contract number: eie/06/128/si2.445841 project duration: november 06 - april 2009 national workshops...

Contract number: EIE/06/128/SI2.445841 Project duration: November 06 - April 2009

National WorkshopsBottom up example – Energy labelling for white appliances

Pascal LARSONNEURRobert ANGIOLETTI

22nd January, 2007

20.02.2007 Name/Organisation etc.20.02.2007 Name/Organisation etc. 222nd, January 2008 Wuppertal Institute & ADEME 2

Harmonised bottom-up evaluation method for cold appliances and washing machines

Type of EEI activities covered

Sector Residential

Energy end-use White goods Cold appliances

Washing machines

Efficient solution A class appliances

A+ and A++ for cold appliances

< 0,17 kWh/kg for washing machines


Types of EEI facilitating measures

• Regulation: Minimum Equipment Energy Performance Standards

• Information: Focused information campaignsLabellingTraining and EducationMetering and informative billing

• Financial instruments for energy savings:Cash rebatesTax rebates and other taxes reducing energy end-use

consumptionThird-party financingLoans

• Voluntary agreements:Industrial companies (appliance manufacturers)Commercial (appliance trade) or industrial organisations


Formula for unitary gross annual energy savings

Cold appliances

The energy label provides data on the annual unit consumption

Unit gross annual energy savings of cold appliances= ( [annual energy consumption] *BL - [annual energy consumption]* BAT )* F

Where:BL = baseline In case of normal replacement, the baseline should be, either the second best energy class appliances (currently A+ ), which is a very conservative option, or the average of the A+ to C appliances on offer In case of early replacement: average stock appliance

BAT (best available technology): the best energy class on the market (currently A++)

F: correction factor reflecting the ratio of the consumption under the standard test conditions and the measured consumption in real life


Energy label annual unit consumption

Energy efficiency class Energy Efficiency Index (%) A++ 30 A+ 42 A 55 B 75 C 90 D 100 E* 110 F* 125 G* 155**

Cold appliances


Formula for unitary gross annual energy savings

Washing machines

The energy label displays the standard cycle consumptionIt is therefore necessary to estimate the average number of cycles per year

Unit gross annual energy savings of washing machines = ( [CC*AC]*BL - [CC*AC]*BAT )* F

Where: CC: Cycle Consumption as stated on the energy label

AC: Annual number of Cycles for the average household

BL = baseline, depending on the level of effort In case of normal replacement: second best energy class appliances (currently A ); In case of early replacement: average stock appliance;

BAT (best available technology): the best energy class on the market (currently A+)

F: correction factor reflecting the ratio of the consumption under the standard test conditions and the measured consumption in real life


Energy efficiency class Energy Efficiency Index (kWh/kg) A 0.19 B 0.23 C 0.27 D 0.31 E 0.35 F 0.39 G 0.43*

Washing machines

Energy label annual unit consumption


Baseline

• Two approaches must be used: Consumers willing to purchase a more efficient appliance than they would have done without the EEI promotion measure. The measure may encourage early replacement.

• In the first case, a market modelling approach should define the baseline, since the savings refer to the appliance that would have been purchased if the measure was not implemented.

• Level 1: EU 27 not efficient appliances average unit consumption• Level 2: country not efficient appliances average unit consumption

• In the latter case, a stock modelling approach should define the baseline: the savings are estimated with reference to an appliance that would have normally been kept in the stock, still functioning, if the measure not was applied (level 3).


Market modelling

Class A+ A B C D EEI UCEEI 42 55 75 90 100 N 0 38,1 41,9 10 10 71 439,2

N+1 0 46 38,5 6,8 8,7 69 424,5N+2 1 54,3 36,7 8 0 65 400N+3 3 61,5 35,5 0 0 62 379,7N+4 5 67,7 27,3 0 0 60 368N+5 7 72,6 20,4 0 0 58 357,9N+6 9 76,1 14,9 0 0 57 349,5

Market share (%), average EEI, average UC (kWh/y)


Stock UC of year N for saturated markets

UCn = UCn-1 – S/V * (UCn-1 – UCsn)

Where UCn is the UC of the consumers' stock at the end of year NUCn-1 is the UC of the consumers' stock at the end of year N-1UCsn is the UC of the sales of year N, as calculated aboveS is the sales volume over one year (constant over the base period)V is the consumers' stock volume (constant over the base period)

Stock modelling (1)


Stock UC of year N for non-saturated markets

Sold appliances are obviously not only intended for replacement but also for first purchase, thereby increasing the equipment rate.

The stock volume must therefore be calculated by estimating the ratio of sold appliances purchased for replacement and the ratio of first purchase.

The average stock UC at the end of year N becomes:

UCn = UCn-1 – Sn/Vn-1 . (UCn-1 – UCsn)

Where Sn is now the sales volume of year N and Vn-1 the stock volume at the end of year N-1.

Stock modelling (2)


Considering rebound effect

• There could be a rebound effect in the purchase of bigger cold appliances, knowing they are energy efficient. However, no information is available (this could be the subject of a model survey in a set of countries).

• The same is the case whether consumers are washing more often

because they know that they purchased an energy-efficient washing machine.

• One direct rebound effect could also be linked to the fact that it is easier for larger washing machines (6, 7 or more kg of capacity) to achieve the threshold of 0.17 kWh/kg. So an EEI measure to promote energy-efficient washing machines could accelerate the shift towards bigger machines.


Requirements for double counting

White goods are already included in the EU energy labelling scheme, and there is a minimum energy performance standard for cold appliances. Furthermore, the EcoDesign Directive is expected to lead to a new minimum energy performance standards for cold and wet appliances, and a revision of the EU energy label.

Therefore, double-couting with these measures is likely to be an issue. It will be smaller, if the method presented here is only applied to

facilitating measures that promote A++ cold appliances and very energy-efficient washing machines.

In any case, two general recommendations can be made: Try to evaluate the effect of the whole package of facilitating measures that promote energy-efficient cold appliances and washing machines; Try to cross-check the results with a top-down evaluation using regression analysis of the diffusion indicators for the overall market share

of the A++ cold appliances and the very energy-efficient washing machines, and/or for the average UC of all appliances sold in a Member State

market.


Requirements for free-rider effect

Partial free-rider effect occurs for white appliances as a consequence of the self-sustained evolution of the market: higher demand for efficient appliances contributes to a larger and more competitive offer of best technologies.

Free-rider effect is therefore due to those consumers who would have purchased the most efficient appliances, even if the measure were not implemented.

A survey of participants will be needed to evaluate the share of free riders.

As the free-rider effect and the multiplier effect work into the opposite direction, they partly cancel out each other.

Furthermore, even with extensive surveys and evaluation efforts, the uncertainty for these effects can remain high.

For EEI measures or measure packages that have limited gross annual energy savings (e.g., below 20 million kWh/year), it may therefore be considered to neglect both correction factors.


Requirements for savings lifetime

Energy savings lifetime

• Efficient cold appliances : 15 years • Efficient wet appliances : 12 years

Source : CWA CEN Workshop 27

Saving lifetimes of energy efficient improvement measures in bottom up calculations


Total gross annual energy savings

Total gross annual energy savings

=

average annual energy savings per sold unit of equipment

*

number of sold equipment


Total ESD annual energy savings

Total ESD annual energy savings

=total gross annual energy savings of all white appliances

* double-counting factor

*(1-free-rider coefficient + multiplier coefficient)


Data collection (1)

Data needed in calculation for EU, national and measure specific values

Corresponding data sources

Data 1:

Standard cycle consumption of appliances on offer

Market survey (retailers: shop visits or online catalogue), based on the energy label

Data 2:

Correction factor: actual average cycle consumption

Measurement campaign (e.g. Remodece) or statistical survey

Data 3:

Consumer habits: number of cycles per year (for washing machines)

Market survey (consumers)

Data 4:

Voluntary agreements by manufacturers or retailers

CECED or national associations of manufacturers/retailers


Data collection (2)

Data needed in calculation for EU, national and measure specific values

Corresponding data sources

Data 5:

Sales data: volume and breakdown by class

GfK

Data 6: Number of households National statistics

Data 7: Equipment ownership rate Stock volume (reference year) Global consumption for the end-use (total end-use impact)

Replacement ratio

National statistics, CECED or national associations of manufacturers/retailers

Data 8: Number of b.a.t. appliances sold under the scheme.

Number of purchases claiming financial benefit from the measure

Ex post data from participant monitoring and/or market survey (depending on type of facilitating measure)

contract number: eie/06/128/si2.445841 project duration: november 06 - april 2009 national workshops...

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