contingency diagramming 2
TRANSCRIPT
1
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
Related Outcomes Test
60” Test
Response-Unit Test
Table of Contents.Click me to begin Part 2. Or you can review by
clicking a test.
2
Sixty-Second
TestDoes the outcome follow the response by more than sixty
seconds?
3
Rudolph the rat is in the Skinner Box. The trainer delivers a drop of water one day after Rudolph presses the lever.
Before
Rudolph has no drop
of water
Behavior
Rudolph presses the
lever
After
Rudolph has a drop of water one day later
How about this contingency? Will the water reinforce the lever
press? Not a chance.
4
The trainer changes the strategy;
now Rudolph receives the water one hour after his lever press.Before
Rudolph has no drop
of water
Behavior
Rudolph presses the
lever
After
Rudolph has a drop of water one hour later
Is an hour delay better? Will the water reinforce the
lever press? Still not a chance.
5
A two-month old baby smiles and her father gives her attention,
one day later.Before
Baby receives
no attention
Behavior
Baby smiles
After
Baby receives attention one day
later How about this contingency? Will the attention reinforce the
smile? You guessed it, still not a
chance.
6
For an outcome to reinforce or punish a response,
It must pass the 60 second test; it must follow the behavior by no more than 60 seconds
7
This contingency is not correct.
Before
Bob does not have an
A in psychology
Behavior
Bob studies right up to test-time
After
Bob has an A in
psychology
8
Before
Bob does not have an
A in psychology
Behavior
Bob studies right up to test-time
After
Bob has an A in
psychology
Even the quickest of teachers will not have Bobby’s test gradedwithin 60 seconds of the end of studying.
So the delay from the studying until he sees his A is greater than 60 seconds.
9
Even though, when you do well on a test after studying
you seem to study more in the future,
this is not a direct-acting reinforcement contingency.
Don’t give up on behavior analysis yet
because, later on, you will learn about analogs
to basic reinforcement contingencies.
But now, you have to get the basics down
for basic contingencies.
10
Click the button next to the contingency that passes the 60 second test.
Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob reads EPB
Monday night
After
Bob gets a token
Tuesday
Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob answers
questions in class
After
Bob immediately gets a token
A
BClick me if you
want to see the Pink Sheet
11
9. 60” TestDoes the outcome follow theresponse by more than 60 seconds?If so, find an outcome that followssooner.
Click me to go back to the Question
12
No, the token is delivered a day after the reading behavior.Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob reads EPB
Monday night
After
Bob gets a token
Tuesday
Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob answers
questions in class
After
Bob immediately gets a token
A
B
13
Correct.Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob reads EPB
Monday night
After
Bob gets a token
Tuesday
Before
Bob has no tokens
Behavior
Bob answers
questions in class
After
Bob immediately gets a token
A
B
14
Click the button next to the contingency that passes the 60 second test.
Before
Dale will have no ticket
Behavior
Dale drives over the
speed limit
After
Dale will have a ticket
in a few minutes
Before
Dale does not see the speedometer pass 55
Behavior
Dale pushes the pedal
After
Dale does see the
speedometer pass 55
A
B
15
No, it takes more than 60” from the response to the outcome of a ticket
Before
Dale will have no ticket
Behavior
Dale drives over the
speed limit
After
Dale will have a ticket
in a few minutes.
Before
Dale does not see the speedometer pass 55
Behavior
Dale pushes the pedal
After
Dale does see the
speedometer pass 55
A
B
16
Before
Dale will have no ticket
Behavior
Dale drives over the
speed limit
After
Dale will have a ticket
in a few minutes.
Before
Dale does not see the speedometer pass 55
Behavior
Dale pushes the pedal
After
Dale does see the
speedometer pass 55
A
B
Correct, even though he may immediately know he will have a ticket, the outcome of actually receiving the ticket follows the response by more than 60”
17
Did you see the use of future tense? Don’t be caught making the mistake in thinking that it passes the test because
he immediately knows he will have a ticket (he even knows it will cost
money later too). Ask yourself when the observable outcome (ticket or money) is delivered, not when he “knows” when it will be delivered.
19
Related Outcomes Test
Is the before condition related to the after
condition?
20
This seems like a vague concept, but a couple examples will help you understand.
Before
Teacher announces nap time
Behavior
Bob calls the teacher
a jerk
After
Bob loses some tokens
This contingency is not correct.The before conditionis not related to the after condition.
21
While this incorrect example seems like a likely order of events, it is not a correct contingency.
Before
Teacher announces nap time
Behavior
Bob calls the teacher
a jerk
After
Bob loses some tokens
A common error students make when writing contingencies
is to simply specify three events that occur over a period of time.
22
While this incorrect example seems like a likely order of events, it is not a correct contingency.
Before
Teacher announces nap time
Behavior
Bob calls the teacher
a jerk
After
Bob loses some tokens
Just because you’ve specified three conditions that occur in order,
it does not necessarily represent a contingency.
23
BeforeTeacher
announces nap time
Behavior
Bob calls the teacher
a jerk
After
Bob loses some tokens
This contingency is correct.The before conditionis related to the after condition.
Bob has all of his tokens
24
BeforeTeacher
announces nap time
Behavior
Bob calls the teacher
a jerkBob has all of his tokens
This is a sequence of conditions, but the before helps reflect the change caused by the behavior.
After
Bob loses some tokens
25
Does this pass the related-outcomes test?A. YesB. No
Before
Mom makes liver for dinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowance
26
Does this pass the related-outcomes test?A. YesB. No
Before
Mom makes liver for dinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowanceNo, the before
condition of mom making dinner is not related to the after of
Bob losing his allowance
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Does this pass the related-outcomes test?A. YesB. No
Before
Mom makes liver for dinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowance
Right! The before condition is not related to
the after condition.
28
Before
Mom makes liver for dinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowance
This contingency is not correct.The before conditionis not related to the after
condition.
29
BeforeMom makes
liver for dinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowanceMom will pay
Bob’s allowance
This contingency is correct.The before conditionis related to the after condition.
30
BeforeMom makes
liver fordinner
Behavior
Bob gives his dinner to the dog
After
Mom will not pay Bob’s allowance
Mom will pay Bob’s
allowance
Now it is clear Bobby would have received his allowance, if he hadn’t fed his dinner to the dog.
31
When we talk about the outcomes of a behavioral contingency being related,
we mean that the before condition is somehow changed by the behavior,
resulting in the after condition.
The behavior causes the after condition (the consequences)
and the before condition can typically, but loosely,
be considered the opposite of that after condition.
32
The before condition is the way things would have remained
had the particular behavior not occurred. It is not simply anything that occurred
right before the behavior; it must somehow be related to the after
condition.
33
Here’s another illustration.
Bobby Brat wants some of Nice Norman’s candy,
so he say’s “give me your lunch.”
34
When Norman refuses, Bobby immediately picks up Norman’s lunch box
and throws it.
35
Norman cries, Norman cries, and Bobby picks and Bobby picks up all the up all the candy.candy.
36
Does this pass the related-outcomes test? Are the before and after condition opposites?
A. YesB. No
Before
Bobby wants
Norman’s candy
Behavior
Bobby says, “give me
your lunch.”
After
Bobby has candy
37
Does this pass the related-outcomes test? Are the before and after condition opposites?
A. YesB. No
Before
Bobby wants
Norman’s candy
Behavior
Bobby says, “give me
your lunch.”
After
Bobby eats Norman’s
candyWanting candy is not the opposite of having candy. Not wanting could be the opposite of wanting (but we make little use
of the term wants as you’ll see later in the course).
38
Does this pass the related-outcomes test? Are the before and after condition opposites?
A. YesB. No
Before
Bobby wants
Norman’s candy
Behavior
Bobby says, “give me
your lunch.”
After
Bobby has candy
Right, wanting candy is not the opposite of having candy. Not wanting could be the opposite
of wanting (but we make little use of the term wants as you’ll see
later in the course).
39
Before
?
A. Bobby demands candyB. Bobby has no candyC. Norman refuses to give candy
Behavior
Bobby throws the lunchbox
After
Bobby has candy
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
40
2. Related Outcomes TestIs the before condition related tothe after condition? (Often therelationship is one of opposites.) If not, change one or both of theconditions.
Click me to go back to the Question
Click me to go back to the Question
41
Before
?
Behavior
Bobby throws the lunchbox
After
Bobby has candy
A. Bobby demands candyB. Bobby has no candyC. Norman refuses to give candy
No, remember that the before
and after conditions are
usually opposites.
42
Before
?
A. Bobby demands candyB. Bobby has no candyC. Norman refuses to give candy
Behavior
Bobby throws the lunchbox
After
Bobby has candy
No, remember that the before
and after conditions are
usually opposites.
43
Before
Bobby has no candy
Behavior
Bobby throws the lunchbox
After
Bobby has candy
A. Bobby demands candyB. Bobby has no candyC. Norman refuses to give candy
Yes, has no candy reflects the change to the after condition. And, Bobby
demands candy is not the opposite of Bobby has
candy.
44
Response-Unit Test
Are there any interruptions of
greater than 60 seconds during theresponse?
45
Jaci has an entire research paper to write
and she finishes the entire paper in three days
of hard work.
46
What do you think of this contingency?
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
47
Do you think Jaci (or anyone else) could write for 3 days without any interruptions greater than 60 seconds?
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
A. YesB. No
48
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
A. YesB. No
Do you think Jaci (or anyone else) could write for 3 days without any interruptions greater than 60 seconds?
No, even though we may say someone writes for three days
does that really mean they continually wrote without any interruptions?—Of course not.
49
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
A. YesB. No
Do you think Jaci (or anyone else) could write for 3 days without any interruptions greater than 60 seconds?
Correct!, even though we may say someone writes for three
days we surely wouldn’t mean it is one continuous reinforceable
response-unit.
50
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
While writing an entire research paper, even the best of students will have to take a
break from the glaring computer screen for at least a few minutes.
51
And if there’s a break in writing of more than 60 seconds,
the outcome cannot reinforce that entire sequence of behavior.
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
52
However, one day she gets a burst of energy
and begins writing for 20 minutes
without taking any breaks at all.
53
So it might be possible to write on a research paper for 20 minutes
without any breaks.
Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire research
paper
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
54
And the sense of accomplishment following the writing can reinforce that writing
because there were no breaks more than 60 seconds.Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire paper
on the research
paper for 20 minutes
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
55
Even though the behavior lasts longer than 60 seconds,
it is still a reinforceable response-unit because there are no breaks greater than 60
seconds during the response.Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire paper
on the research
paper for 20 minutes
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
56
Writing on a research paper for 20 minutes is a reinforceable response-unit
because she did not take a break lasting more than 60 seconds.Before
Jaci has no sense of
accomplishment
BehaviorJaci writes an entire paper
on the research
paper for 20 minutes
After
Jaci has a sense of
accomplishment
57
Besides making the mistake of looking at large non-behaviors such as writing a whole paper,
some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior over time—where there are breaks.
Before
No down payment for
car
Behavior
Puts $100 in the bank each week for the
whole summer
After
Down payment for car
A reinforceable response-unit is not a series of behaviors over time—even if it leads to a reinforcing outcome
58
Besides making the mistake of looking at large non-behaviors such as writing a whole paper,
some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior over time—were there are breaks.
Before
No down payment for
car
Behavior
Puts $100 in the bank
each week for the whole
summer
After
Down payment for car
A reinforceable response-unit is not a series of behaviors over time—even if it leads to a reinforcing outcome
Today
59
Here is the correct contingency:
Before
$100 not in bank
Behavior
Puts $100 in the bank
today each week for the
whole summer
After
$100 in bank
60
This test is designed to help ensure the behavior you are analyzing
is actually one reinforceable response-unit.
61
When we talk about the reinforceable response-unit,
we are only concerned with the behavior box;
keep this in mind.
Behavior
Bob studies
62
Often students confuse this test with the 60 second test.
When checking the behavior listed in the behavior box,
ask yourself “Are there any
interruptions of greater than 60 seconds during the response?”
63
If there are long breaks,
you don’t have a true reinforceable response-unit,
you actually have something else,
an analog to a reinforceable response-unit
(you’ll get to that starting in chapter 22).
64
Nice Norman is playing quietly by himself.
He takes a truck from the toy box and pushes it around the floor for a few minutes,
then he returns it to the box.
Ten minutes later, Norman is back at the toy box searching for another toy.
65
Three times, he returns to the toy box;
once to get an airplane, another time to get a Power Ranger,
and finally he finds an engineer hat.
Norman plays with each of them with 5 to 10 minute breaks in between,
when he wonders around the room, looking for fun.
66
The teacher sees Norman playing quietly with the hat,
and he goes up to Norman
and gives him some candy.
67
Do you think the candy will reinforce all of Norman’s playing?
A. Yes B. No
68
Do you think the candy will reinforce all of Norman’s playing?
A. Yes B. No
It probably wouldn’t because of the numerous long breaks he
took.
69
Do you think the candy will reinforce all of Norman’s playing?
A. Yes B. No
Correct! It probably wouldn’t
because of the numerous long breaks he took.
70
Just to make sure you are getting this concept down,
here’s another scenario to test your behavior-analytic repertoire.
71
Jaci is craving a healthy pizza
so she makes one from scratch.
72
She prepares the veggies and mixes the dough…
Then stops to check her email…
73
And 15 minutes later she puts on the veggies and low-fat cheese.
Finally, with the pizza made,
she puts it in the preheated oven.
74
BeforeJaci doesn’t
have prepared, uncooked
pizza
Is this behavior a reinforceable response-unit?
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
Behavior
Jaci makes pizza from
scratch
AfterJaci has
prepared, uncooked
pizza
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
75
6. Response-Unit TestAre there any interruptions ofgreater than 60 seconds during theresponse? If there are then thebehavior is not a response unit.Rewrite the behavior.
Click me to go back to the Question
76
BeforeJaci doesn’t
have prepared, uncooked
pizza
Behavior
Jaci makes pizza from
scratch
AfterJaci has
prepared, uncooked
pizza
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
No, there will be a break while she checks e-
mail.
Is this behavior a reinforceable response-unit?
77
BeforeJaci doesn’t
have prepared, uncooked
pizza
Behavior
Jaci makes pizza from
scratch
AfterJaci has
prepared, uncooked
pizza
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
Right on. It fails the response-unit test
because she takes a break to check her e-
mail.
Is this behavior a reinforceable response-unit?
78
Before
Jaci doesn’t see the pizza
cooking
How about this behavior?
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
Behavior
Jaci puts pizza in the
oven
After
Jaci sees the pizza
cooking
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
79
6. Response-Unit TestAre there any interruptions ofgreater than 60 seconds during theresponse? If there are then thebehavior is not a response unit.Rewrite the behavior.
Click me to go back to the Question
Click me to go back to the Question
80
Before
Jaci doesn’t see the pizza
cooking
How about this behavior?
Behavior
Jaci puts pizza in the
oven
After
Jaci sees the pizza
cooking
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
No, Jaci puts the pizza in the
oven without a break.
81
Before
Jaci doesn’t see the pizza
cooking
How about this behavior?
Behavior
Jaci puts pizza in the
oven
After
Jaci sees the pizza
cooking
A. Correct reinforceable response-unitB. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
You’re right. Putting the pizza in the oven is a single response without breaks.
82
Let’s try and clarify the difference between the 60 second test and the reinforceable response unit
test.
83
Jaci is a high-paid administrator in a residential facility
for the developmentally disabled population.
It’s Monday and she goes to work for a full day,
which includes a lunch break.
84
She stays after work to conduct a one hour training workshop
for which she will receive extra money
on her paycheck, as long as she hands in proof of completion (this takes no time at all—no breaks).
Friday comes and she picks up her pay- check.
85
She then treats herself to an evening of shopping for new clothes
before going home to sip some warm Earl Gray tea.
86
Before
Jaci will have
regular pay check on
Friday
Behavior
Jaci hands in proof of
completing workshop
After
Jaci will have extra money on Friday’s
check
This contingency is a common student error: It fails the 60 second test, because the outcome follows the response by more than 60 seconds.
88
Before
Jaci does not see her time card
with 8 hours
Behavior
Jaci works all day Monday
AfterImmediately
after, Jaci sees her time card
with 8 hoursClick me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
This contingency passes the 60 second test, since the outcome does not follow the response by more than 60 seconds.
However, it fails the reinforceable response unit test. There are breaks of greater than 60 seconds during the response.
90
Before
Jaci has no tea
Behavior
Jaci makes tea
After
Jaci has tea
Usually, just by looking at the description of the behavior in the behavior box, you can’t be sure if it passes the reinforceable response-unit test.
91
Before
Jaci has no tea
Behavior
Jaci makes tea
After
Jaci has tea
Many words used to describe behavior, by themselves, cannot show if there were interruptions of greater than 60 seconds. You need to look hard at the example or behavior itself to see if there are interruptions of greater than 60 seconds.
92
In the next example choose the scenario that describes the behavior
that passes the reinforceable response-unit test.
93
Before
Jaci has no tea
Behavior
Jaci makes tea
After
Jaci has tea
Scenario #1: Jaci takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. Left-click the scenario that passes the
reinforceable response-unit test.
94
Before
Jaci has no tea
Behavior
Jaci makes tea
After
Jaci has tea
Scenario #1: Jaci takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. There’s a 60 second break between putting the water on
the stove and combining the hot water with the tea bag.
95
Before
Jaci has no tea
Behavior
Jaci makes tea
After
Jaci has tea
Scenario #1: Jaci takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts water on the stove to boil. She comes back later and takes the hot water, pours it into a cup, and adds a tea bag. Yes, there’s no break in scenario #1, but
scenario #2 involves a break.
96
Causality TestIs the outcome caused by
the response?
97
Before
Mom is not home
Behavior
Bob plays the golf game
After
Mom is home
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He plays it so much, his Mom often comes home to see him playing in the middle of a game.
98
Before
Mom is not home
Behavior
Bob plays the golf game
After
Mom is home
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He plays it so much, his Mom often comes home to see him playing in the middle of a game.
A. YesB. No
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce the outcome, Mom is home?
99
Before
Mom is not home
Behavior
Bob plays the golf game
After
Mom is home
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He plays it so much, his Mom often comes home to see him playing in the middle of a game.
A. YesB. No
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce the outcome, Mom is home?
Mom comes home because her workday is over or any number of reasons. But Jimmy’s playing golf on the computer does not cause Mom to come home in a normal
situation.
100
Before
Mom is not home
Behavior
Bob plays the golf game
After
Mom is home
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He plays it so much, his Mom often comes home to see him playing in the middle of a game.
A. YesB. No
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce the outcome, Mom is home?
Yes, of course Jimmy’s playing golf on the computer does not cause Mom to come home in a normal situation. She just
comes home because work is over.
101
Before
Mom is not home
Behavior
Bob plays the golf game
After
Mom is home
The causality test only tests whether the behavior caused, produced or prevented the outcome in some way.The causality test does not test whether the before
caused the behavior. So just look between the Behavior Box and After Box to check causality.
102
Before
No sight of cool ball-in-
flight
Behavior
Bob uses the
controller to swing the
club
After
Cool sight of ball-in-flight
Here’s another example.
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails related-outcomes testC. Fails causality test
103
Before
No sight of cool ball-in-
flight
Behavior
Bob uses the
controller to swing the
club
After
Cool sight of ball-in-flight
Here’s another example.
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails related-outcomes testC. Fails causality test
Sorry, the sight of the ball-in-flight is the opposite of no sight of the ball in flight, so the before
and after are related.
104
Before
No sight of cool ball-in-
flight
Behavior
Bob uses the
controller to swing the
club
After
Cool sight of ball-in-flight
Here’s another example.
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails related-outcomes testC. Fails causality test
Sorry, Bob using the control to swing results in the
immediate sight of the ball-in-flight.
105
Before
No sight of cool ball-in-
flight
Behavior
Bob uses the
controller to swing the
club
After
Cool sight of ball-in-flight
Here’s another example.
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails related-outcomes testC. Fails causality test
Yes, this is correct. Notice one difference between the these two
tests—the causality test is concerned with the Behavior and
After condition…
106
The causality test may take a little practice.
We need to have the behavior related to the outcome,
either by causing it or preventing it.
107
Before
Bob is losing at
the roulette wheel
Behavior
Bob changes his
bet
After
Paul wins at the slot
machines
Now, we can all see that Bob’s betting did not cause Paul to win at the slot machines.
Sometimes, however, the distinction is not so obvious, and the result is superstitious behavior –
Behavior that is accidentally reinforced by coincidental outcomes.
108
Before
Bob is losing at
the roulette wheel
Behavior
Bob crosses his fingers
After
Bob wins the next spin
In this instance, it is likely that Bob will cross his fingers more often in the future
because winning has immediately followed it in the past,
but we still don’t have a behavioral contingency
because Bob’s winning is not contingent on (it’s not caused by) his finger crossing.
109
Before
Bob has a low video
game score
Behavior
Bob aims carefully
After
Bob has a high video game score
There you go – causality. Bob’s carefully aiming causes him to have a high video game score.
110
Paul’s softball teammates get annoyed when he’s up to bat
because he has an elaborate series of movements he goes through every time.
Paul says this ritual brings him good luck,
but it really doesn’t.
111
Before
Paul has no home run
BehaviorPaul looks at the ball
as he swings hard in its path
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test
112
Before
Paul has no home run
BehaviorPaul looks at the ball
as he swings hard in its path
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test
No, looking at the ball and swinging hard are
the important behaviors that cause
the home run.
113
Before
Paul has no home run
BehaviorPaul looks at the ball
as he swings hard in its path
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test
Paul receives the sight of a home
run.
114
Before
Paul has no home run
BehaviorPaul looks at the ball
as he swings hard in its path
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test
Looking and swinging are
active.
115
Before
Paul has no home run
BehaviorPaul looks at the ball
as he swings hard in its path
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails action test
Yes, looking at the ball and swinging hard are
the important behaviors that cause
the home run.
116
Before
Paul has no home run
Behavior
Paul performs his ritual
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
118
Before
Paul has no home run
Behavior
Paul performs his ritual
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test
Strike. No, you should check the Pink Sheet.
Click me to see the Pink Sheet
119
Before
Paul has no home run
Behavior
Paul performs his ritual
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test
Strike. No, Paul receives the home
run.
120
Before
Paul has no home run
Behavior
Paul performs his ritual
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test
Strike. Although getting a home run is unrelated to his ritual, the related outcomes
test refers to the relation between the before and after
conditions.
121
Before
Paul has no home run
Behavior
Paul performs his ritual
After
Paul gets a home run
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails causality testC. Fails receiver testD. Fails related-outcomes test
Correct. It passes the receiver test because
he receives the sight of his hit go over the
fence. And it passes the related-outcomes
test because no homers is related to
homers.
122
Warning:Don’t be a casualty of
mispronouncing causality.
It’s easy to misread causality as casualty, but then the “casualty”
criterion doesn’t make a heck of a lot of sense.
123
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
Related Outcomes Test
60” Test
Response-Unit Test
Table of Contents.
124
Stimulus TestIs the before and after a
stimulus, event or condition?
125
This contingency is not correct.
Before
Bob is having
trouble with his
assignment
Behavior
Bob asks for help
After
Bob does his assignment
The before and after conditions cannot be behavior of the person we are analyzing.
126
This contingency is correct.
Before
Bob is having
trouble with his
assignment
Behavior
Bob asks for help
AfterBob is not
having trouble with
his assignment
The after condition is now a stimulus, event or condition for the person we are analyzing, not a behavior of that person.
127
However, the before and after conditions can be behavior of someone else;
which makes it a stimulus, event or condition to the behaver.Before
Teacher doesn’t help
Bob
Behavior
Bob asks for help
After
Teacher helps Bob
128
Here’s the same contingency written a little differently:
BeforeTeacher
doesn’t help Bob
Behavior
Bob asks for help
AfterTeacher helps
Bob
Remember, receives is not behavior, so it’s fine in the before and after boxes.
Bob receives no help from the teacher
Bob receiveshelp from
the teacher
129A. YesB. No
Do the before or after conditions circled above have a behavior of the behaver?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy (Hint: Jimmy’s the behaver).
130A. YesB. No
Do the before or after conditions above have a behavior of the behaver?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Sorry, says is behavior of the person we are
analyzing, right?
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
131A. YesB. No
Do the before or after conditions above have a behavior of the behaver? (Jimmy)
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Correct, says is Jimmy’s
behavior.
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
132A. YesB. No
So then does this pass the stimulus test?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Click me to see the stimulus test
133
7. Stimulus TestIs the before & after a stimulusevent or condition, and not a behavior of the behaver? If it isn’t then change the stimulus. (Hint: If the outcome is another behavior of the behaver, you probably don’t have a correct outcome. Exceptions: self-reinforcement, seeing, hearing, orthe opportunity for activity.)
Click me to go back to the
question
134A. YesB. No
So then does this pass the stimulus test?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
againBecause the before and after condition
have Jimmy’s behavior, it fails
the stimulus test.
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
135A. YesB. No
So then does this pass the stimulus test?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
againYes, because the before and after
condition have Jimmy ’s behavior, it fails the stimulus test.
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
136
A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above
What other tests does this contingency fail?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
137
A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above
What other tests does this contingency fail?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
againYes, there’s no action in “gets,” but what about the other tests?
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
138
A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above
What other tests does this contingency fail?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Yes, “gets” is not a concrete behavior,
but what about the other tests?
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
139
A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above
What other tests does this contingency fail?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Yes, a dead man can “get,” but
what about the other tests?
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
140
A. Action testB. Specific behavior testC. Dead-man testD. All of the above
What other tests does this contingency fail?
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Yes, “gets” fails each of these tests because it’s really the same as
“receives,” which involves nothing on Jimmy’s part—it describes no muscular, glandular or electrical
activity.
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly, Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
141
This example is kind of complex, let’s start with the before condition.
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a smile
from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
Jimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior should be written in the behavior box, not the before condition, nor the after.
142
This example is kind of complex, let’s start with the before condition.
Before
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
BehaviorJimmy gets a
smile from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
againJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
So let’s move the behavior hereJimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior should be written in the behavior box, not the before condition.
143
BeforeJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
BehaviorJimmy gets a
smile from Dad
AfterJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
again
The after condition also has Jimmy’s behavior, which fails the stimulus test.
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
144
BeforeJimmy says “Daddy” correctly
BehaviorJimmy gets a
smile from Dad
AfterJimmy says
“Daddy” correctly again
To find out what to write in the after box, you need to ask What happened immediately after Jimmy said “Daddy”?
Jimmy says “Daddy” correctly
Jimmy has a smile
from Dad
Jimmy has no smile from Dad
And immediately before, the opposite was the no-smile condition.
145
Remember the problem about Tommy and his mom at the donut shop?
He didn’t stop screeching until he had a donut in his hands.
146
.
Analyze the next contingency with respect to Tommy’s behavior.
147
Before
Tommy is pointing to the donut
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy isn’t pointing to the donut
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
Even if the before or after has a passive verb, it may still be active. If the before or after condition passes the action test then the diagram fails the stimulus test. Analyze this contingency, if it fails a test which one is it?
149
Before
Tommy is pointing to the donut
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy isn’t pointing to the donut
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
No, you should check the Pink
Sheet.
Click me if you want to see the Pink
Sheet
150
Before
Tommy is pointing to the donut
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy isn’t pointing to the donut
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
No. Can a dead-man screech?
151
Before
Tommy is pointing to the donut
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy isn’t pointing to the donut
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
No, Tommy’s pointing is the opposite of not
pointing.
152
Before
Tommy is pointing to the donut
Behavior
Tommy screeches
After
Tommy isn’t point to the
donut
A. Correct contingencyB. Fails dead-man testC. Fails causality testD. Fails stimulus test
Correct. Tommy’s behavior should not be in the Before or After conditions.
153
Before
Clothes on the floor
Behavior
Jen yells
After
Sue apologizes
A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test Click me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
Remember the problem with Jennifer’s roommate throwing clothes on the floor?
Now we’ll analyze Jen’s behavior, so her behavior shouldn’t be in the before or after conditions, though Sue ’s behavior can be in the before and after conditions.
155
A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
Before
Clothes on the floor
Behavior
Jen yells
After
Sue apologizes
No, take a closer look at the before
condition…
156
A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
Before
Clothes on the floor
Behavior
Jen yells
After
Sue apologizes
No, Jen’s yelling causes Sue to
apologize.
157
A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
Before
Clothes on the floor
Behavior
Jen yells
After
Sue apologizes
Yes. Clothes on the floor is not related to Sue
apologizes. It passes the causality test because
Sue apologizing is contingent (caused by) Jen yelling. And since
Jen is the behaver, we’re cool with the
stimulus test.
158
A. Correct afterB. Fails causality testC. Fails related-outcomes testD. Fails stimulus test
Before
Clothes on the floor
Behavior
Jen yells
After
Sue apologizes
Even though the condition is a behavior, it’s fine as long as it’s not a behavior of the
person we are analyzing.
159
You’re finished. So now you can relax
If you want to review any of the tests you can
continue to the next slide and choose one. Or
you can hit “Esc” to finish.
160
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
Related Outcomes Test
60” Test
Response-Unit Test
You’re finished. If you’d like to review any of the tests, just click on the test name below.