continuity of association after empirebritain's own white settlements would lead to...

1

lky/1969/lky0424.doc

SMUTS MEMORIAL LECTURE

CONTINUITY OF ASSOCIATION

AFTER EMPIRE

by

LEE KUAN YEW

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

24th April, 1969

2


CONTINUITY OF ASSOCIATION AFTER EMPIRE

THE spring of 1969 is not a particularly auspicious time to eulogise the

Commonwealth. British publications, including Hansard, reflect the desire of a

growing body of opinion for full membership of the European Economic

Community. And because Britain must be manifestly "European" to improve her

chances of early membership, there has been a conscious effort to play down the

Commonwealth and to mute Britain's "special relationship" with America.

Throughout history, empires have waxed and waned. But the British

Empire was remarkable in three respects. First, it was the greatest of the

overseas empires. Second, it seeded civilisations like the one in North America

which became bigger than the metropolitan centre. Third, it was dismantled as

an act of conscious policy with the minimum of rancour and maximum of

continuing association after the Empire in the Commonwealth.

The British Empire was the only one that had territories on all six

continents. Because of her inability to expand on land, Britain had to go across

the seas to seek new lands. Britain's naval supremacy was assured after the

battle of Trafalgar in 1805. She had unimpeded access to all six continents, and

3


so markets. This made possible her industrial revolution, and for a long time she

was the leading industrial society.

The old Commonwealth was settled and colonised in the classic Roman

definition of the word to "colonise". After losing the American colonies, she was

more sensitive to demands for autonomy, and more liberal in granting

representative government.

In retrospect, perhaps it was inevitable that more and more autonomy to

Britain's own white settlements would lead to independence. Even if the North

American colonies had not rebelled in 1776, they would eventually have

demanded greater and greater self-government ending with separate sovereignty.

Even the non-white empire seemed destined for separate independence.

When Britain, as an act of deliberate policy, sought separate membership for

India in the League of Nations, she conceded autonomy in principle, and thereby

made independence inevitable. And after India and Pakistan became

independent, the other colonies and protectorates in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean

and the Pacific were bound to follow the protocol path to independence

ceremonies.

4


Britain and the E.E.C.

Britain's dilemma in the 1940's and the 1950's was that, unlike the war-

devastated countries of Europe, she was victor, not vanquished. The vastly

changed balance of power in the world was perceived early enough for European

Union sentiments to be nurtured. Britain played a part in setting up the Council

of Europe in 1949. However, she was then not so much a part of continental

Europe, as the centre of a world-wide and far-flung empire. Though more rather

than less European in her culture, akin but not completely alike, Britain's history,

her language and her literature have always been distinctive.

With the wisdom of hindsight, most people agree it was unfortunate that

Britain did not sign the Treaty of Rome in 1953. It would have been painful,

especially for the old Commonwealth countries exporting temperate climate

produce to Britain, because a common tariff wall would have had to be built

around Britain and the E.E.C. countries as from 1956. But the Commonwealth

trade ties could have been adjusted, and growth resumed in a wider European

context. British membership would also have made the E.E.C. more outward-

looking.

When India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, a feasible

alternative could have been some economic arrangement between Britain, the old

5


Commonwealth countries and the new Commonwealth countries, giving British

industry the economies of scale necessary for expensive research, production and

marketing in high technology products. It could have given the Commonwealth

countries the advantage of sharing in the benefits of research and getting their

technologists trained. Then other members of the Commonwealth could have

joined as they became independent. But in 1947 both old and new

Commonwealth countries were keen to diversify their economic ties and were

hoping thereby to accelerate their economic growth. In fact, in 1945 Canada left

the sterling area and went with the U.S. dollar.

For the decade 1958-67 trade within the E.E.C. countries increased 260

per cent.1 But it was an inward-looking Europe. E.E.C. trade with the

underdeveloped world increased by only 49 per cent.2

1 Table 2.2 Table 2

6


Trade within EFTA increased 254 per cent.3 But the volume of intra-

EFTA trade (excluding Britain) was only one-seventh that of the E.E.C.

countries. And Britain's share was only 13 per cent of this, although her

population at 55 million was 10 million more than that of all the other EFTA

countries.

However, trade within the Commonwealth, including Britain, increased

only by 22 per cent.4 For the same period, Commonwealth trade with the rest of

the world grew by 105 per cent. The volume of intra-Commonwealth trade was

less than 45 per cent that of the intra-E.E.C. in 1967.

Furthermore, the new Commonwealth countries did not develop as fast as

the old Commonwealth countries. Ethnic, religious and linguistic strife tore

whole sub-continents apart, like India and Pakistan, and Ceylon. Nor can we

forget the tragedy in Nigeria. Then encroachments on Commonwealth trade

were made by American, European and Japanese manufacturers as

Commonwealth preferences were lowered a few years after independence was

gained. The services of Crown Agents were reduced as British colonial service

officers retired.

3 Table 3.4 Table 1.

7


Perhaps more grievous was the loss of exports of high technology products

to Canada and Australia as their economies geared into that of the U.S.A.

Civilian jet aircraft built in America and painted with the names of British and

Commonwealth airlines vividly carried this message at all British and

Commonwealth airports.

For the immediate future, E.E.C. offers a wealthier and bigger market

especially for commodities with a high technological content. The figures for

1967 are: - E.E.C.: population 182 million, G.N.P. £ 124 thousand million.

Commonwealth: population 849 million, G.N.P. £ 96 thousand million. EFTA:

excluding Britain, population 44 million, G.N.P. £ 30 thousand million. 5

Further, the Treaty of Rome meant free mobility of labour and capital.

Membership of the E.E.C. would have stuck the spurs on British unions and

management. It would have forced the unions to modernise their outlook,

discard restrictive practices, and stop wildcat strikes, to meet competition from

keener, and in 1956, hungrier and lesser paid French, Italian and German

workers. For management, the "establishment", both old school tie and old boy

5 Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7

8


networks, would have to give way to a meritocracy. Whether in the 50's or in the

70's, membership of the E.E.C. requires considerable structural changes in

Britain's economy. It would not be a painless process. Courageous leadership

from the Government will have to be matched by an enlightened and spirited

response from unions and management.

However, apart from the advantages of a bigger market in the E.E.C., there

were other special reasons for the spectacular performance of the Germans, and

the recovery of the French and Italian economies. They had labour resources not

available to Britain. The Germans had huge numbers of highly trained but

unemployed workers, artificially enlarged by refugees from East Germany, and

repatriates from the Sudetenland and parts of Prussia east of the Oder-Neisse

line. When they got over their immediate postwar reconstruction, they sustained

economic expansion by importing large numbers of Spaniards, Greeks,

Yugoslavs and Turks.

Unemployed labour was also substantial in Italy, especially in the South,

and in France. It was the large number of idle workers which made capital

investments in new growth industries profitable, and resulted in high growth

rates.

9


By contrast, Britain had full employment right from the immediate postwar

years. At one stage considerable immigration from the new Commonwealth

countries took place to increase her labour pool and so increase her G.N.P. But

this was to lead to considerable domestic problems, particularly when the

"freeze" and the "squeeze" led to increased unemployment.

Language and Culture, the E.E.C. and the Commonwealth and America

Unfortunately, by the time Britain decided in the autumn of 1961 to take

the preliminary steps to apply for membership of the E.E.C., she was blocked by

the French veto. In January 1963, Britain was not "European" enough.

Nearly five years later, in the autumn of 1967, Britain was still not

"European" enough. This was in spite of moves making clear that she was

loosening her links with the Commonwealth, ending her East of Suez

responsibilities, and no longer pressing for special transitory terms for old or new

Commonwealth countries. But the "overseas" links of the French, Dutch or

Belgians do not seem to make them less "European". But then this privilege is

only for founder members. French special links with French-speaking Africa

entitled her to send paratroops to restore legitimate governments when they were

deposed by military coups.

10


And, despite devaluation in November 1967 and the diminution of the role

of sterling as a reserve currency, the French government have not changed their

views on Britain's inadequate "Europeanness".

Besides the many reasons that have been advanced across the Channel to

show how inadequate are Britain's qualifications for membership, there may be

another, so far unexpressed, objection. If the end objective of E.E.C. is political

integration leading to political unity, then language and culture are most

important considerations.

The E.E.C. Not Equal of U.S.A. or U.S.S.R. Unless Political Unity with

Common Language

"New France", as Quebec was once named, and as it was again recently

called by de Gaulle, has held on with tenacity to the French language and culture.

They have resisted Anglicization in a continent overwhelmingly English-

speaking. Why then should old France be Anglicized when its own language was

until recently supreme as the language of Europe and of international diplomacy?

Why should French culture be displaced or demoted? This is what may happen if

the E.E.C. six were to admit the EFTA eight under the present rules of the Treaty

of Rome.

11


The present E.E.C. means that a majority of Latin-speaking, French,

Belgians (most of the Flemish-speaking also speak French), Luxembourg and

Italians, 112 million to 70 million Dutch and Germans.6 In practice, when the

representatives of the E.E.C. six meet, four speak or understand one another in

French or Italian. So it is that proceedings are usually conducted in French.

Add the EFTA eight, and the Latin group becomes a minority of 121

million to 160 million British-Scandinavian-German-Dutch.7

In practice, if the 14 representatives of an enlarged E.E.C. were to meet

under the present rules, English will be the language most understood and likely

to be used.

And if political unity is achieved, English will be the language best

qualified to be the common language of any supra-national European Assembly

or Parliament. Otherwise, the gathering will be like a smaller United Nations

General Assembly. With a language goes the literature. And literature will pass

on the history, ethos and culture of a people.

6 Table 8.7 Table 8.

12


The fact that Britain readily agreed to have "Concorde" spelt with an "e"

only underlines British confidence in the growing strength of the English

language. The "e" in Concorde has been explained as standing for England,

excellence, elegance and entente. But "e" for the French stands especially for

Europe.

The English-speaking - One Third of Mankind

Today, English-speaking governments represent over a third of the world

population.8 The new Commonwealth countries all need to learn one language

that will give them access to scientific and technological expertise. English

offers the most advantage. It means access to Britain, the developed

Commonwealth countries, and America.

This had led many countries, Japan, China, Thailand, Latin America,

Belgium and Scandinavia to adopt English as their second language. It is

happening even in former European dependencies. The Dutch ruled the

Indonesian Archipelago for about 350 years. The present elite was educated in

the Dutch language. The next generation elite will probably be at ease in

8 Table 9.

13


English. For English is the second language taught in Indonesian schools. The

present South Vietnamese elite is more French-speaking than English-speaking.

But the next generation will be more English-speaking.

Bigger and Fewer Blocs in a Smaller World

As the world grows smaller through man's ingenuity and inventiveness in

communications and transportation, the tendency is towards fewer but larger

blocs. Russia and the Slav-speaking people of Eastern Europe form one bloc.

Latin-speaking Rumania wedged in the Southwestern Slav bloc is an accident of

history. China, and what de Gaulle has referred to as her numerous millions,

form another bloc, more Chinese than Communist.

Even as early as the 1940's, after India and Pakistan became independent,

Churchill spoke of the English-speaking peoples, meaning those of European

stock, Britain, America and the White Commonwealth. He conceived of a

cohesive bloc on which British international influence could be sustained, now

that the empire was dismantled. Churchill's vision of the future was in the same

lofty historic terms as de Gaulle's.

14


Expressed in percentages of world population, France is 1.5 per cent to

Britain's 1.6 per cent. France and Quebec (ethnic France) 1.6 per cent to Britain,

Canada (minus Quebec), Australia, New Zealand and America's 8.5 per cent.9

However, if there were a strong French or Latin-led E.E.C., there could be

a "Latin" bloc of French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese-speaking, 15.7 per cent of

the world population. There are 42 governments in the United Nations (21

French-speaking, 19 Spanish-speaking, 2 Portuguese-speaking) to 31 English-

speaking.

There is a linguistic and cultural thread that weaves through the French

President's visits abroad: Latin America, Spanish or Portuguese-speaking.

Rumania, a people with a Latin language; Poland, which has always had special

cultural and linguistic ties with France; his special effort in Quebec in 1967. Of

the countries of Asia, the only one he has visited was French-speaking Cambodia

in 1967.

9 Tables 9 and 10.

15


What the British Ambassador to Paris was told earlier in February this

year was more or less what the German Chancellor learnt for himself a month

later in March. If a larger economic grouping is to be created, then for France,

the present rules are not suitable. For the E.E.C. will undergo a qualitative

change. A directorate of the larger four, France, Germany, Italy and Britain, is

one way of avoiding Anglicization. It may be worth Britain's while to explore the

implications of these proposals.

Excellence must be Britain's Answer to Limitation on Size

If only full membership under the present rules of the Treaty of Rome is

acceptable, then the British application is likely to remain on the table

unconsidered for some time. The danger of such a policy is that it may lead to

stop-gap measures whilst waiting for membership, when in fact Britain can

recover her economic health without the E.E.C., provided she is prepared to

make the effort, undertake the changes necessary, and pay the political price.

The Japanese have done this. There are another island people, with almost

the same land area, if more mountainous. They have nearly twice the population.

They lost huge pieces of valuable real estate after the war - Korea, Manchuria,

Formosa, and half of Sakhalin. Like the Germans, they had to take back large

16


numbers of their ethnic kind expelled from their extended empire. This meant

large unemployed labour reserves to make investment give high returns.

They had no Common Market, Free Trade Area, or even Commonwealth

preferences. But the Japanese, like the Germans, having gone through national

humiliation in defeat, had that resolve to redeem their national pride, to make that

greater effort to demonstrate that they were not down. And the Japanese have

gone around the problems of economies of scale by specialising in certain fields

like electronics, and petro-chemicals. For instance, Japanese colour TV

production for 1969 is expected to be 5 million sets, 3 million for home

consumption, as against Britain's 130 thousand sets. They are doing this even

though their per capita income is half that of the British.

Britain unfortunately competed with America in very high and

sophisticated technology like civilian and military aircraft and missiles. Whilst

she was as imaginative and creative as the Americans, Britain did not have

America's large domestic market to enable export prices to be reduced and

competitive. The VC 10 is technologically as good, if not superior to the Boeing,

Douglas, or Lockheed jet aircraft. But, without a large domestic market for long

haul aircraft, Britain's export prices could not be as competitive. Nor can she

afford to invest in further expensive research and development to make the VC

17


10 more economical in running cost, nor produce a comparable jumbo jet version

of it. Meanwhile, Russian Ilyushins and Tupolevs keep out all western aircraft

from the national airlines of Eastern Europe.

But the "Concorde" showed what is possible with European

collaborations. So also the Variable Geometry aircraft now under discussion. If

E.E.C. membership is not immediately possible, some other form of economic

co-operation or association could be of mutual value especially in research,

production and marketing of products of very high technology.

White Settlements now Centres Competing Against Britain

As long as Britain was strong and thriving the English-speaking

civilisations she had created overseas - North America, South Africa, Australia

and New Zealand - were a source of added strength. In two world wars they

came to Britain's aid. Their "brains" like many of the Rhode scholars, including

Americans, came to learn and many stayed on in Britain. But a Britain which has

become less prosperous and less thrusting no longer offers fulfilment. These

English-speaking centres of civilisation have now become her competitors. The

United States and Canada are five times bigger in population, have nine times

Britain's wealth and industrial capacity, and an infinitely bigger multiple in

potential growth. What began as a useful method of settling second and third

18


sons in circumstances approximating that of the eldest who came into the

inheritance under the rules of primogeniture, has now become a magnet drawing

away frustrated brains and skills. They threaten to take over British influence

and markets throughout the world, especially in the English-speaking new

Commonwealth.

It is ironic that those European countries which failed to create comparable

civilisations overseas, are placed in less hazard of being drained of their brains

and their influence.

The old Commonwealth countries, now want more British brains and

brawn to populate their countries. English-speaking Canadians want to increase

the ethnic-British component of their population. So too with the Australians and

the New Zealanders. The Australian Prime Minister recently spoke of having the

present population of 12 million increased to 30 million by the end of this

century, filling up her vacant spaces and helping to build up her economy as

quickly as possible. A large number of these millions must come from Britain.

From 1963-67 there was a net outflow10 of 616,800 Britons to the old

Commonwealth, America and South Afirca.11

10 Tables 11 and 12.11 For the same period there was a net inflow of 193,000 coloured immigrants from the new

Commonwealth countries to Britain.

19


Brain Drain Reversible

More debilitating than the loss in sheer numbers is the loss in men of

quality. In 1961 the brain drain into Britain equalled the flow out. The loss from

Britain to America and the old Commonwealth started in 1962, with a net loss of

400. The total net loss for the 5years 1962-66 was 7,800 scientists and

technologists.12 Whilst Britain has always sent out the middle quality of her

population to help build up the old Commonwealth, she cannot afford to lose her

best.

It is not numbers, but quality and high performance, which gave and can

again give Britain a pre-eminent place amongst the nations of the world. The

quality of life, as distinct from standard of living, is higher in Britain than in

North America, Australia, New Zealand or South Africa. Many Britons who

have migrated to America find the violence and the problems of negro-white

relationships so disturbing that they have moved on to Canada or Australia.

If Britain's economy recovers, and her standard of living improves, then

the present mood of depression will pass off, in place of frustration will be

fulfilment in professional or artistic creativity. If high performance is given social

12 Table 13.

20


and material recognition, the brain drain could be reversed. A thriving Britain

had always attracted the best from the old Commonwealth and from America.

Britain cannot and should not compete in the numbers game. There are

more Commonwealth students in America than there are in Britain. In 1960,

there were only 7,000 Commonwealth students in Britain as against 13,000 in the

U.S.A. In 1967 the numbers in Britain had increased to 10,000, by only 34 per

cent, as against a 126 per cent or four-fold increase to 29,000 in America.13

America can offer more scholarship in more universities. Perhaps also some

American colleges classified as tertiary educational institutions would not be so

graded in Britain. For Britain, the emphasis must be on excellence, both in her

own institutions and in the scholars she takes in from the Commonwealth, and

from America.

Each Commonwealth Member has a "Special" Relationship with Britain

Meanwhile, new sub-groupings are formed as links are formed by the

lesser developed non-white English-speaking peoples with the developed white

peoples of America, Canada and Australia-New Zealand.

13 Table 14.

21


Canada is developing a special interest with the Caribbean Commonwealth

countries, and with both the English and French-speaking countries of West

Africa. Canadian economic assistance extends to India and Ceylon for reasons

of sentiment, compassion and potential economic relationships.

Malaysia and Singapore have as many of their students in Australia and

New Zealand as in Britain. For security and economic reasons both are getting

closer to Australia and New Zealand.

But whatever centres of new sub-groupings may emerge, none can replace

Britain as the hub of the Commonwealth. Britain will always have a special link

with each one of the 27 members of the Commonwealth. With growing maturity

an adult relationship is being established. Old ties are valued, not just for

economic advantage. Both for the old and new Commonwealth, continuity of

association with Britain after empire is a useful and valuable counter-weight to

the new and more aggressive forces they all have to face in a world growing ever

smaller. The Americans and the Russians, however, generous and agreeable they

may be as individuals, are demanding as governments. And bigger neighbours

suspected of expansionist tendencies are always troublesome.

22


Trends do not continue indefinitely. Some historians have made the point

that discontinuity, as much as continuity, marks the history of nations, peoples

and empires. A cruel example of this is Smuts' vision of a continuing White

Commonwealth of Nations, with South Africa a proud and leading member of it.

He would never have believed that in 1962 South Africa would be officially

refused continued membership in a multi-racial Commonwealth.

Perhaps in a decade for some, or more for others, the new Commonwealth

countries will either sort out their problems themselves, or seek outside help to

re-establish conditions which make economic and social progress possible.

When stable conditions for constructive endeavour have been established, then

investments will flow in and rapid growth will be achieved.

Their present backwardness can be the very reason for high growth rates.

Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan, have had very high growth rates. One of the

reasons Japan has been galloping at about 15 per cent growth per annum from

1950, when the Korean war gave her a booster, was because she started from a

relatively low base.

Conclusion

23


For Britain, there can be no easy return to a comfortable past. The sooner

adjustments are made, the sooner the recovery.

The worst that can happen is a Britain with economic problems becoming

chronic because her entry into the E.E.C. or any other economic association is

systematically blocked. To aggravate the situation her trade unions and

management do not see the economy as a joint responsibility but as that of the

government of the day. Then the old Commonwealth will want to cream off

British brains and brawn to build up their economies and populate their empty

spaces. And the new Commonwealth countries will gravitate elsewhere for their

developed needs in education, expertise and high technology equipment.

The best is a Britain with her economy put in order because the

government inspires and carries her people and, more crucial, because her union

leaders and her industrial managers accept a joint responsibility to get the country

moving forward and upwards to higher levels of technology and productivity.

Then confidence will be restored, British confidence in their role and future for

the next hundred years. And more mundane, but no less valuable, is the

restoration of the confidence of other peoples and their governments in Britain's

economic strength. She will then add to the strength of Western Europe, the

Commonwealth and America. To achieve this, some formula must be found with

24


West European or North American Governments for joint research, production

and marketing of products of very high technology.

It also requires excellence to be once more admired, nurtured and

rewarded. Such a Britain can the better afford to care for her less fortunate, the

old, the disabled and the unemployed. A Britain recovered in poise and

prosperity, once again pushing outwards on the frontier of discovery in the

sciences and technology, will be the intellectual and cultural centre of all the

English-speaking peoples.

Meanwhile, it would be a pity if temporary irritations and frustrations with

seemingly intractable economic and political difficulties were to lead to false

economies, the abandonment of links, and the losing of expertise. As the old

generation that knew the Commonwealth countries well passes on, a younger

generation must keep up the expertise. The links Britain has with the

Commonwealth countries, old and new, her special relationship with America,

are part of her history.

It may be prudent to maintain these Commonwealth links. They can be of

considerable economic value in the next few decades. The remarkable way in

which the Empire was dismantled, consciously, and with the minimum of

25


animosity and antipathy means goodwill. And goodwill, another way of

describing trust and confidence as a result of long association, is not without

economic value.

But some theoreticians for the welfare state, accompanied by high personal

taxes to pay for the welfare, have expounded that the British are not interested in

the acquisition of wealth. Even if this were true, I would like to recount what a

worldly-wise minister of a member of the E.E.C. told me when he passed through

Singapore recently. "We thought", he said, "that if all our people enjoyed high

standards of life, with all the things needed to make them comfortable, then they

would be happy. Now we have comfortable homes and the good life, but we are

not happy. We have lost that sense of adventure when we travelled overseas and

found fulfilment in this part of the world." He added: "I fear my British friends

may discover what we already have, that without that challenge, life is not as

meaningful, not as exciting, not as satisfying."

I would hope my British friends will never be without that challenge at

home, and overseas, which is where this island people have historically sought

adventure and found fortune and fulfilment.

26


LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 - Total Trade of the Commonwealth Countries 1958-1967.

2 - Total Trade of E.E.C. Countries 1958-1967.

3 - Total Trade of EFTA Countries (excluding U.K.) 1958-1967.

4 - E.E.C. Countries: Population and Gross National Product at

Current Prices, 1967.

5 - Population of Commonwealth Countries, 1967.

6 - Commonwealth Countries: Population and Gross National Product

at Current Prices, 1967.

7 - EFTA Countries: Population and Gross National Product at Current

Prices, 1967.

8 - Population of E.E.C. and EFTA Countries (including U.K.), 1967.

9 - Estimated World Population by Language Spoken, 1967.

10 - Population Estimates for Selected Categories, 1967.

11 - Migration Into and Out of the United Kingdom, summary data

1963-1967.

12 - Migration Into and Out of the United Kingdom, 1963-1967.

13 - Flow of Scientists and Technically Qualified Persons to and from

United Kingdom, 1961-1966.

14 - Commonwealth Students in U.K. and U.S.A., 1959-1967.

27


TABLE 1

TOTAL TRADE OF THE COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES 1958-1967

£ Million

Total All

Countries

Within the

Commonwealth

Countries

Rest of

the World

1958 .. 17,599 6,459 11,140

1959 .. 18,853 6,714 12,139

1960 .. 20,541 7,242 13,299

1961 .. 20,793 6,973 13,820

1962 .. 21,246 6,786 14,460

1963 .. 22,956 7,202 15,754

1964 .. 25,620 7,901 17,719

1965 .. 27,129 8,038 19,091

1966 .. 28,820 7,815 21,005

1967 .. 30,667 7,868 22,799

1967

% Increase 1958 .. 74.3 21.8 104.7

Source: Commonwealth and the Sterling Area Statistical Abstract, 1967.

28


TABLE 2

TOTAL TRADE OF E.E.C. COUNTRIES 1958-1967

£ Million*

Total

All Countries

Within E.E.C.

Countries

Rest of the

World

Under-Developed

Countries

1958 .. 17,302 4,876 12,426 4,764

1959 .. 17,706 5,805 11,901 4,628

1960 .. 21,216 7,288 13,928 5,191

1961 .. 23,059 8,428 14,631 5,156

1962 .. 25,044 9,651 15,393 5,167

1963 .. 27,856 11,303 16,553 5,353

1964 .. 31,254 13,012 18,242 5,892

1965 .. 34,669 14,740 19,929 6,351

1966 .. 38,033 16,504 21,529 6,809

1967 .. 39,914 17,528 22,386 7,112

1967

% Increase 1958 .. 130.7 259.5 80.2 49.3

Source: Direction of Trade I.M.F. and I.B.R.D.

* Original data in US dollars, converted to pounds sterling at the exchange rate of US$2.80= £1 for the period 1958 to mid-November 1967, and at the exchange rate of US$2.40 =£1 sterling for the period mid-November to end December 1967.

29


TABLE 3

TOTAL TRADE OF E.F.T.A. COUNTRIES (EXCLUDING U.K.) 1958-1967

£ Million*

Total

All Countries

Within

E.F.T.A.

Countries

Rest of the

World

U.K. Trade

With Other

E.F.T.A.

1958 .. 5,905 764 5,141 797

1959 .. 6,402 874 5,528 867

1960 .. 7,358 1,045 6,313 1,005

1961 .. 7,938 1,252 6,686 1,052

1962 .. 8,497 1,398 7,099 1,083

1963 .. 9,138 1,542 7,596 1,183

1964 .. 10,425 1,851 8,574 1,387

1965 .. 11,468 2,144 9,324 1,468

1966 .. 12,287 2,352 9,935 1,602

1967 .. 13,160 2,705 10,455 1,730

1967 .. 122.9 254.1 103.4 117.1

% Increase 1958 ..

% Share of Trade .. 100.0 20.6 79.4 13.1

Source: Direction of Trade I.M.F. and I.B.R.D.

* Original data in US dollars, converted to pounds sterling at the exchange rate of US$2.8 = £1 for the period 1958 to mid-November 1967, and at the exchange rate of US$2.40 = £1sterling for the period mid-November to end December 1967.

30


TABLE 4

E.E.C. COUNTRIES: POPULATION AND GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT

AT CURRENT PRICES, 1967

1967

Population G.N.P.

('000) (U.S. Million $) (Million £ )*

Belgium .. .. .. 9,581 19,686 7,159

France .. .. .. 49,890 109,556 39,839

Germany, Fed. Republic of .. 57,699 120,930 43,974

Italy .. .. .. 52,334 67,081 24,393

Netherlands .. .. 12,597 22,878 8,319

Luxembourg .. .. 335 738 268

__________ __________ __________

Total E.E.C. .. 182,436 340,869 123,952

__________ __________ __________

Source: Data on Population are obtained from Demographic Yearbook, U.N. 1967.Data on G.N.P. are obtained from the International Financial Statistics (I.M.F.December 1968) and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (U.N. November 1968).

* Original data in US dollars, converted to pounds sterling at the exchange rate of US$2.80= £1 for the period 1958 to mid-November 1967, and at the exchange rate of US$2.40 = £1 sterling for the period mid-November to end December 1967.

31


TABLE 5

POPULATION OF COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES - 1967

(Thousands)

Commonwealth Countries .. .. .. 848,877

United Kingdom .. .. .. 55,068

Canada .. .. .. .. 20,441

Australia .. .. .. .. 11,751

New Zealand .. .. .. 2,726

India .. .. .. .. 511,115

Pakistan .. .. .. .. 107,258

Ceylon .. .. .. .. 11,741

Ghana .. .. .. .. 8,143

Nigeria .. .. .. .. 61,450

Cyprus .. .. .. .. 614

Sierra Leone .. .. .. 2,439

Jamaica .. .. .. .. 1,876

Trimidad and Tobago .. .. .. 1,030

Uganda .. .. .. .. 7,934

Kenya .. .. .. .. 9,948

Malaysia .. .. .. .. 10,071

Tanzania .. .. .. .. 12,173

Malawi .. .. .. .. 4,130

Malta .. .. .. .. 319

Zambia .. .. .. .. 3,947

Gambia .. .. .. .. 343

Singapore .. .. .. .. 1,956

Guyana .. .. .. .. 680

Botswana .. .. .. .. 593

Lestho and Barbados .. .. .. 1,131

Source: U.N. Demographic Yearbook, 1967.

32


TABLE 6COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES(1): POPULATION AND GROSS

NATIONAL PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES, 1967

1967Population G.N.P.

('000) (U.S. Million $) (Million £)*United Kingdom .. .. 55,068 107,800 39,200Canada .. .. .. 20,441 57,419 20,880Australia .. .. .. 11,751 25,120 9,134New Zealand .. .. 2,726 4,502 1,637India .. .. .. 511,115 36,647(2) 13,326(2)Pakistan .. .. .. 107,258 13,073 4,754Ceylon .. .. .. 11,741 1,486 540Ghana .. .. .. 8,143 1,734 631Nigeria .. .. .. 61,450 3,413(2) 1,241(2)Cyprus .. .. .. 614 440(2) 160(2)Sierra Leone .. .. 2,439 353(2) 128(2)Jamaica .. .. .. 1,876 950(2) 345(2)Trinidad and Tobago .. .. 1,030 759(2) 276(2)Uganda .. .. .. 7,934 679(2) 247(2)Kenya .. .. .. 9,948 1,212 441Malaysia .. .. .. 10,071 3,164 1,151Tanzania .. .. .. 12,173 717(2) 261(2)Malawi .. .. .. 4,130 186 68Malta .. .. .. 319 176(2) 64(2)Zambia .. .. .. 3,947 2,024(2) 736(2)Singapore .. .. .. 1,956 1,234 449Guyana .. .. .. 680 198 72Lesotho .. .. .. 885 75(2) 27(2)Barbados .. .. .. 246 83(2) 30(2)

________ ________ ________Total .. 847,927 263,444 95,798

________ ________ ________

(1) The G.N.P. for the following Commonwealth Countries are not available in any publishedform and have not been included in the table: Western Samoa, Gambia, Botswana,Mauritius and Swaziland.

(2) The G.N.P. for these countries are only available for the year 1966. Figures for 1967 havebeen estimated based on 1966 data.

Source: Data on Population are obtained from the Demographic Yearbook, U.N. 1967.Data on G.N.P. are largely obtained from the International Financial Statistics (I.M.F.December 1968) and Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics (U.N. 1966).


33


TABLE 7E.F.T.A COUNTRIES: POPULATION AND GROSS NATIONAL

PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES, 1967

1967

Population G.N.P.

('000) (U.S. Million $) (Million £ *)

utria .. .. .. 7,323 10,684 3,885

Denmark .. .. .. 4,839 11,274 4,100

Finland .. .. .. 4,664 7,179 2,611

Norway .. .. .. 3,784 8,316 3,024

Portugal .. .. .. 9,440 4,054(1) 1,474(1)

Sweden .. .. .. 7,869 23,963 8,714

Switzerland .. .. .. 6,050 15,769 5,734

________ ________ ________

Total E.F.T.A. .. 43,969 81,239 29,542

United Kingdom .. .. 55,068 107,800 39,200

________ ________ ________

Total E.F.T.A. (include. U.K.) .. 99,037 189,039 68,742

________ ________ ________

(1) Figure is estimated based on 1996 data.

Source: Data on Population are obtained from the Demographic Yearbook, U.N. 1967.Data on G.N.P. are obtained from the International Financial Statistics (I.M.F.December 1968) and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (U.N. November 1968).


34


TABLE 8

POPULATION OF E.E.C. AND E.F.T.A. COUNTRIES

(INCLUDING U.K.) - 1967

Population'000

LatinSpeaking

'000E.E.C. Countries

Belgium .. .. .. 9,581 9,581

France .. .. .. .. 49,890 49,890

Germany, Fed. Republic of .. .. 57,699 -

Italy .. .. .. .. 52,334 52,334

Netherlands .. .. .. 12,597 -

Luxembourg .. .. .. 335 335

________ ________

Total .. 182,436 112,140________ ________

E.F.T.A. Countries

Austria .. .. .. 7,323 -

Denmark .. .. .. 4,839 -

Finland .. .. .. 4,664 -

Norway .. .. .. 3,784 -

Portugal .. .. .. 9,440 9,440

Sweden .. .. .. 7,869 -

Switzerland .. .. .. 6,050 -

________ ________Total .. 43,969 9,440

________ ________United Kingdom .. .. .. 55,068 -

Source: U.N. Demographic Yearbook, 1967.

35


TABLE 9

ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATION BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN, 1967

Million Percentage

World Population .. .. .. 3,420 100.00

English Speaking .. .. .. 1,149 33.60

French Speaking .. .. .. 165 4.82

Spanish Speaking .. .. .. 195 5.70

Portuguese Speaking .. .. .. 109 3.19

Total Latin Speaking* .. .. .. 540 15.79

*French Speaking .. .. 165

Spanish Speaking .. .. 195

Portuguese Speaking .. .. 109

Italy .. .. .. 52

Rumania .. .. 19

______

540

______

Source: Statesman's Yearbook, 1968-1969.

36


TABLE 10

POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR SELECTED CATEGORIES, 1967

Million Percentage

World Population .. .. .. 3,420 100.00

France .. .. .. .. 50 1.46

United Kingdom .. .. .. 55 1.62

France and Quebec .. .. .. 56 1.64

English Caucasian (United Kingdom, Austra-

lia, New Zealand, United States and Canada

(excluding Quebec) ) .. .. 285 8.33

Source: The Statesman's Yearbook, 1968-1969.

37


TABLE 11

MIGRATION INTO AND OUT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1963-1967

(Thousands)

(1963-67)

Into U.K. Out of U.K. Excess Out

of U.K.

1. Old Commonwealth .. .. 181.0 707.6 526.6

(a) Australia .. .. 97.2 401.8 304.6

(b) Canada .. .. 48.5 229.0 180.5

(c) New Zealand .. .. 32.3 75.1 42.8

(d) Rhodesia .. .. 3.0 1.7 - 1.3

2. South Africa .. .. 26.2 69.6 43.4

3. U.S.A. .. .. .. 96.9 143.7 46.8

Total (1-3) .. 304.1 920.9 616.8

4. New Commonwealth .. .. 403.0 209.7 - 193.3

5. Other Foreign .. .. 335.7 275.7 - 60.0

Total All Countries .. 1,042.8 1,406.4 363.5

Source: The Registrar General's Quarterly Returns for England and Wales 1964-1968.

38


TABLE 12MIGRATION* INTO AND OUT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1963-1967

(Thousands)

1967 1966 1965 1964 1963In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out

ALL COUNTRIES .. .. .. 221.0 309.0 219.1 301.6 219.1 293.9 211.7 271.7 171.9 230.1COMMONWEALTH .. .. .. 128.0 202.6 112.4 207.4 115.1 193.1 115.7 169.6 113.3 144.6

Australia .. .. .. .. 28.0 83.4 20.0 86.0 20.1 92.1 15.8 80.8 13.3 59.5Canada .. .. .. .. 10.0 64.0 9.2 63.8 10.2 43.2 9.8 31.7 9.3 26.3New Zealand .. .. .. 7.7 15.5 7.0 15.9 6.6 15.1 5.9 16.2 5.1 12.4Rhodesia .. .. .. .. 1.7 1.1 1.3 .6 - - - - - -African Countries(1) .. .. .. 16.6 15.5 19.3 15.8 22.0 17.3 22.3 17.1 20.8 17.2India, Pakistan and Ceylon .. .. 35.7 7.7 26.7 9.3 24.8 9.7 26.6 8.8 31.6 8.1West Indies .. .. .. .. 13.1 8.4 14.8 8.8 18.6 8.8 19.1 7.5 15.2 10.6Other Commonwealth .. .. .. 15.1 6.9 14.1 7.2 12.8 6.9 16.2 7.5 18.0 10.5

FOREIGN .. .. .. .. 93.0 106.3 106.8 94.1 104.0 100.8 96.1 102.1 58.8 85.5South Africa .. .. .. .. 5.8 15.2 7.4 14.2 5.4 13.4 4.4 15.0 3.2 11.8Latin America .. .. .. 2.6 2.5 3.7 1.6 2.6 1.8 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.5United States of America .. .. 22.1 34.1 22.7 27.0 21.9 28.8 18.7 30.0 11.5 23.8Eastern Europe .. .. .. .8 1.5 1.5 1.2 .8 .2 2.8 1.3 - -European Economic Community(2) .. 30.3 27.2 36.6 25.8

}59.6 45.1 }55.7 44.6 }31.3 37.1Rest of Western Europe .. .. 20.4 15.0 23.4 12.5Other Foreign .. .. .. 11.1 11.0 11.5 11.8 13.7 11.5 12.2 9.1 11.0 11.3

(1) Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.(2) France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg.* A declared intention by the passenger to reside in or leave the country for at least a year.

Source: The Registrar General's Quarterly Return for England and Wales, 1964-1968.

39


TABLE 13FLOW OF SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICALLY QUALIFIED PERSONS TO AND FROM UNITED KINGDOM, 1961-1966

Inflow Outflow Excess of Outflow

Scientists Technical Total Scientists Technical Total Scientists Technical Total

1961 .. .. 900 2,300 3,200 1,300 1,900 3,200 400 - 400 -

1962 .. .. 1,000 2,100 3,100 1,300 2,200 3,500 300 100 400

1963 .. .. 1,000 1,600 2,600 1,500 2,500 4,000 500 900 1,400

1964 .. .. 1,100 2,100 3,200 1,700 3,100 4,800 600 1,000 1,600

1965 .. .. 1,100 2,200 3,300 1,800 3,300 5,100 700 1,100 1,800

1966 .. .. 1,200 2,400 3,600 2,000 4,200 6,200 800 1,800 2,600

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

Total 1961-66 .. 6,300 12,700 19,000 9,600 17,200 26,800 3,300 4,500 7,800

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

Source: "Economist" - 14th October, 1967.

40


TABLE 14

COMMONWEALTH STUDENTS IN U.K. AND U.S.A., 1959 - 1967

UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES

PeriodMedi-cine

Scienceand

Techno-Logy

Percent-age

Increase

Other Total Percent-age

Increase

Medi-cine

Scienceand

Techno-Logy

Percent-age

Increase

Others Total Percent-age

Increase

1959/1960 .. .. 1,477 2,608 - 3,051 7,136 - 252 4,876 - 7,780 12,908 -

1960/1961 .. .. 1,601 2,851 9.3 3,438 7,890 10.6 316 5,700 16.9 8,817 14,833 14.9

1961/1962 .. .. 1,510 3,014 5.7 3,562 8,086 2.5 264 6,385 12.0 10,256 16,905 14.0

1962/1963 .. .. 1,490 3,382 12.2 3,508 8,380 3.6 352 7,378 15.6 11,118 18,848 11.5

1963/1964 .. .. 1,303 3,502 3.5 3,472 8,280 -1.2 428 8,566 16.1 12,691 21,685 15.1

1964/1965 .. .. 1,259 3,816 9.0 3,528 8,603 3.9 425 9,527 11.2 14,431 24,383 12.4

1965/1966 .. .. 1,096 4,415 15.7 3,534 9,081 5.6 251 9,791 2.8 14,950 24,992 2.5

1966/1967 .. .. 1,270 4,433 0.4 3,881 9,584 5.5 391 10,807 10.4 18,005 29,203 16.8

Percentage Increase during the period 1959/67:70.0 34.3 121.6 126.2

Source: Commonwealth Universities Yearbook."Open-Doors" - Report on International Exchange/Institute of International Education.

continuity of association after empirebritain's own white settlements would lead to...

Documents