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Continuing Formation

Franciscan HeritageThe Intellectual

Traditionby

Andrew Conradi, ofs

Ordo Franciscanus SæcularisNational Fraternity of Canada

Our Lady of the Angels RegionSt Francis Fraternity

Vancouver, BCSeptember 2012

What is the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition?

(FIT)

Why learn about it now?

FIT is one part of the Catholic Intellectual Tradition

which, along with the Traditions of Orthodox and Reformation

churches, is part of the Christian Intellectual Tradition

(CIT)

CIT was the major influence in the formation of Western

European culture and in turn was originally influenced by other

Religions (Judaism & paganism); a political and legal system

(Roman); an intellectual system (Greek); and also science

(Christian, Muslim and secular) and the arts

WHAT FORMS AN INTELLECTUAL TRADITION

or Cultural Heritage?Beliefs, ideas, customs, practices

•Theology & Philosophy•Liturgy & pious devotion•The arts (literature, visual arts, music , drama)•Science•Architecture & engineering •Agriculture & manufacturing•Law, economics, politics, education, social organisation & customs

CITSome characteristics

• Engages in the search for truth in all disciplines and forms of belief and unbelief

• Continuing and developing: a live tradition• Faith and reason• Natural law• Sacredness and sacramentality of creation• Humans made in the image of God

Some Roman Catholic ITs

• The three major ones are:• Augustinian (400’s)• Franciscan (1200’s)• Dominican (1200’s)

How do they differ? Does it matter?

Origins of CIT/FIT

All are based on the same two foundations:1.God & Jesus

1. God: the One and Triune God (the Trinity) 2. Jesus, The Word made flesh, the Incarnation

(Christology)(The Franciscan Intellectual Tradition: Tracing its

Origins and Identifying Its Central Components by Kenan Osborne, OFM, 2003, 2-4)

All based on the same sources:•Scripture•Tradition•Magisterium

Differences“Differences are based on the various philosophical and theological ways in which the three intellectual traditions express the implications of the revealed Word of God and on the interfacing of spirituality and theology, an interfacing that is most evident in the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition.”(Osborne, 2003, 3 - emphasis added)

What is theology?• Greek for study of God or discourse on God• The term came to mean the academic rational

study of Christian doctrine from the Bible and Church Fathers

• Francis is one of the first to be considered a “vernacular theologian” i.e. not an academic but one whose insights and spiritual vision were based on his reflections and own experience and understanding and expressed in the common everyday language of the laity

What is Spirituality?

• “Spirituality is the way a person is attracted to the Lord and how he or she develops this attraction into a discipline of life.” (Campion Murray, OFM)

• Although all Catholics are united by the Catechism of the Church and Mass, there are different forms of spirituality and prayer which have developed over time. The major religious orders and lay associations have their own unique spirituality of prayer and way of living out the Gospel

• If Theology is theory, Spirituality goes from theory to application (praxis)

• As the OFS Rule in Chapter II “Way of Life” puts it in Rule 4 : “going from gospel to life and life to the gospel.” (vernacular theology?)

• My definition of spirituality: The practice of living the faith, both internally and externally: in church, family, society and the world

• Thus Franciscan spirituality is living our faith informed by Franciscan tradition and vernacular theology

Diversity of theology

“In the Roman Catholic Church, there has never been a single christology; hence the better term is plural: “christologies.” Nor has there been a single theology of the Triune God; hence the better term is plural: “theologies of God/Trinity.” Each theology … has been developed through a lengthy process. Over time some of these theologies and christologies have become non-relevant. Others are still operative today.

Cont’d

Most of those still operative continue to remain in process … If one includes the Eastern churches … the extent of the differences in these theologies of God and christologies becomes even more dramatic, since the several Eastern theologies on the Trinity and Jesus are quite diverse … [although] they are based on the same three foundations as in the West – holy Scripture, holy Tradition and holy Doctrine.”(Osborne, 2003, 4)

“ This means that there is in the Roman Catholic Church no “one theology” or “one christology” that is definitive.”

“ The three major intellectual traditions are philosophical and theological interpretations of the Western Catholic faith.”

(Osborne, 2003, 4)

“At the end of the thirteenth century and beginning of the fourteenth century the Dominican Friars formally selected the teachings of Thomas Aquinas as the center of their theological formation. This formal move guaranteed a long life for the Dominican Intellectual Tradition. The Franciscans followed this pattern by selecting both Bonaventure and John Duns Scotus as the center of their Intellectual Tradition. “ (Osborne, 2003, 2)

• When Dominican and Franciscan traditions were being developed in the universities of Paris and Oxford starting in the 1220’s they were alternative to, and in competition with, the older Augustinian tradition and with each other

• They were about equal in influence for several centuries e.g. at the Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Towards the end of the 19th century the RC Church decided it needed to adopt one tradition in order to counter “modernism”

• It imposed the theology of St Thomas Aquinas, i.e. Dominican theology starting in 1907 & including it in the 1917 Code of Cannon Law

FIT

• All priests (even Franciscans and Jesuits etc) were taught Thomist theology in seminaries

• Although the FIT remained alive it was no longer as influential

• After Vatican II there was more openness to other traditions and a going back to our origins

• FIT is being rediscovered and regaining influence & we are invited participate

Why study CIT & FIT? A personal view

• Many, including Pope Benedict XVI, think that the Christian (or former Christian Western?) world is losing its sense of both its history and tradition and the importance of Christianity in a secular world. This world is becoming indifferent to christianity, or anti-christian and relativist

• to counter this trend faith alone is not enough – knowledge of CIT & FIT, prayer and action (including political action) are necessary

“… the search for God required the culture of the word, it was appropriate that [we] should have a library, pointing out pathways to the word. It was also appropriate to have a school …, [Catholicism] serves eruditio, the formation and education of man – a formation whose ultimate aim is that man should learn how to serve God. But it also includes the formation of reason – education – through which man learns to perceive, in the midst of words, the Word itself. ”(Benedict XVI, Collège des Bernardins, Paris, 12 September 2008)

Retrieval, Rediscovery and Rebirth of FIT

In March 2001 the English Speaking Conference of the OFM (ESC-OFM) undertook to retrieve the FIT and formed the inter-obediential* Commission on the FIT (CFIT)

*OFM, OFM (Cap), OFM (Conv), TOR (OFS?)

The Franciscan Heritage SeriesThe CFIT/ESC-OFM researched, confered and published documents of an academic natureIt wanted also to make the retrieval, rediscovery and rebirth of FIT available to the laity and non-academicsIt published The Franciscan Heritage Series starting in 2003 (so far eight booklets – which vary between 56-84 pp)

Why read and study them?• We are Franciscans!• The CFIT/ ESC-OFM wants laity to use the series to

present the FIT in simple every day language rather than academic language

• This is a challenge that our fraternity has accepted• I am presenting this first one and others will present

the other titles e.g. Ed will present The Franciscan Vision and the Gospel of John: The San Damiano Cross

• The Fraternity will buy copies for the library• You can order your own copies though Ed

The eight volumes are:

1. The Franciscan Intellectual Tradition: Tracing its Origins and Identifying Its Central Components by Kenan Osborne, OFM, 2003 (now out of print)

2. The Franciscan View of Creation: Learning to Live in a Sacramental World by Ilia Delio, OSF, 2003

3. The Franciscan View of the Human Person: Some Central Elements by Dawn Nothwehr, OSF, 2005

4. The Franciscan Vision and the Gospel of John: The San Damiano Cross by Michael Guinan, OFM

5. Trinitarian Perspectives in the Franciscan Theological Tradition by Maria Calisi, 20086. Rejoicing in the Works of the Lord: Beauty in the Franciscan Tradition by Mary Beth Ingham, CSJ, 20097. Women of the Streets: Early Franciscan Women and their Mendicant Vocation by Darleen Pryds, 20108. Knowledge for Love: Franciscan Science as the Pursuit of Wisdom by Keith Warner, OFM, 2012

More titles to come? What would you want to see?

END OF SESSION 1

• Questions? For small group discussion:• What does spirituality mean to you and how

does it relate to theology or doctrine?• What is Franciscan spirituality?• What are the sources of Franciscan spirituality

and what does our rule say about them?When we have finished Session 2 we could ask

these questions again and see if our views have changed

Session 2The Franciscan Heritage Series

Volume One20003, Kenan B. Osborne, OFM

The Franciscan Intellectual Tradition: Tracing Its Origins and Identifying Its

Central ComponentsCFIT/ESC-OFM

Franciscan Institute PublicationsSt Bonaventure University

St Bonaventure, NY

Review of small group discussions• What does spirituality mean to you and how

does it relate to theology?• What is Franciscan spirituality? What is

vernacular theology?• What are the sources of Franciscan

spirituality and what does our rule say about them?

• Why is knowledge of FIT important? What is its relevance to us?

The Franciscan Intellectual Tradition: Tracing its Origins and Identifying Its Central Components by

Kenan Osborne, OFM, 2003Part One: Author’s Introductory RemarksPart Two: Historical Review –

30 C.E. to 1300 C.E. Part Three: The Philosophical World of AristotlePart Four: The Gradual Development of the

Franciscan Intellectual TraditionPart Five: Distinctive Features of the Franciscan

Intellectual Tradition

I will try to outline some of the main points in everyday language to whet your appetite to read the books yourselfI have not studied theology or philosophy and so am not an expertSome points are beyond me but I am not discouraged as I understand most of the main ideas and find them interesting and helpful in deepening my Franciscan spiritualitySo relax and take what you can and do not worry if you do not understand everything

Part Two explainsPeriods in the development of theology

First: 30-70 C.E. (Jewish)Second: 70-100 C.E. (Christian – New Testament written)Third: 100-325 C.E. (Council of Nicaea) Dual nature of JesusFourth: 325-681 C.E. Councils of the Early Church (Christology – after which no further solemn christological declarations)

Fifth: 1000 - 1300 C.E. Development of Scholastic Theology (Augustinian renewal & development of Franciscan and Dominican ITs)Key components:1.Dialectical method (sic et non or pro & con)2.Aristotle replaced Plato3.Based on Peter Lombard’s Book of Sentences (basic theology text at the time)

Each IT, in very distinct ways, connected Aristotlelian thought to five theological issues:

1. Relationship of God to creation2. Relationship of creation to incarnation3. Relationship of creation, incarnation and final

risen life in God4. Relationship of God’s freedom to creation,

incarnation and risen life (continuing creation)5. Relationship of God and creation to reality of

sin

What are FIT’s central components?

Without the spirituality and vision of Francis and Clare there would be no FIT.A major Franciscan scholar, Ephrem Longpré, OFM (+1965), a French Canadian, considered “that one of the most important core elements of the spiritual vision of St. Francis was his astounding insight into … the incarnation. In this introductory volume, we build our synthesis around this insight.” (Osborne, 2003, 32)

Ephrem Longpré, historian, philosopher 1890-1965

His defence of the philosophy of Joannes Duns Scotus played a role in the background of Vatican II and in the opening of Catholic thought to traditions other than that of St Thomas. Longpré's French Canadian parents returned to farm at Upton, QC, when he was 4. He was educated at Montréal, where he joined the Franciscan order. He was cured of a serious illness at age 18 after an intervention by Brother André.

Longpré studied in Rome and then worked in Florence and Paris. His study of Scotus, whose philosophy combines a subtle metaphysics of community with a strong sense of the importance of individuality, strengthened his convictions about human freedom, and he was hunted by the Gestapo throughout much of the war. His resistance work was acknowledged by the French and British governments. His most important work is La Philosophie du B. Duns Scot (1924).Leslie Armour, The Canadian Encyclopedia

• From this we get the two themes: humility of the incarnation and love of the passion

• Thomas of Celano “finds that the humility of the incarnation is the key issue, which relates all aspects of Francis’ life. ... In Book Two the love of the passion predominates. … An understanding of these two themes, … , will help us grasp the deepest dimensions of Francis’ spiritual vision, a vision he shared with St. Clare.” ” (Osborne, 2003, 33)

“The incarnation, as we shall see, is so central that it is related to first creation, to ongoing creation and to the future, which we call risen life. The love of the passion is also central. [It] extends not only to the crucifixion of Jesus but also to the suffering of the crucified people at the margins of society.* In theology, the terms “incarnation and redemption” are the usual centering points for all christologies.[*This relates to our focus on JPIC]

The Franciscan vision of “creation-incarnation-redemption-glory” as intrinsically inter-united is a vision that comes from the gospels themselves, from the early Church Fathers and from medieval theologians. It initially received a systematic in-depth treatment in the thirteenth century through the writings of the first Franciscan masters, Alexander of Hales, Bonaventure and John Duns Scotus.”(Osborne, 2003, 40)

Franciscan scholarsOsborne mentions 19. The most renowned are:Alexander of Hales*Bonaventure*Roger BaconJohn Duns Scotus*William of OckhamAnthony of PaduaPeter John OliviRamon Llull (Raymond Lull) a layman, considered Third Order i.e. a Secular Franciscan

What did they contribute or clarify?

In the first major production of FIT, the Summa of Alexander of Hales one finds several key aspects of the spiritual vision of Francis of Assisi. The four main ones are:1.Love grounds the theology of Trinity, creation, incarnation and risen life2.The humility of the incarnation and love of the passion begin to shape the Franciscan theology of Jesus

3. Creation contains the Word of God and Holy Scripture contains the Word of God, but they are not two Words of God. It is same Triune God who speaks in both4. Spirituality and theology are put together, for theology without spirituality is empty, and spirituality without theology is a sham(53)

“ these four ideas, stemming from the spiritual vision of Francis of Assisi became part of a distinctive theological tradition, particularly under the influence of Bonaventure and Scotus.” (53)

Some differences between the Dominican and Franciscan IT are found in

• Trinitarian theology*• Christology• Theologies of:– Redemption– Sacraments– Creation – Sin

• “Even more striking is the different way these traditions relate theology to spirituality.” (14)

Aristotle• All theologians used Aristotle’s four categories

(substance, quantity, quality, relation) to explain various Catholic doctrines

• It is in the interpretation of these Aristotelian categories that the FIT differs significantly from the Dominican

• The FIT emphasizes in a special way the category of relation

• (Osborne, 2003, 16-17, 20)

Aristotle & Osborne again

“The basic interaction of all beings in the philosophy of Aristotle (substance, quality, quantity, and relation) is through causality.” (21)Causality: efficient, material, formal & final.FIT & DIT are miles apart on causality (23)Bonaventure’s ‘moral causality’ means that we pray God will efficiently act and our prayer is the ‘moral influence’ (22)

God (Osborne, 57)In the FIT:

“The mystery of the Triune God, however, stresses God as essentially relationship.”“a relational Triune God is consistently seen as the basis for God’s own nature, which is love and goodness.”“Bonaventure explains all of God’s attributes – omnipotence, omniscience, freedom, etc. – within a Trinitarian context.”

God in the DIT

“In Aquinas, the main attributes of God are presented within his discussion on the oneness or unity of God.”“… this difference between Thomas and Bonaventure marks a major distinction between the Dominican Intellectual Tradition and the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition.”Scotus followed Bonaventure on this point

Oneness vs trinity

“In much of Catholic theology , creation is presented as a divine work ad extra (outside of God’s own nature) ….. It is only the inner life of God (ad intra) that is Trinitarian. The activities of God outside this inner life are seen as activities of the One God or the unity of God. … This is not the Franciscan view. Only a relational Triune God offers theological meaning for the created world.” (59-60)

Theology of Francis

• Trinitarian communion – which will become the model for Francis’ Order - structured as Fraternity – to mirror the love within the Trinity

• Also based on the Primacy of the Father

“ In creation itself, we experience the presence of a Triune God, not simply of a One God.” (60)“Creation can be called the beginning of the incarnation, since the two are inseparable.”(61)“The incarnation is not theologically an afterthought of God, occasioned by human sin.” (63)

Bonaventure

“This is our whole metaphysics: emanation, exemplarity and consumation—to be illuminated by spiritual rays and to be led to the highest reality.” “The created world is like a book [The Book of Nature] in which its Maker, the trinity, shines forth, is represented, and can be read at three levels of expression: namely, as a vestige, as an image, and as a similitude.” (63, 64)

Emanation

Two modes of emanation• Intellect – Beloved Son•Will – Spirit = freedom’s choice to

Love

Exemplarity

• makes visible the ideas, thoughts, actions [mind] of the Father

• “if you see me, you see the Father” (Jn 14:9)• “And when did we see you sick or in prison

and visit you?And the King will answer them, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, you did it to me.’” (Mt 25:39-40)

Consumation

• A return to God

Scotus“All of creation is a gift. Nothing in creation is necessary. Everything, in this sense, is grace, an unmerited gift of God.”“It is precisely in this vision of creation as gift that we see the validity and need for an ecological theology. A book by Leonardo Boff has a very important title: Cry of the Earth, Cry of the Poor. [based] on the reverence everyone should give to all people, including the poor, and give to all nature, for nature is God’s gift to us.”(66)

Scotus: haecceitas (thisness)

“ There is, however, a still deeper dimension of creation in the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition. In this also, Scotus is a leader.”It is individuation (haecceitas) which invests the human person “with a unique value as one singularly wanted and loved by God … haecceity is our personal gift from God.” [and to each other!](67)

Scotus: contingencyAristotle: an existent thing can be considered necessary as long as it is in existence. This was accepted by most theologians.Scotus said it is still contingent on God’s will and so nothing outside of God is “necessary”.“Rather than shaking the foundations of our faith, contingency calls us back to the Triune God. … It takes us back to seeing creation in all its forms, as a gift, as unmerited grace, as radical giftedness.” ( 68)

To learn more

• Read the books!• Wait for further presentations!

That’s enough for one day!Any questions?

Please have a look at my Franciscan Heritage and other books and put your name down on the order form if you

want your own copy and give the money to Ed the Treasurer

Which pamphlets would you like to be presented?

Peace and all goodPaix et joie

Group discussion - Pick one topic (5-10 mins)

• The link between Relationship in FIT: Trinity and how we live a Franciscan life

• How does Scotus’ ideas about the Trinity and haecceitas (thisness) relate to community and individuality?

• The Incarnation: why did Jesus become human? Would He have come if there had been no original sin?

• How does “Thisness” relate to JPIC?• What does Bonaventure mean about the Book

of Nature?