contextualizing the second international polar year early polar aviation and bergen school...
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Contextualizing the Second International Polar Year
Early Polar Aviation and Bergen School Meteorology
Roger TurnerUniversity of Pennsylvania
Polar Gateways Arctic Circle SunriseJanuary 23, 2008
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US National Weather Service Office, 1997
(Taunton, Massachusetts)
Source: NWS (http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/office2.html)
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Meteorology: A Global Science
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Source: Amazon.com
Appropriating the Weather
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Source: Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology
(http://www.tekniskmuseum.no/wormpetersen/hallde.htm)
The Bergen School
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Source: NOAA Central Library (http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/wea01830.htm)
A Computational Science
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The Spitsbergen School
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Aviation and Geopolitics
Frontispiece, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea, by Amundsen and Ellsworth (1926)
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Aviation not yet robust
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Was the Arctic good for flying?
Source: Amundsen and Ellsworth, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea,
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AeroArctic Postage Franking
Source: John Dziadecki's website "Zeppelin" (http://spot.colorado.edu/~dziadeck/zf/stamps.htm)
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Wegener’s Grave and Propeller Sleds
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The Spitsbergen School
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Harald Sverdrup (1888-1957)
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Sverre Petterssen (1898-1974)
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Petterssen during WWII
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Finn Malmgren (1895-1928)
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Norge in flight
Source: Amundsen and Ellsworth, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea,
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Malmgren Memorial, Stockholm
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Jorgen Holmboe (1902-1979)
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Three Key Traits
• Experience living in the far north
• Passion for outdoor athletics
• Theoretical attention to the upper air
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Petterssen’s Nordland Home
Source: Fleming, Weathering the Storm
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Capsized Nordlandsbåt
Source: Fleming, Weathering the Storm
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Amundsen Memorial in Svalbard
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The Maud
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Finn Malmgren
Source: Fleming, Weathering the Storm
Knut Knaus drew caricatures of
several members of the Bergen
School during the mid-1920s.
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Petterssen at Tromsø, 1928
Source: Fleming, Weathering the Storm
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Bergen Weather Office, 1918
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The Air Mass Model of Cyclogenesis
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IPY2 Commission, 1933
Source: Annals of the IGY, v. 1, p. 235
Harald Sverdrup
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Launching a Radiosonde, 1936
Source: National Bureau of Standards (http://www.centennialofflight.gov)
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The Spitsbergen School
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The Spitsbergen School
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The Weather Cadet
Generation
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Physics Leads Forecasting
“It is clear that the ultimate goals of dynamic and synoptic meteorology can only be obtained simultaneously: the perfect forecaster would be the first man who could completely explain the physical behavior of the atmosphere, and vice versa. … [I]t is already clear that an understanding of the atmosphere in physical terms is absolutely essential for the synoptic meteorologist.”
--Jorgen Holmboe, George Forsythe, and William Gustin,
Dynamic Meteorology, 1945, p. 1.
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Weather Cadet Generation
in 1970