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Hans GumhalterPower Supply in Telecommunications


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SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNew YorkBarcelonaBudapestHong KongLondonMailandParisTokyo


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Hans Gumhalter

Power Supplyin Telecol11l11unicationsThird, Completely Revised Editionwith 263 Figures and 45 Tables

" Springer


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Hans GumhalterSiemensAGHofmannstraBe 51D-81359 MunchenGermany

ISBN-13 :978-3-642-78405-7DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-78403-3

e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-78403-3

2nd edition: "Power Supply Systems in Communications Engineering" Siemens Aktiengesellschaft and John Wiley and Sons 1986

Library ofCongress Cataloging - in - Publication DataGumhalter, Hans.[Stromversorgungssysteme der Kommunikationstechnik. English]Power supply in telecommunications / Hans Gumhalter. - 3rd.completely rev. ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13:978-3-642-78405-71. Telecommunication systems - Power supply. I. Title.TK5102.5.G68513 1995

621.382'32--dc20This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways,and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, inits current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under theprosecution act of the German Copyright law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1995

The use of registered names, trademark, etc. in this publication does not imply, evenin the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.Production: PRODUserv Springer Produktions-Gesellschaft, BerlinTypesetting: Macmillan India Ltd., BangaloreSPIN 10037229 6113020 - 543210 - Printed on acid-free paper.


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This book is dedicated to the memoryof my dear late father

Felix Gumhalter,born 6 January 1905

and deceased 30 December 1993,Retired Post and Telegraph Superintendent,

Vienna, Austria.lowe him everything in my life.

His works and his humanity will beremembered by all who knew him.

Hans Gumhalter


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Preface

An important part of any communications system is its power supply system.The smooth running of all communications depends directly on the quality ofthe power supply and thus on the operational reliability of the ever morecomplex equipment and devices used for the purpose.It is the intention of this book to explain present-day technology in thesupply of power for telecommunications comprehensively and in detail withthyristor and transistor-controlled converters, as developed by manufacturersand applied by users, and explains the circuit techniques and relationships withthe aid of extensive generally conceived illustrations. The book also deals withthe subjects of automatic control, grounding (earthing) and protection techniques. Information is given on the planning to battery and earthing installations.The individual chapters are constructed and written so that the book will beuseful for those readers seriously wishing to become involved in the subject aswell as for those having to deal directly with the equipment such as in planning,installation, commissioning and servicing.The selection of material and method of presentation are based on knowledge and experience gained in the context of training measures for powersupply systems.Thanks are due especially to Dr. Dietrich Berndt for his energeticallyassistance with Chap. 6 and following companies for generous assistance andpermission to use documentation, descriptions, operating instructions, circuitdiagrams and photos: Gustav Klein GmbH & Co KG, AccumulatorenfabrikSonnenschein GmbH, Stamford A.C. Generators Newage International Company, AD. Striiver KG (GmbH & Co), Siemens AG, Varta AG, Hagen BatterieAG.

Munich, July 1995 Hans Gumhalter


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Contents

11.11.21.31.41.51.61.6.11.6.21.6.31.6.41.71.81.9

22.12.1.12.1.22.1.32.1.42.1.52.1.62.1.72.2

3

General and Introduction . . . . . .Functions and Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Basic Types of Power Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elements of a Power Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Primary Power Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Power Supply Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mains Supply and Standby Power Supply Systems . . . . . . .Mains Distribution Switchboards or Mains Switch Panels . . .Central Power Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Decentralized Power Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .UPS Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mains-independent Hybrid Power Supply Systems. . . . . . . .Historical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Requirements of Telecommunications Systemson the Power Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D.C. Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .Level of the Direct Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tolerance for Direct Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Purity of Direct Voltages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Filter Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Degree of Radio Interference and Limit Classes . . . . . . . . .Power Distribution System and Voltage Drops. . . . . . . . . .Availability of the Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.C. Power Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Operating Modes of a Direct Current PowerSupply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

123456799

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20202020242628282931

323.1 Rectifier Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 323.2 Battery (Charge-Discharge) Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . 323.3 Standby Parallel Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.3.1 Standby Parallel Mode with Reducing Diodes

(Counter electromotive Cells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 373.3.2 Standby Parallel Mode with d.c./d.c. Converter . . . . . . . .. 38


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X Contents3.3.3 Standby Parallel Mode with Compensators for Additionaland Counter Voltage . . . . . . . . . . 393.4 Changeover Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.4.1 Changeover Mode with Battery Tap. . . . . . 413.4.2 Changeover Mode with Thyristor Contactor . 443.5 Combined Standby Parallel and ChangeoverMode with Compensator for Additional Voltage. 453.6 Assignment of Operating Modes to CommunicationsSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.7 Further Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.7.1 Changeover Mode with Voltage Gates. . . . . . . . . . 493.7.2 Parallel Mode with 'Floating' Charge Method. . . . . 503.7.3 Parallel Mode with Reduced Number of Battery Cellsand Compensator . . . . . . . . 513.7.4 Parallel Mode with End Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Operating Modes of an Alternating Current PowerSupply System . . . . . . 534.1 Mains Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2 A.C. Changeover Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2.1 A.C. Changeover Mode with Interruption ( > 1 s) . . . . . . . . 534.2.2 Standby Power Supply Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2.3 A.C. Changeover Mode with Interruption ( < 1 s) . . . . . . . . 574.3 Uninterruptible a.c. Changeover Mode. . . . . . . 594.3.1 Immediate Standby System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.3.2 Un nterruptible Standby Power Supply System withRotating Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.3.3 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connectedto Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and with Revert-to-mains Unit 624.3.4 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connected

to Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and without Revert-to-mainsUnit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.3.5 Static Uninterruptible Standby PowerSupply Systems. 645 Public Mains . . . . . . . . . . 695.1 Type of Voltage . . . . . . . . 695.2 Tolerances of the a.c. Supply Voltage and Supply Frequency 695.3 Wave Shape and Distortion Factor of the a.c.

Supply Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.3.1 Measures for Reducing Retroactive Effects on the Mains Supply 745.4 Power Failures. 776 Energy Storage. 786.1 Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries 786.1.1 Requi rements . . . . . . . . . . . 78


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6.1.26.1.36.1.46.1.56.1.66.1.76.1.86.1.96.1.106.1.116.1.126.1.136.1.146.1.156.1.166.1.176.26.2.16.36.46.4.16.4.26.4.36.56.5.16.5.26.5.36.5.46.5.56.5.66.677.17.1.17.1.27.1.37.1.47.27.2.17.2.27.2.37.2.47.37.3.17.3.2

Contents XICharging and Discharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Open-Circuit Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rated Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Discharging Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Self-Discharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Float (Trickle) Charging and Charging Voltage . . . . . . . . .Initial Charging Voltage (Commissioning) . . . . . . . . . . . . .Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Efficiency and Charging Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DIN Designation of Battery Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Battery Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Batteries with Tubular Positives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Batteries with Plante Plates (GroE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comparison of Lead-Acid Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vent Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stationary Alkaline Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nickel-Cadmium Batteries in Telecommunications ..... .Lithium Primary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standby Time (Backup Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Surveillance of Vented Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Surveillance of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries ..... .Battery Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..A Statement of the Principle of Battery Service. . . . . . . . . .Battery Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Capacity Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....Installation of Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Basic Circuits and Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Half-wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .Centre-tap Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bridge Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Three-phase Bridge Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stabilizing and Control Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .Pulse-Sequence Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pulse-Width Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phase Angle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Distribution and Design of Trigger Pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . .Rectifying with Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Semi-controlled Single-Phase Bridge Circuit . . . . . . . . . . .Fully-controlled Three-Phase Bridge Circuit . . . . . . . . . . .

78808181838385868688888993949495

101103104105105105105111113115116118119123127129129129129129130131131131132134136136136


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XII Contents7.4 D.C.jD.C. Conversion with Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407.4.1 D.C. Controller Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407.5 Inverting with Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417.5.1 Centre-tap Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428 Applications of Control Systems in Power Supply Devices. . . . 1448.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1448.2 The Operation of Open- and Closed-loop ControlSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1448.3 Components of the Closed-loop Control System. . . . . . . . . 1468.3.1 Final Control Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1468.3.2 Controlled Object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478.3.3 Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478.4 Operational Amplifiers in the Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1488.4.1 Error and Deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508.4.2 Classification of Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518.5 Controlled Rectifiers with Thyristor Power Section . . . . . . . 1558.5.1 Power Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1558.5.2 Control Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1558.5.3 Behaviour of the Output Voltage and Dynamic Response ... 1608.5.4 Type Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618.6 Controlled Power Supply Equipment with TransistorPower Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1628.6.1 Rectifiers with Linear Regulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638.6.2 Rectifiers with Switching Regulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638.6.3 Switching-mode Power Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1658.6.4 D.C.jD.C. Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1658.6.5 Pulse Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729 Switching Mode Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769.1 Type 48 V/12 A (60 VI10 A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769.1.1 General and Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769.1.2 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779.1.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . 1779.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the RectifierModule 48 V/12A (60 V/lO A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789.1.5 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809.2 Type 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819.2.1 General and Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819.2.2 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829.2.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . 1829.2.4 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principleof the Rectifier Module 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A . . . . . . . 1869.2.5 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196


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9.39.3.19.3.29.3.39.3.49.3.59.49.4.19.4.29.4.39.4.49.4.59.51010.110.1.110.1.210.1.310.1.410.210.2.110.2.210.2.310.2.410.310.3.110.3.210.3.310.3.410.3.510.41111.111.1.111.1.211.1.311.1.411.1.5

Contents XIIIType 48 V 120 A (60 V 100 A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System 400 . . . . . . .Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principleof the Rectifier Module 48 V/120 A (60 V/1OO A) . . . . . . . . .Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Type 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of theRectifier Module 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A. . . . . . .Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Power Supply Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thyristor Controlled Rectifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type 48 V (60 V)/2OO A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System . . . . . . . . ..Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of theRectifier Unit 48 V (60 V)/2OO A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type 48 V (60 V)/lOO0 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the RectifierUnit 48 V (60 V)/l000 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Regulation Module A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Control Module A9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trigger-Pulse Transformer Module All (A21) . . . . . . . . . .Battery- and Thermo Disconnection Module A16 . . . . . . . .12-Pulse-Regulation Module A23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Magnetically Controlled Rectifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Types 24 V to 220 V 10 A to 400 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . ... .Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the RectifierUnit 24 V to 220 V/10 A to 400 A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196196196196206213213213215215215217220226226226226226228232232233233233235235235245245246249250250250251251252254


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XIV Contents12 D.C./D.C. Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25512.1 Type 50 W to 200 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25512.1.1 Application............................... 25612.1.2 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25612.1.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . 25612.1.4 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26012.2 Type 750 W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26012.2.1 Application............................... 26112.2.2 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26112.2.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . 26112.2.4 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26313 D.C.IA.C. Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26513.1 Type 2.5 kVA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26513.1.1 Application............................... 26513.1.2 Type Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26513.1.3 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26613.1.4 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . 26613.1.5 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle ofthe d.c./a.c. Inverter Module 2.5 kVA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26613.1.6 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27213.2 Type 15 kVA (3 x 5 kVA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27213.2.1 General and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27213.2.2 Type Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27313.2.3 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27313.2.4 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . 27313.2.5 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the d.c./a.c.Inverter 15 kVA (3 x 5 kVA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27313.2.6 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27914 Static UPS Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28014.1 Type 10 to 500 kVA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28014.1.1 Application............................... 28014.1.2 Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28014.1.3 Overview................................ 28114.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . 28414.1.5 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29715 Diesel Generating Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29915.1 Standby Power Supply System with FullyAutomatic Mains Failure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29915.1.1 Motor and Generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29915.1.2 Switchgear Control Cubicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300


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15.215.2.115.315.415.5

1616.116.2

16.316.3.116.3.216.3.31717.117.217.317.417.4.117.4.217.4.317.517.5.117.5.217.5.317.5.417.617.6.117.6.217.6.317.6.417.6.5

1818.118.1.118.1.218.1.3

Contents XVMains Independent Island Power SupplySystem with Fully Automatic Alternating Operation . . . . . .Switchgear Control Cubicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fully Automatic Electronic Control System. . . . . . . . . ...Fuel Distribution System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lubrication Oil Distribution System. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Special Features for Transmission System Power Supplies ... .Power Supply for Radio Link Apparatus . . . . . . . . .... .Power Supply for Ground Communication Stationsfor Telecommunications Satellites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .Mains-Independent Power Supply Systems . . . . . . . . . . . .Primary Power Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Solar Power Supply Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passive Cooling System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grounding and Potential Equalization....

304304309315315

316316318322322329334337

Protective Grounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Functional Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339Functional and Protective Grounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Selection and Design of Grounds and GroundingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 343Types of Grounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Grounding Main Conductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Grounding and Potential-Equalization Conductors . . . . . . . 345Design Pointers for Grounding Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 349Specific Ground Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Measurement of Specific Ground Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 349Measurement of Grounding Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Calculation of Ground Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 352Protection against Overvoltage and Interference. . . . . . . .. 353Overvoltage Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Interference in Telecommunications Systems . . . . . . . . . .. 355Design of the Distribution Network for EWSD Systems . . . . 357Design of Grounding, Potential Equalization and LightningProtection for EWSD Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 361Special Requirements for Lightning Protection in Telecommuni-cations Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Protective Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Protection by Disconnection or Indication . . . . . . . . . . .. 372Protective Measures in the TN Supply System. . . . . . . . . . 374Protective Measures in the TT Supply System . . . . . . . . .. 377Protective Measures in the IT Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . 378


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XVI Contents18.1.418.218.2.118.2.218.2.318.2.4

Fault Current-Operated Protective Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . .Protection without Disconnection or Indication . . . . . . . . .Protective Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Equipment with Protectively Insulated Parts . . . . . . . . . . .Protective Low Voltage and Functional Low Voltage.Protective Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

379381381382383384

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

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