table 4Tab

le 2

: Rel

evé

data

in T

able

s 4-6

(L: l

evel

asp

ect;

Asp

ect b

y cl

inom

eter

: Kam

iyam

a Se

isak

usho

211

-000

8; L

atitu

de &

long

itude

by

GPS

: GA

RM

IN

eTre

x30J

).


26K

en-9

117

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p36

206

-0.

580

7525

-10

1440

N80

W16

30x2

0N

01˚1

4'51

.6"

E37˚

17'4

1.1"

27K

en-1

0622

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p28

165

-0.

550

8035

-10

2043

S50W

2018

x20

N01˚1

4'53

.9"

E37˚

17'3

7.7"

28K

en-1

0722

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p33

186

-0.

660

7030

-5

1425

S50W

1520

x20

N01˚1

4'38

.9"

E37˚

17'4

5.5"

29K

en-1

0822

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p30

.522

7-

0.5

5070

40-

1014

40S8

0W18

25x2

5N

01˚1

4'41

.5"

E37˚

17'4

6.7"

30K

en-1

0922

/09/

2007

Mat

tew

s Ran

ge, K

itich

i Cam

p25

157

20.

650

7035

2025

1475

S50W

2120

x15

N01˚1

4'44

.8"

E37˚

17'4

8.4"

1K

ar 1

17/0

8/20

13K

arur

a fo

rest

3522

9-

0.5

6570

25-

2016

76S6

0W5

15x2

0S0

1°14

’33.

3"E3

6°50

'19.

3"2

Kar

217

/08/

2013

Kar

ura

fore

st40

206

-0.

460

7025

-20

1674

S50W

530

x30

S01°

14'3

0.1"

E36°

50'1

4.9"

3K

ar 3

17/0

8/20

13K

arur

a fo

rest

3020

8-

0.5

5075

20-

2017

10L

030

x30

S01°

14'2

1.1"

E36°

49'3

9.3"

4K

ar 4

17/0

8/20

13K

arur

a fo

rest

3520

8-

0.6

6080

25-

2017

13L

020

x30

S01°

14'1

5.3"

E36°

49'3

4.0"

5K

ar 5

17/0

8/20

13K

arur

a fo

rest

2314

-4

0.8

8030

-35

2017

13L

020

x20

S01°

14'1

2.1"

E36°

49'3

2.4"

6K

en-2

419

/10/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st26

.315

63

0.4

5060

3020

516

92L

021

x23

S01˚

14'1

9.0"

E36˚

49'2

6.1"

7K

en-8

102

/05/

2007

Kar

ura

Fore

st27

.515

5-

0.6

7070

50-

2017

10N

5E6

15x3

5S0

1˚14

'00"

E36˚

49'0

0"8

Ken

-911

/03/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st32

198

30.

640

8510

3010

1613

S40W

530

x35

S01˚

14'3

1.3"

E36˚

50'1

8.3"

9K

en-2

319

/10/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st31

156

-0.

580

8090

-3

1669

S20W

321

x21

S01˚

14'3

6.2"

E36˚

50'2

3.1"

10K

en-2

519

/10/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st35

.716

6-

0.3

7050

20-

316

70S2

0W18

18x2

1S0

1˚14

'30.

0"E3

6˚49

'31.

1"11

Ken

-61

24/0

4/20

07K

arur

a Fo

rest

27.2

135

-0.

370

6050

-10

1726

L0

35x1

0S0

1˚14

'19.

4"E3

6˚49

'40.

3"12

Ken

-63

24/0

4/20

07K

arur

a Fo

rest

27.2

135

-0.

370

6050

-10

1726

L0

35x1

0S0

1˚14

'19.

4"E3

6˚49

'40.

3"13

Ken

-64

26/0

4/20

07K

arur

a Fo

rest

2515

3-

0.6

6075

25-

1016

89N

20W

315

x26

S01˚

14'3

0.6"

E36˚

50'1

3.2"

14K

en-7

902

/05/

2007

Kar

ura

Fore

st25

164

-0.

680

7040

-30

1726

L0

25x2

5S0

1˚14

'11.

4"E3

6˚49

'39.

0"15

Ken

-80

02/0

5/20

07K

arur

a Fo

rest

2416

5-

0.5

7060

50-

2517

20N

42E

830

x20

S01˚

14'2

3.3"

E36˚

49'2

5.8"

16K

en-2

118

/10/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st31

.514

6-

0.6

7530

30-

6016

45S2

5E4

20x2

5S0

1˚14

'42.

3"E3

6˚50

'27.

7"17

Ken

-44

19/0

4/20

07O

lool

ua F

ores

t26

.315

4-

0.7

8055

40-

3517

80S1

0E28

36x1

5S0

1˚21

'28.

5"E3

6˚42

'41.

1"18

Ken

-10

11/0

3/20

06K

arur

a Fo

rest

2214

74

0.4

7510

510

6016

57N

20E

38x

20S0

1˚14

'03.

6"E3

6˚49

'32.

9"19

Ken

-811

/03/

2006

Kar

ura

Fore

st35

158

30.

685

2520

3510

1887

L0

25x2

5S0

1˚14

'35.

7"E3

6˚50

'21.

0"20

Ken

-22

19/1

0/20

06K

arur

a Fo

rest

32.1

164

-0.

380

2580

-35

1945

N25

E20

21x9

S01˚

14'4

2.9"

E36˚

50'2

6.0"

1K

en-2

2026

/09/

2009

Loita

For

est,

Nko

pon

-12

-6

0.5

-40

-70

519

88S8

0E5

10x1

5S0

1˚50

'07.

0"E3

5˚48

'35.

8"2

Ken

-221

26/0

9/20

09Lo

ita F

ores

t, N

kopo

n-

13-

60.

4-

35-

405

2018

E10

20x2

0S0

1˚50

'07.

7"E3

5˚48

'31.

8"3

Ken

-225

27/0

9/20

09Lo

ita N

aim

ena

Euki

yo F

ores

t27

16-

60.

760

30-

5010

2189

N10

W8

15x2

0S0

1˚52

'51.

3"E3

5˚51

'29.

6"4

Ken

-224

26/0

9/20

09Lo

ita F

ores

t, N

esuk

ari

1910

-5

0.6

3060

-25

1521

15S2

0W7

15x2

0S0

1˚52

'44.

6"E3

5˚50

'53.

7"5

Ken

-222

26/0

9/20

09Lo

ita F

ores

t, N

kopo

n17

11-

50.

330

80-

2510

2024

E5

15x2

0S0

1˚50

'07.

8"E3

5˚48

'31.

1"6

Ken

-223

26/0

9/20

09Lo

ita F

ores

t, N

kopo

n18

10-

40.

625

70-

4015

1971

S20W

2010

x20

S01˚

50'1

8.9"

E35˚

48'3

4.9"

Table 5 Table 6


Run

ning

num

ber

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

31E

leva

tion

(m) /

R

efer

ence

(B &

B

1995

= B

ussm

ann

et

Beck

, 199

5; B

200

2 =

Buss

man

n, 2

002)

Layer

1835-1940

1230-1539

1379-1561

B et B 1995

1674-1713

1613~1726

1657-1780

B 2002

1731-1959

1828-2174

1971-2189

1803-1960

1863-2154

1930-2165

2115-2277

2109-2604

B et B 1995

B 2002

B et B 1995

2120-2460

3080

B 2002

B et B 1995

B et B 1995

B 2002

B 2002

B 2002

B 2002

B 2002

B 2002

B 2002

Rel

evé

num

ber

611

1310

511

430

296

65

1512

3221

156

4310

37

15

126

100

4811

2113

146

14N

umbe

r of

spec

ies

3627

4249

3738

3852

4343

4736

4541

5142

6865

5729

1744

5381

5452

5645

6354

48D

iagn

ostic

spec

ies o

f Pav

etto

gar

deni

ifolia

e-C

assi

pour

etum

mal

osan

ae a

ss. n

ova

Pave

tta g

arde

niifo

liaS,

HV

I・

・・

・・

・r

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Isog

loss

a la

xaS,

H・

V・

Ⅰ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Scad

oxus

mul

tiflo

rus

Hr

V・

・・

・Ⅰ

・・

Ⅱ・

・Ⅱ

・Ⅱ

・・

・・

I・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

ssp.

mul

tiflo

rus

Oxy

anth

us sp

ecio

sus

T,S,

HIV

+・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅱ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

ssp.

sten

ocar

pus

Mar

gari

tari

a di

scoi

dea

T,S,

HIV

・Ⅱ

・・

・・

・Ⅱ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

IVAl

loph

ylus

aby

ssin

ica

S・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅱ

・・

Ⅰ・

・・

・・

ⅢⅠ

・D

iagn

ostic

spec

ies o

f Vep

risi

o ha

nage

nsi-D

rype

detu

m g

erra

rdii

ass.

nova

T,S,

H・

IV・

・・

・・

Ⅲ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

S,H

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

T,S,

H・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・S

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅲ

Vepr

is h

anag

ensi

sEr

ythr

oxyl

um fi

sche

riRi

tchi

ea a

lber

sii

Cof

fea

arab

ica

Prem

na m

axim

aT,

S・

III

III II II

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅰ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・D

iagn

ostic

spec

ies o

f Arg

omue

llero

mac

roph

ylli-

Cro

tone

tum

meg

aloc

arpa

e as

s. no

vaAl

loph

ylus

rubi

foliu

sT,

S,H

・・

Ⅴ・

Ⅴ+

・・

・Ⅰ

Ⅰ・

Ⅰ+

Ⅰ・

・・

・Ⅱ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Er

ythr

oxyl

um

emar

gina

tum

T,S,

H・

・Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Argo

mue

llera

m

acro

phyl

laS,

H・

・Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Ⅰ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Vang

ueri

a S,

HI

・Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅰ

ⅢⅠ

・・

・・

Ⅱ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

mad

agas

cari

ensi

sH

aplo

coel

um

folio

losu

mS,

H・

+Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Ⅲ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Ence

phal

arto

s te

gula

neus

T,S,

H・

・Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Ⅴ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Tab

le 3

: Syn

optic

tabl

e of

fore

sts c

omm

uniti

es a

long

the

Gre

at R

ift V

alle

y in

Ken

ya (T

: Tre

e ca

nopy

laye

r; S

: shr

ub la

yer;

H: h

erb

laye

r; C

lass

es o

f fre

quen

cy:

V: 8

1-10

0%; I

V: 6

1-80

%; I

II: 4

1-60

%; I

I: 2

1-40

%; I

: 11-

20%

; +: 6

-10%

; r: <

5%

).


Pseu

dera

nthe

mum

S,

H・

+Ⅴ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

T,H

・・

Ⅳ・

・・

I・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・S,

H・

・Ⅳ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

T,S,

H・

・Ⅳ

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

hild

ebra

ndtii

Sapi

um e

llipt

icum

Bauh

inia

tom

ento

saC

raib

ia la

uren

tiiH

ippo

crat

ea

pani

cula

taT,

S,H

・・

Ⅲ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

Ⅰ・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・

Dia

gnos

tic sp

ecie

s of S

tryc

hnos

o m

itis-

Dio

spyr

osio

n ab

yssi

nica

e al

l. no

vaT,

S,H

Stry

chno

s miti

sV

VⅤ

・・

+II

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ⅱ

T,S,

HD

orst

enia

bro

wnii

VII

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・+

・・

・・

・I

・・

・・

・・

・・

・・

・Ri

nore

a

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contribuţii botanice 2014, xlix: 143-178 grădina botanică...

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