context matters! · a social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to hiv...

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Prepared by Lynn C. Todman, PhD Director, Institute on Social Exclusion Adler School of Professional Psychology

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Page 1: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

Prepared by Lynn C. Todman, PhD

Director, Institute on Social ExclusionAdler School of Professional Psychology

Page 2: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

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Page 3: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

CONTEXT MATTERS!CONTEXT MATTERS!

The incidence of HIV is not simply a function of sexual behavior. 

The social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play a central role in the incidence of the HIV 

epidemic. 

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Page 4: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

PARTNERSHIPS AND ALLIANCES ARE PARTNERSHIPS AND ALLIANCES ARE CRITICAL CRITICAL

The multi‐facetedness and complexity of the social context requires that HIV prevention and intervention efforts employ the skills and 

knowledge of people and professions that are not on the frontlines of fighting the epidemic.

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Page 5: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

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United States:2006: Black Women = 61% new HIV cases among women

Illinois:2006: African-American Women =

66% HIV diagnoses

Chicago: 2006: 316 Women =

HIV-positive (80% African-

American)

Sources: Center for Disease Control; AIDS Foundation of Chicago

Page 6: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

“…the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age...” (WHO, 2007)

Premise: Health is determined not just by personal behavioral factors, but by a host of political, economic, cultural, and social contextual factors which are outside of the purview of the health care sector.

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Page 7: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

Social constructions of race and sexuality – notably the promiscuity or hyper‐sexuality of African Americans. (Adapted from Stillwaggon 2008, 2009)

Reflected in public policy, programming (e.g., HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention, ABCs)

But, HIV among Black women is not simply about individual behavior, but complex and interacting social, cultural, economic, geographic, religious, and political contextual factors. 

The HIV epidemic among African American women cannot be effectively addressed without addressing these contextual variables, including the highly sexualized conceptualizations about the behaviors of black women. 

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Page 8: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would…

help dispel popular attitudes and beliefs about the hyper‐sexualized African American; and 

challenge the near exclusive use of the personal responsibility doctrine as the basis of HIV policy and programming.  

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Page 9: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

The risk of becoming HIV infected or of infecting someone else, per sex act… is higher in poor populations (Stillwaggon 2009).Poverty has a direct biological effect that increases the risk of HIV/AIDS

Malnutrition Untreated illness  Stress (Weathering)

Compromised immune system – predisposes poor people to infections of all types including HIV/AIDS. 

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Page 10: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would integrate current research and understanding of the impact of poverty on human biology and disease transmission. 

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Page 11: CONTEXT MATTERS! · A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would… ¾focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play

Why are some ethnic groups, such as Blacks, less healthy than others?

The “Weathering Framework “– Racism and racism‐induced stressors “weather” the systems of the human body and fuel the progression of disease. (Geronimus)

Stressors accumulate and feed on each other. 

Minorities suffer from weathering more often than whites because they're more likely to experience stress due to racism induced social, economic, political, and other forms of exclusion. 

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Who’s Poor in the U.S?Percentage of people below the poverty line in 2007

National Average – 12.5% 

12Source: U.S. Census Bureau

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Who’s Poor in Chicago?Percentage of people below the poverty line in 2007

National Average – 12.5% 

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14Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

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15Sources: City of Chicago, 2007 Point In Time Count; US Conference of Mayors, Hunger and Homelessness Survey, 2007

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16Source: Kaiser Family Foundation

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11% of U.S. 

7.9 % of whites

22.2 %22.2 % of blacks

37.7%37.7% of poor families 

30.2% 30.2% of single women with children

17Source: United States Department of Agriculture

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Uptown Uptown Edgewater Edgewater East Garfield Park East Garfield Park Washington Park Washington Park Lake View Lake View Rogers Park Rogers Park Near South Side Near South Side Woodlawn Woodlawn West Garfield ParkWest Garfield ParkNear West Side Near West Side 

18Source: AIDS Foundation of Chicago

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Poverty – A social‐contextual risk factor that heightens biological vulnerability to HIV

Poor nutrition Untreated illnessesStress (weathering)

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A social determinants‐inspired policy and programmatic response to HIV would…

focus on the role that social, political, economic, and cultural contexts play in predisposing African American women to the disease;

address the contextual determinants (e.g., poverty, economic dependence, homelessness) with at least the same vigor it addresses the sexual behaviors of black women; and 

build cross‐professional alliances to foster social, economic, political, and cultural structural change needed to stem the epidemic. 

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For more information, contact me at the For more information, contact me at the Adler Institute on Social Exclusion: Adler Institute on Social Exclusion: 

[email protected]@adler.edu312312‐‐201201‐‐59005900

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ReferencesReferences1) AIDS Foundation of Chicago. November 2008. HIV/AIDS in Illinois.2) Blitstein, Ryan. Racism’s Hidden Toll. Miller‐McCune. June 15, 2009.3) Geronimus, Arline T. 1996. "Black/White Differences in the Relationship of Maternal Age to Birthweight: A Population‐Based Test 

of the Weathering Hypothesis." Social Science and Medicine, 42 (4): 589‐97. Reprint No. 484. 4) Geronimus, Arline T. 2001. "Understanding and Eliminating Racial Inequalities in Women's Health in the United States: The Role 

of the Weathering Conceptual Framework." Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 56 (4): 133‐136.5) Geronimus, Arline T., Margaret Hicken, Danya Keene , and John Bound. 2006. ""Weathering" and age‐patterns of allostatic load 

scores among Blacks and Whites in the United States." American Journal of Public Health, 96: 826‐833. 6) HIV/AIDS Brief. December 2008. The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Chicago.7) Stillwaggon, Eileen. AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty: Environmental Determinants of Vulnerability. International Journal of 

Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability. Vol. 1 2005/2006.8) Stillwaggon, Eileen. July 10, 2009. Complexity, cofactors, and the failure of AIDs policy in Africa. Journal of the International AIDS 

Society. 2009 12:12. 9) Stillwaggon, Eileen. October 2008. Race, Sex, and the Neglected Risks for Women and Gils in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Feminist 

Economics. 14(4), 67‐86.10) Stillwaggon, Eileen. The Ecology of Poverty: Nutrition, Parasites, and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Nutrition, Parasites, and 

Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Ch. 9, pp. 167‐180. 11) Stillwaggon, Eileen. 2003. Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa. Development and Change. 34(5): 809‐832.12) U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. 1999‐2009. Data 

extracted on: July 28, 2009 (2:08:33 PM).13) U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder. S1701 Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months. Data Set: 2005‐2007 American 

Community Survey 3‐Year Estimates. Survey: Amerian Community Survey. Chicago, IL, Chicago‐Naperville‐Joliet, IL‐IN‐WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Data extracted on: August 19, 2009.

14) Walsemann, Katrina M., Geronimus, Arline T, and G.C. Gee.  2008. Accumulating disadvantage over the life course – Evidence from a longitudinal study investigating the relationship between educational advantage in youth and health in middle age. Research on Aging. 30(2): 169‐199.