ContraceptionContraception

Introduction - CONTRACEPTIONIntroduction - CONTRACEPTION

PURPOSE: prevent conception and PURPOSE: prevent conception and implantationimplantation

Commonly referred to as Birth ControlCommonly referred to as Birth Control Some forms may lower the risk of Some forms may lower the risk of

contracting certain STDscontracting certain STDs

““Safe Sex”Safe Sex”

Many teens have heard the term “safe Many teens have heard the term “safe sex”sex”

This is the idea that using a contraceptive This is the idea that using a contraceptive will protect one from the unwanted will protect one from the unwanted physical consequences of sexphysical consequences of sex

NO CONTRACEPTIVE IS 100% NO CONTRACEPTIVE IS 100% EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING PREGNANCY OR STDSPREGNANCY OR STDS

Let’s Review…Let’s Review…

Women’s Fertility –Women’s Fertility – hormones cause the release of an egg once hormones cause the release of an egg once

per menstrual cycleper menstrual cycle Cervical mucus develops at the same time to Cervical mucus develops at the same time to

help sperm motilityhelp sperm motility Lining of the uterus (endometrium) develops Lining of the uterus (endometrium) develops

so the conceived embryo can implantso the conceived embryo can implant Men’s Fertility – produce sperm which Men’s Fertility – produce sperm which

fertilize the eggfertilize the egg

METHODS OF CONTRACEPTIONMETHODS OF CONTRACEPTION(GENERAL)(GENERAL)

ChemicalChemical: Suppressing fertility: Suppressing fertility

BarrierBarrier: Preventing sperm/egg from : Preventing sperm/egg from reaching each other reaching each other

Natural MethodsNatural Methods: fertility awareness: fertility awareness

Chemical: Birth Control PillsChemical: Birth Control Pills Chemicals introduced into Chemicals introduced into

the body on a daily basis the body on a daily basis for set # of days during for set # of days during menstrual cycle menstrual cycle

Works in 3 ways:Works in 3 ways: Represses ovulationRepresses ovulation Reduces lining of uterine Reduces lining of uterine

wallwall Changes density of Changes density of

cervical mucus making it cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to difficult for sperm to penetratepenetrate

The Pill: PositivesThe Pill: Positives

When taken properly, it is When taken properly, it is 99%99% effective. effective. Can help Can help artificiallyartificially regulate the menstrual regulate the menstrual

cycle.cycle. Can help treat ovarian cystsCan help treat ovarian cysts

The Pill: NegativesThe Pill: Negatives

DOESN’T PREVENT STD’s.

Must take at the same time every day

May cost up to $40 per month

Vaginal bleeding Spotty darkening of skin High rate of blood clots

(can be fatal) Loss of sex drive

Irritability Headaches (migraine-

like) Weight gain or loss High blood pressure Vaginal infections Depression Anemia Risk of heart attack Connections to higher

risk for cancers

The Pill: NegativesThe Pill: Negatives

Women who use a hormonal contraceptive Women who use a hormonal contraceptive for at least 4 years before their first full for at least 4 years before their first full term pregnancy have a 52% higher risk of term pregnancy have a 52% higher risk of developing breast cancerdeveloping breast cancer

Women who use a hormonal contraceptive Women who use a hormonal contraceptive for more than 5 years are 4 times more for more than 5 years are 4 times more likely to develop cervical cancerlikely to develop cervical cancer

Chemical: Spermacides/FoamsChemical: Spermacides/Foams Chemicals inserted into the Chemicals inserted into the

vagina prior to intercourse – vagina prior to intercourse – Spermicide: kills spermSpermicide: kills sperm

POSITIVEPOSITIVE When used in combination When used in combination

with other methods, fairly with other methods, fairly effective.effective.

NEGATIVENEGATIVE Do not prevent STDsDo not prevent STDs Failure rate of 21%Failure rate of 21% MessyMessy Can burn vagina or penisCan burn vagina or penis Can have an allergic reactionCan have an allergic reaction

Barrier: Male CondomBarrier: Male Condom

Placed over the penis Placed over the penis immediately before immediately before intercourseintercourse

Most effective when Most effective when used in used in combinationcombination with another methodwith another method

Male CondomMale Condom

PositivePositive More effective in preventing More effective in preventing STDsSTDs than than

pregnanciespregnancies Relatively cheapRelatively cheap Few side effectsFew side effects

NegativesNegatives Can Can break or leakbreak or leak Does Does deterioratedeteriorate over time and pressure over time and pressure 12% Failure rate especially among teens12% Failure rate especially among teens Possible allergiesPossible allergies

Barrier: DiaphragmBarrier: Diaphragm

Flat, rubber-like Flat, rubber-like discdisc Must be fitted by Must be fitted by

doctordoctor Fits over cervixFits over cervix Must be inserted Must be inserted

beforebefore intercourse intercourse and and left inleft in after (at after (at least six hours)least six hours)

Must be used with Must be used with SpermacidesSpermacides

DiaphragmDiaphragm

NegativesNegatives DO NOT PREVENT STDsDO NOT PREVENT STDs If woman gains or If woman gains or losesloses just a just a

few pounds, it few pounds, it won’t fitwon’t fit properlyproperly

It can be It can be jarredjarred out of position out of position Risk of TSSRisk of TSS It may or may not be inserted It may or may not be inserted

properlyproperly Possibility of Possibility of allergicallergic reaction reaction

or burnsor burns Possible urinary tract Possible urinary tract

infectionsinfections

PositivesPositives Effective Rate 82-94%Effective Rate 82-94% Can be used multiple timesCan be used multiple times

Preventing Implantation: IUD Preventing Implantation: IUD (Intrauterine Device), Barrier(Intrauterine Device), Barrier

Usually a small metal or Usually a small metal or plasticplastic device device

Must be inserted by the Must be inserted by the doctordoctor

Must have already Must have already delivereddelivered a child a child

Irritates lining of the Irritates lining of the uterusuterus

Prevents sperm motilityPrevents sperm motility Some suppress ovulation Some suppress ovulation

IUDIUD

NegativesNegatives DOES NOT PREVENT DOES NOT PREVENT

STDsSTDs Possible Possible painpain Possible puncture of the Possible puncture of the

uterusuterus Possible Possible internalinternal bleeding bleeding Increased menstrual Increased menstrual

bleedingbleeding ComplicationsComplications of of

pregnancy and childbirth pregnancy and childbirth where IUD has failedwhere IUD has failed

PositivesPositives 99% Effective99% Effective Fairly low inconvenienceFairly low inconvenience

Patch/Ortho EvraPatch/Ortho Evra

Small patch applied to the Small patch applied to the skin which releases skin which releases hormones similar to the hormones similar to the PillPill Suppresses ovulation, Suppresses ovulation,

changes cervical mucus changes cervical mucus and lining of the uterusand lining of the uterus

Patch must be changed Patch must be changed the same day every weekthe same day every week

PatchPatch

NegativesNegatives Skin irritation or rashes at site of Skin irritation or rashes at site of

Patch Patch Patch cannot be moved or fall offPatch cannot be moved or fall off Irregular bleeding Irregular bleeding Fluid retention or raised blood Fluid retention or raised blood

pressurepressure Risk of blood clots doubled from Risk of blood clots doubled from

other hormonal methods other hormonal methods Nausea, Headache, Breast Nausea, Headache, Breast

tenderness, Mood changes tenderness, Mood changes Menstrual cramps, Abdominal Menstrual cramps, Abdominal

pain pain Risk of stroke and heart attackRisk of stroke and heart attack Does not protect against STD’sDoes not protect against STD’s

PositivesPositives 99% effective when used 99% effective when used

correctlycorrectly Needs to be changed Needs to be changed

only once a weekonly once a week

Vaginal Ring/Nuva RingVaginal Ring/Nuva Ring

Small ring inserted Small ring inserted into the vagina each into the vagina each month which releases month which releases hormones similar to hormones similar to those in the Pillthose in the Pill

Suppresses ovulation, Suppresses ovulation, changes cervical mucus changes cervical mucus and lining of the uterusand lining of the uterus

Vaginal Ring/Nuva RingVaginal Ring/Nuva Ring

NegativesNegatives Can fall out or moveCan fall out or move Bleeding between periodsBleeding between periods Breast tendernessBreast tenderness Vomiting, NauseaVomiting, Nausea Vaginal discharge and irritationVaginal discharge and irritation Decreased sex driveDecreased sex drive Irregular periods after Irregular periods after

discontinued usediscontinued use Heart attack, stroke, blood clotsHeart attack, stroke, blood clots High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Liver tumorsLiver tumors

PositivesPositives 99% effective when used 99% effective when used

correctlycorrectly Change once per monthChange once per month

Shot/Depo ProveraShot/Depo Provera

Injection of hormones every three monthsInjection of hormones every three months Similar to the PillSimilar to the Pill

Suppresses ovulation, changes cervical Suppresses ovulation, changes cervical mucus and lining of the uterusmucus and lining of the uterus

Shot/Depo ProveraShot/Depo Provera

NegativesNegatives irregular or no menstrual irregular or no menstrual

periods periods weight gainweight gain HeadachesHeadaches breast tenderness breast tenderness depression depression Loss of bone density Loss of bone density

(especially in adolescents)(especially in adolescents) Decrease in fertilityDecrease in fertility $35-75 per injection plus exam $35-75 per injection plus exam

feesfees

PositivesPositives 97% Effective97% Effective Fairly ConvenientFairly Convenient

Plan B/Morning-After PillPlan B/Morning-After Pill

Higher dose of the Higher dose of the hormones found in hormones found in other chemical other chemical contraceptivescontraceptives

Suppresses ovulation, Suppresses ovulation, changes cervical mucus changes cervical mucus and lining of the uterusand lining of the uterus

Positives – Positives – 80% Effective80% Effective ConvenientConvenient

NegativesNegatives nausea nausea vomitingvomiting abdominal painabdominal pain fatigue fatigue dizziness dizziness menstrual changesmenstrual changes

Natural Family PlanningNatural Family Planning

A woman checks her body A woman checks her body (temperature, cervix, and (temperature, cervix, and cervical mucus) to identify cervical mucus) to identify fertile timefertile time

A couple will abstain during A couple will abstain during fertile times (5-12 days per fertile times (5-12 days per cycle) if trying to avoid cycle) if trying to avoid pregnancypregnancy

Method advocated by the Method advocated by the Catholic FaithCatholic Faith

What’s the Difference?What’s the Difference?

ContraceptionContraception Seeks to Seeks to sterilizesterilize fertile fertile

intercourseintercourse Take action to remove Take action to remove

the fruitful aspect of sexthe fruitful aspect of sex Actions display an Actions display an

attitude totally opposed to attitude totally opposed to possibility of conception – possibility of conception – contraceptive mentalitycontraceptive mentality

NFPNFP Seeks to Seeks to avoidavoid fertile fertile

intercourseintercourse Recognizes the fertility Recognizes the fertility

involved in sexinvolved in sex Actions show an Actions show an

openness to the openness to the possibility of conceptionpossibility of conception

For NFP to be moral, it For NFP to be moral, it cannot be used with a cannot be used with a contraceptive mentalitycontraceptive mentality

NFPNFP

PositivesPositives InexpensiveInexpensive 95-98% effective95-98% effective Communication and Communication and

teamworkteamwork RespectRespect Learn about your bodiesLearn about your bodies No physical side effectsNo physical side effects Self control and sacrificeSelf control and sacrifice 1-3% divorce rate!1-3% divorce rate!

NegativesNegatives Requires abstinence Requires abstinence

at times at times Must use properlyMust use properly

NFP vs. ContraceptionNFP vs. Contraception

History records people using contraception History records people using contraception up to 4,000 years agoup to 4,000 years ago

Contraception set Christians apart from Contraception set Christians apart from the Romans, who used contraceptionthe Romans, who used contraception

NFP vs. ContraceptionNFP vs. Contraception

Until 1930 ALL Christian denominations Until 1930 ALL Christian denominations agreed contraception was immoralagreed contraception was immoral

In the 1930’s the Anglican Church allowed In the 1930’s the Anglican Church allowed contraception in certain circumstancescontraception in certain circumstances

Eventually they caved completely and Eventually they caved completely and soon all major Protestant denominations soon all major Protestant denominations followedfollowed

NFP vs. ContraceptionNFP vs. Contraception

Washington Post 1931 – contraception Washington Post 1931 – contraception “would sound the death knell of marriage “would sound the death knell of marriage as a holy institution by establishing as a holy institution by establishing degrading practices”degrading practices”

Ghandi, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ghandi, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Theodore Roosevelt, Sigmund Freud, Dr. Theodore Roosevelt, Sigmund Freud, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell…Elizabeth Blackwell…

NFP vs. ContraceptionNFP vs. Contraception

Humane Vitae – encyclical by Pope Paul Humane Vitae – encyclical by Pope Paul VI 1968 which condemned contraceptionVI 1968 which condemned contraception

Society predicted there would be fewer Society predicted there would be fewer divorces, happier marriages, fewer unwed divorces, happier marriages, fewer unwed and unwanted pregnancies, less disease, and unwanted pregnancies, less disease, more respect, less abortionsmore respect, less abortions

NFP vs. ContraceptionNFP vs. Contraception

About 1960-1970 the pill was widely About 1960-1970 the pill was widely availableavailable

Decrease in Unplanned Decrease in Unplanned Pregnancy?Pregnancy?

19601960 6% of white children 6% of white children

born out of wedlockborn out of wedlock 22% of black children 22% of black children

born out of wedlockborn out of wedlock

19921992 22% of white children 22% of white children

born out of wedlockborn out of wedlock 68% of black children 68% of black children

born out of wedlockborn out of wedlock

Births to unmarried women increased from 11 to Births to unmarried women increased from 11 to 33 percent of all births from 1970 to 1994, then 33 percent of all births from 1970 to 1994, then leveled off through 1999.leveled off through 1999.

Increased Marital Happiness?Increased Marital Happiness?

19601960 Divorce rate – 10%Divorce rate – 10%

19801980 Divorce rate – 23%Divorce rate – 23%

Today Today 41-50%41-50%

Fewer STDs?Fewer STDs?

Fewer Abortions?Fewer Abortions?

In the year 2000 – 54% of women who In the year 2000 – 54% of women who had abortions were using contraceptionhad abortions were using contraception

In 11 years, those numbers have not In 11 years, those numbers have not changedchanged

More than half of women getting abortions More than half of women getting abortions are using contraceptionare using contraception

Fewer Abortions?Fewer Abortions?

The Natural Family Planning The Natural Family Planning AlternativeAlternative

NFP boasts a 0-3% divorce rateNFP boasts a 0-3% divorce rate RespectRespect CommunicationCommunication TeamworkTeamwork No harmful side effectsNo harmful side effects Low costLow cost