contesting the australian way -...

Index

Aaron, H. 202Aboriginal people 144

see also indigenous AustraliansAboriginal rights 75, 79Academy of Social Sciences in Australia

2,69Accord (Prices and Incomes Accord) 2,

3,46, 102, 141, 162, 178accountability 126, 158, 188, 191, 226,

233Adam Smith Institute 215administration, principles of 126Administrative Appeals Tribunal 226advocacy 221, 239affirmative action 26, 113aged care 130agency theory 237agriculture policy 146aid to families program (US) 70alliances, historical 151Anderson, M. 174Angell, I. 34anti-immigration policy 142arbitration system see industrial

arbitrationArgy, F. 164aristocracy, hereditary 199Arndt, Heinz 90Asia 35, 192

East 19, 146, 162, 186, 191, 193South-East 162

Audit Commissionsee National Commission of Audit

Australian Business Chamber 166Australian Business Foundation 182,

186, 191, 193Australian Chamber of Commerce and

Industry (ACCI) 182

Australian Council of Social Service(ACOSS) 125,231

Australian Council of Trade Unions(ACTU) 145

see also trade unionsAustralian Industrial Relations

Commission (AIRC) 47, 101, 141,143,152

Australian Labor Party 2, 3, 90, 102,104, 145, 152, 183

Australian Manufacturing Council 190,191

Australian Manufacturing Workers'Union (AMWU) 182, 190

Australian Settlement 4-8, 10, 17, 20,57-68, 77, 79, 81-4, 85, 89, 111,139, 145, 151, 182

Australian Way 2-5 7-9, 10, 12-13, 38,41, 49-54, 69-80, 81-93, 94,111,140, 197,201,215,237-40

middle way 4, 73, 81, 89, 90narrow way 74, 80flexible way 75

Austria 48authoritarian rule 138automotive industry 183award system, Australia 41, 43, 47, 169awards, industrial 122,210

balance of payments 185,187Baldwin, P. 204banking industry 132, 163, 186, 235banking policy

full employment and 87, 105banking system, Australia 169Barbalet,J. 148Barber, Benjamin 135, 136Barton, Edmund 57

265

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266 INDEX

Battin, T. 170Beck, U. 148Beilharz, P. 7, 72Bell, S. viii, 10, 157-8Bellamy, E. 58benchmarking 112,220benefit outlays 181benefits, basic 204Benevolent Society 125Benthamism 59-60best practice 112,191,220Bhaduri, A. 97BHP Limited

closure of Newcastle steelworks 183Bible 58, 69, 76Birrell, Robert 73Blair, Tony 29Blandy, R. 174Bourdieu, P. 148Brennan, D. vii, 11, 124-37, 239Brennan, G.Bretton Woods monetary order 159Brigden Report 181Britain see United KingdomBroom, L. 199Bryce,J. 57Buchanan 172,173budget deficit 48budget maximisation 134budget outlays 126budgetary processes 113budgeting 115, 117, 122budgets 122, 131

balanced 185Bureau of Industry Economics (BIE)

192bureaucracy 5, 111-23, 125

democracy and 125modernisation of 128, 129see also market bureaucracy

bureaucratic government 115bureaucratic model 128,130,150bureaucratic processes 123bureaucrats 114, 133business 119, 128, 141, 161, 164, 168,

182, 230, 231business costs 193Business Council of Australia (BCA) 182business programs 188, 189business sector 162, 177

Cairns, J. 91Canada 45, 48, 127, 197, 237capital 32, 82, 97, 151, 159, 160, 161,

163, 164, 165, 185, 189capital flight 161capital formation 167

capital inflows 185, 193capitalism 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31,

35, 81, 83, 86, 89, 157, 165, 198,225

collaborative 21communitarian 29, 30, 35democratic 25, 26, 30, 31economic rationalist 167free-market 25, 35global 31laissez-faire 30managed 168social market 28, 30

Carroll, J. 6case management 228-40Cass, B. viii, 3, 8, 38-67, 85, 86Castles, F. 72,81-4,204Centre for Independent Studies 238charitable organisation sector 217charities 125Chifley Labor government 73, 94, 96,

102, 106Chifley, J. B. 76,96child care 131, 134, 135

public investment in 49, 53child-care centres, closure 13Childe 57children's services 130, 132, 134choice 223, 224churches 149citizen entitlements 75citizens 131citizenship 30, 51, 52, 71, 136, 137, 218

participatory 127social 218

citizenship rights 23civil rights movement (US) 140civil society 7, 11-12, 22, 25, 38, 41, 43,

50, 54, 85, 118, 123, 124-37, 142,144, 239, 240

Clark, D. 134Clark, M. 58, 69class 26, 79, 119, 140, 148, 151, 152,

198Clinton Administration (US) 127Clinton, W. 193Coalition government, Australia see

Greiner-Fahey government, NSW;Howard Liberal-National Coalitiongovernment; Kennett government,Victoria; Menzies Liberal-CountryCoalition government

cognitive elite 34Cohen, J. and Rogers, J. 124Cold War 89collective action 148collective bargaining 52






INDEX 267

collective behaviour 140collective goods 29collective interests 131,136collectivism 29, 59, 61, 62, 67, 72, 120,

172Collins, H. 59-60commodity export sectors 163, 167,

186commodity prices 159Commons, J. R. 186Commonwealth Bank of Australia 87,

169Commonwealth Employment Service

(CES) 232, 234Commonwealth government 127, 134,

230Commonwealth of Australia 71, 77, 145community 25, 62, 125, 126, 131, 132,

136, 221, 230community care 130community development 221community networks 124community organisations 126, 133, 135,

231, 232community participation 113community sector 228, 229, 232, 233,

236community service obligations 218community services 88, 124-37, 219,

223,235community social welfare organisations

(CSWOs) 219,220,222community-managed services 135comparative advantage 24, 70, 186competition 117, 121, 129, 130, 132,

135, 144, 145, 173, 192,217,220,227, 234, 238

international 82, 119, 160, 161, 163non-government welfare sector and

219-21public sector and 221-3,226resource intensive 192

competition model 232-40competition policy 36, 227, 228

case management and 228-40national 4, 126, 232

competitive advantage 24, 25, 29, 32,35, 181, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192,193

competitive settlement 139competitive tendering 5, 11, 218, 220,

222, 224, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236,238

see also compulsory competitivetendering (CCT)

competitiveness 145, 148, 181, 182, 183international 187, 216, 223, 228

compulsory competitive tendering (CCT)225, 226, 238

Conciliation and Arbitration Commission101, 152, 171

Conciliation and Arbitration Court 71,180

conflict, industrial 159consensus 183consensus management 139consensus politics 58consensus tradition 8conservatism 57, 59, 63

civic 29Constitution of Australia 60constitutional change 105consumer confidence 166consumer groups 126,133consumerism 219consumers 132, 134, 135, 136

rational 143consumption 191consumption tax 204, 208contestability 224contracting out 112, 121, 122, 130, 220,

224, 228, 229, 233Coombs, H. C. 88, 90, 119, 125Coombs Royal Commission 113,125cooperation 192corporate sector 33corporatisation 130, 178, 217, 236corporatism 139,231,232cost-effectiveness 220cost minimisation 193cost of living 197cost reduction 162, 164, 216, 223Council of Australian Governments

(COAG) 127,235courts 128Cox, Eva 124, 135Crawford Report 181credit-rating agencies, international 138,

151cultural cringe 9culture war 26current account deficit 158, 185Curtin,J. 67Curtin Labor government 73, 96customer focus 130customer service 229, 235customer-supplier chains 189cyberspace 34-5Czechoslovakia 198

Davies, A. F. I l lDay of Mourning 79Deakin, A. 57, 60, 76-7, 78, 145

see also liberalism, Deakinite






268 INDEX

debtforeign 46, 159government 161

decentralisation 111, 114, 120of management authority 120of service delivery 117,137political 29

decommodification 39, 40deficit financing 111deindustrialisation 167demand 101, 102, 103, 104, 166, 185demand management 158, 180, 181, 185democracy 9, 23, 25, 26, 30, 58, 65,

67-8, 71, 79, 120, 124, 128, 138-53,227

associative 124Australian 65, 67-8, 74, 79, 152, 197,

198corporatist 23economic 88, 91, 92liberal 138, 146, 147, 151pluralist 25

democratisation 115, 121Department of Employment, Education

and Training (DEET) 232, 233Department of Social Security (DSS) 234deregulation 46, 50, 135, 163, 180, 217

economic 7financial 35, 46, 116, 165, 169, 177,

178in UK 29in US 27of employment contracts 38of industrial relations 46of labour market 3, 40, 43, 46, 54,

176,177of markets 32,33, 138of wages system 47, 54power of governments and 178

design, investment in 189development

policy 118state 111sustainable 184, 192technology 193urban 51,113

developmentalism 139, 146discrimination, prevention of 128, 135distribution 85, 160

see also income distributiondiversity 224Dow, G. 101Downing, W. 199Downs, A. 143downsizing 34, 183, 191Drucker, P. 34Dyster, B. 86

earnings distribution 210Eatwell,J. 94economic crisis 157economic decline 144economic development 22, 124, 146,

149domestic defence model 158-62Keynesian full-employment model see

full employment'low road' to 167models 157-68

economic fundamentalism 128economic growth 43, 45, 46, 84, 178,

180, 182, 185, 193, 205, 216, 223,228

interventionist approach to 183slow 165

economic management 86, 87economic performance 124,161economic policy 1, 6, 83, 84, 86, 94, 97,

104, 141, 144, 152, 157, 169governments and 142inappropriate 177interventionist 193neoclassical 142social policy and 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 94-5,

96, 106, 119welfare policy and 7, 83

economic rationalism 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11,12, 17,36,66,84,89, 112, 115, 117,118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 158, 161,162-8, 169-79, 217, 221, 231, 238

as microeconomic agenda 173as political program 172-3definition of 170-2economic restructuring and 162-4mainstream economics and 174-7outcomes of 164-8unemployment and 177-9

economic regeneration 149economic restructuring 157-68economic sectors, globally-oriented 163economics

evolutionary 186, 188institutionalist 185, 188Keynesian see Keynesian economic

policyneoclassical 12, 25, 114, 148, 172,

184,215,216,219mainstream 174-9normative 174positive 174, 176

economies of scale 192economy 127, 157

Australian 180government regulation of 175structural adjustment in 181






INDEX 269

education 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 60, 62, equity 113, 120, 123, 128, 135, 136, 21887, 88, 113, 135, 145, 208, 223, 224 see also gender equity

employment and 40, 46, 47, 50, 51 Ernst, J. viii, 11, 215-27, 238, 239tertiary 134 Esping-Andersen, G. 39, 40, 209training and 40, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, ethical state theory 77

54, 194 ethnic identity 26effectiveness 120,130,207 ethnic minorities 198efficiency 113, 117, 120, 123, 130, 207, Europe 30, 35, 44, 45, 59, 82, 140, 162,

216, 223, 239 193, 197egalitarianism 58, 88, 197, 199, 200, 204 Eastern 162elaborately transformed manufactures European Human Rights Convention 24

24, 185, 185, 188, 189, 190, 192 European Union 24, 47elite consensus 17-20,24,35 exceptionalism, Australian 92employees 191 exchange rate

public 133 floating of 169employers 151, 231 movements of 182employment 3, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 53, overvalued 185

54, 69-70, 178, 180, 187, 190, 193, expenditure225,228 public 126, 131

casual 44, 45, 48, 50 private 210education and 40, 46, 50, 51 export assistance 183full-time 45,48,69-70 exports 185, 190generation of 184insecurity of 167 familiespart-time 44, 45, 48, 53 income distribution and 206security of 46, 94, 193 indigenous 42temporary 44 low-income 42, 49training and 40, 46, 50, 51 sole parent 42see also full employment; self- women and 40, 48, 53, 54

employment; underemployment family allowance 71employment benefits 44, 53 family policy 42, 142employment growth 46, 50, 53 federalism 60, 78employment policy 40, 42, 50, 51, 86, Federation, Australian 58, 73, 74, 78,

87 152Employment Services Regulatory feminism 78, 79, 140, 141, 151, 152

Authority (ESRA) 231,234 feminist groups 135employment services, administration of feminist movement 142, 149

230 finance 187Emy, H. viii, 4, 6-8, 10, 17-37, 84, 128, finance capital 149, 185

148, 238 financial interests 163Encel, S. 199, 202 financial sector 165, 166, 177, 178enterprise bargaining 38, 47, 52, 145, financial systems 193

162, 169, 178, 179, 190 Finland 200entrepreneurialism 130 fiscal consolidation 183environment 19, 31, 171 fiscal equalisation 145environmental movement 142, 149 fiscal policy 50, 162, 164, 181environmentalists 147 Fitzgerald, Tom 116equal opportunities 191 flexibility 43, 75, 115, 118, 120, 137,Equal Opportunities Commission (UK) 192, 201, 220, 233, 236, 237, 239

225 flexible specialisation 188equal remuneration for work of equal Fordism 81, 89

value 53 Fortress Australia 82, 84equality 5, 28, 197, 205 fragmentation 142

gender 50, 66 France 44, 66, 186, 198, 200in Australia 199 franchising 130racial 66 Fraser, B. 178see also inequality free enterprise 90, 140






270 INDEX

free market 4, 7, 13, 17, 20, 22, 29, 30,88, 96, 105, 146, 148, 162, 164, 180,186, 229

free trade 28, 61-2, 74, 77, 159, 193free-traders 145freedom

individual 176negative concept of 116

freedom of association 151freedom of contract 78freedom of information 113Freeland,J. 85,86Friedman, M. 172, 173Fukuyama, F. 25-6, 148full cost-recovery principle 218full employment 4, 5, 10, 38, 42, 43, 47,

50-1, 54, 162, 164, 168, 169, 184Keynesianism and 4, 10, 85-91, 96-8,

100, 102, 104-7, 158, 159, 179, 181see also employment

full-employment investment boards 106functionalism 139-40, 142, 146, 147

Gabay,A. 77Gaebler, T. 127-30, 135Galbraith,J. K. 186Gelbach,J. 204gender equity 43, 79George, H. 58Germany 27, 30, 146, 162, 186, 192Gini coefficient 199, 207global marketplace 129globalisation 1, 7, 9, 10, 17-18, 20, 21,

22, 24, 26, 27, 30-5, 43, 49, 84, 93,99, 104, 129, 138, 142, 144, 152,163, 166, 188

goods and services 131,170-1Gore Report 127Gore,Al 127governance 30, 163, 164

corporate 183developmental model 144-7

governmentaccountability in 120activities 182alliances with business 141as guarantor of welfare 230as service industry 129business and 231central 113contemporary 215control of economic policy and 142core business 54, 125distinctiveness 122federal 225Industry Commission and 227inefficiency in 114

intervention by 175local 232limited 116, 173market-oriented 149minimal 171, 172, 177national 118, 119processes 122redistributive role of 135restructuring of community services

and 124-37role 117,239size 162service provision and 223social movements and 140, 146, 147smaller 237state 225see also reinventing government

government funding 127government spending 102, 103Gramsci, A. 151Gray,J. 28-9Great Depression 12,64,83,87,202Greece 44green bans 141Green, R viii, 10, 180-94Green, T. H. 77Greiner-Fahey government, NSW 237gross domestic product (GDP) 160, 161Gruen, F. 69

Habermas,J. 141, 143Hancock, K. 8, 57, 63Hanson, P. 143Hasluck, P. 85Hawke, R. J. L. 46, 64, 66, 67Hawke-Keating Labor government

Australian Industrial RelationsCommission and 152

deregulation and 116economic policy 13, 18, 36, 46, 96,

110, 139economic rationalism 4, 228-40employment policy 228-40governance and 144non-profit sector and 132public sector reform 11, 111, 112,

115, 116, 119, 125, 136-7,role of government 5social corporatism 12social policy 46, 66, 72, 96, 231social welfare 238unemployment 104wages policy 162see also Australian Labor Party; Hawke,

R.J. L.; Keating, P. J.Hayden, W. 64, 98, 102-3Hayek, F. 172, 173






INDEX 271

health 208, 223, 224health care system 128health insurance 71, 74health policy 40, 43, 49, 113health services 127Higgins, H. B. 57Hilmer Report 232, 235, 238Hirst, P. 124Hobbes, T. 57Hobsbawm, E. 31,32,35Hobson,J. 22-3, 146Holman, W.A. 57Holmwood 142Holt, H. 199home and community care 130home ownership, private 41, 42, 210,

211homeless youth services 130Home, D. 58household size 206housing 208

public 217housing policy 40, 49, 50, 87, 113,Howard Liberal-National Coalition

governmentAustralian Industrial Relations

Commission and 152economic policy 139, 144economic rationalism and 12-13, 36,

169elite consensus and 17industrial relations 52, 53industry policy 182market bureaucracy 229, 238non-profit sector and 132public sector reform 111,112,115,

121, 122, 125, 126social policy 231social protection and 46welfare administration 239-40

Howard, J. 46Hughes, W. M. 57human rights 140human rights movement 149human services 135, 137, 220, 226Hungary 198Hunter Valley 192Hunternet 192Hutton, W. 29, 35, 44, 94, 168hysteresis 177

identity politics 26immigration controls 71, 158immigrants 212imperial benevolence 64, 66import substitution 181,185income 171

citizens' 51household 206market 207minimum income guarantee 51participation 51-2see also inequality

income distribution 38, 39, 40, 101-5,175, 176, 184, 197-213,225

equality of 197inequality of 171international comparisons 198-9

income redistribution 39, 123, 204-10income share 101, 102income stream 210income support 42, 45, 48, 50

redistributive system of 9residual system of 54, 82, 88policy 51-52

incomes policy 172India 162indigenous Australians 212individual employment contracts 38, 47,

53individual freedom 114individualism 25, 61-3, 66, 120, 172industrial arbitration 79, 83, 152, 158,

182compulsory 180

Industrial Arbitration Act 1901 11industrial awards 122

see also award systemindustrial relations 38, 50, 52

legislation 52policy 38, 50, 52-3, 54, 193reform 181see also Workplace Relations Act 1996

Industrial Relations Commissionsee Australian Industrial Relations

Commissionindustrial sector 165, 166, 186industrialisation 22industries

high-technology 182, 193low-technology 182strategic 192

industry clusters 182, 189, 191, 192Industry Commission 181, 183, 215-27

social policy and 217-19industry development 192, 228industry groups 232industry policy 24, 50, 87, 105, 145,

146, 148, 163, 167, 168, 180-94industry protection 7, 41, 64-5, 181

see also protectionismindustry-sector working parties 190,

191inefficiency 166






272 INDEX

inequality 9, 20, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 39,40, 51, 93, 139, 166, 168

Australian 197-214, (new view) 200-3,(problems of measurement) 206-13,(traditional view) 197-9, (welfarestate and) 203-6

gender 38,47,53-4, 152income 40, 43, 47, 54, 101, 165, 171,

197-214inflation 46, 87, 88, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 139, 159, 160, 162,163, 164, 165, 166, 172,177-9

information society 129infrastructure 50, 186, 219

economic 87, 91educational 189knowledge 187public sector investment in 167transport 189

innovation 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193,223, 235, 239

innovation networks, local and regional182, 192

innovation systems, national 182-3insecurity 31, 167, 168institutional reform 138-53institutions

democratic 142, 198economic 199, 201educational 129environmental 140financial 162public 138

interest rateschanges in 169rate of economic growth and 177reducing 185

International Monetary Fund 138, 151,163, 178

international pressures 163international trade 91internationalisation 17-19, 38, 67investment 105, 106, 111, 116, 161, 183,

185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192foreign 158patterns of 166private 160, 185, 210public 160

investment policy 40Ireland 200Ireland, P. 70Italy 146,200

Jackson Report 181James, C. 6Japan 26, 29, 44, 48, 146, 162, 186, 193,

198, 200job creation 85, 180, 181

jobshigh-skilled 45,49,50, 188low-paid 53, 187low-skilled 45, 49, 232'Mickey Mouse' 101part-time 167quality of 182, 188

Jones, F. 199,202justice 30, 136

distributive 54see also social justice

Kakwani, N .199Kalecki, M. 101, 105, 159Kaptein, E. 162Karpin Report 194Keating, M. 120Keating, P. J. 7, 18, 46, 64, 66, 67, 137,

144see also Hawke-Keating Labor

governmentKelly, P. 7,63-7,72,81, 111Kennett government, Victoria 121, 127,

128,237Kennett, G. 130Keynesian economic policy 4, 10, 12, 41,

50, 69, 74, 81-93, 94-107, 111, 161,184, 185, 193, 217

Kidd, B. 77King, S. 6KuKluxKlan 140

Labor government see Chifley Laborgovernment; Curtin Laborgovernment; Hawke-Keating Laborgovernment; Whitlam Laborgovernment

Labor see Australian Labor Partylabour 32, 30, 151, 159, 160, 164, 167,

181, 185, 188, 197disciplined 164high-wage 158itinerant 152problem, the 159, 160

labour force participation rate 45, 49, 212women's 45, 49

labour force, quality of 70labour market 3, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 50,

52, 160access 39deregulation 3, 40, 43, 46, 54, 165,

169, 176, 177fragmentation 191globalisation and 3, 49imperfections in 184reform 229structural adjustment 181two-tier 44






INDEX 273

labour market policy 40, 41, 87labour market programs 45, 50, 52, 82,

193, 228labour movement

Australian 8, 58, 50, 63, 90, 91, 141,152

US 151labour regulation 139labour tradition 72labourism 73laissez-faire 139Lang,J. D. 57Langer, A. 74Langmore, J. 86, 88Latin America 162Left, the 29, 50, 97, 100, 105, 113, 118,

120, 201legal institutions 113Lewis, J. 40Liberal government see Howard

Liberal-National Coalitiongovernment; Kennett Coalitiongovernment, Victoria; MenziesLiberal-Country Party Coalitiongovernment

liberal nationalism 26, 28Liberal Party of Australia 2, 62, 135liberalism 73, 92, 106

Australian 57-68, 77, 90Benthamite 59-60cultural 61-3, 69Deakinite 8, 11,67,73,90economic 2, 7, 51market 144, 170, 172neoclassical 21, 26, 28, 32, 99, 103rights-based 25

libertarianism 4, 25, 54, 58, 92, 114,123, 175, 179, 239

Lind, M. 26-8Lipietz, A. 89living wage 47, 62, 69, 88Lloyd, P. 6Locke 57low-income earners 132loyalty 148Lydall, H. 198Lyotard, F. 143

Maastricht agreement 24MacDermott, T. 47Macintyre, S. 137Mackay, H. 20macroeconomic policy 86, 87, 97, 98,

99, 102, 105, 120, 158, 162, 165,168, 177, 193

Maddox, G. viii, 5, 7-8, 57-68, 81, 89,145, 152

Madison 57

Magarey, S. 78male breadwinner model 41, 42, 45, 53

modified 42management 115, 117, 118,160, 191,194

corporate 117devolved 115of public institutions 118program 117strategic 230Taylorist principles of 160

managerialism 111, 112, 115, 117, 120,144, 229, 237

Manne, R. 6manufacturing 186manufacturing sector, Australia 43, 44,

158, 163, 165industry policy and 180-94export performance 186see also elaborately transformed

manufacturesmanufacturing technology 192market bureaucracy 229-40market economies 35, 119market failure 171, 172, 175, 176, 223,

224,238market forces 22, 24, 29, 40, 92, 157,

158, 224, 226market fundamentalism 28market language 145market mechanisms 135, 185, 215, 230market model 4, 29, 112, 148, 215market outcomes 40market wage 103market 5, 7, 8, 12, 18, 19, 20, 24, 28, 32,

38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 69, 84, 85, 88, 92,118, 123, 138, 143, 146, 157, 170,171, 172, 176, 188, 223, 238, 239

impediments to operation 181managed 7performance 185reducing government intervention

in 173self-regulating 82strong 30structure 185state and see state

marketing 187, 189markets 22, 29, 31, 50, 121, 123, 129,

158, 167, 224, 226, 240access 189competitive 229deregulated 32financial 49, 161, 163, 164, 168, 177,

178global 129, 180, 182, 193private 114

Marsh, I. 145Marx, K. 58






274 INDEX

Marxism 95, 99, 140Matzner, E. 84McLean, I. 202McRae, H. 34Medibank 74Medicare 74Melbourne, poverty in 199Melleuish G. 61-2Melucci, A. 142, 146Mendelsohn, R. 199Menzies Liberal-Country Coalition

government 74, 83, 111Menzies, R. G. 83Meredith, D. 86Metal Trades Industry Association

(MTIA) 182, 190Metin,A. 58microeconomic policy 86, 87, 105, 116microeconomic reform 19,119,120,

122, 162, 169, 177, 178, 180-4, 216,217,227,235

microeconomic system 158microeconomy 185middle class 27, 28, 140, 161, 162, 167,

199, 205Mill, J. S. 62minimum wage 41, 70, 82, 88, 171, 184Mishra, R. 1Mitchell, D. 204mixed economy 13, 73, 74, 75, 88, 89,

90,95,96,98,99, 101, 118, 121,221

modernisation 140monetarism 97, 102, 103, 104monetary policy 87, 104, 159, 169, 172,

177,181monetary regulations 164monopolies 173Montesquieu 57Mortimer Report 183, 184, 188, 189,

191, 194multiculturalism 26, 64, 70, 144multinational corporations 32, 140mutual support 124

Naschold, F. 229-30, 238, 239National Commission of Audit 127, 132National Economic Development

Strategy 182National Employment and Training Task

Force 231National Organisation of Women (US)

70National Party of Australia 2national savings strategy 51nationalism 73, 139neighbourhood associations 124

neocorporatism 24, 30, 46neoliberalism 2, 6, 12, 23, 26, 40, 43, 46,

54, 95, 97, 157, 163see also economic rationalism

neomercantilism 31Netherlands 44, 48, 202Nevile, J. viii, 10, 49, 169-79, 200, 239new contractualism 5, 237new feudalism 27, 33, 35new growth theory 186,188New Labour (UK) 29, 34, 96New Protection policies 82, 86, 152New Right, the 28, 114, 126New Social Movement thesis 141-2New Zealand 43, 44, 46, 54, 74, 112,

121, 127, 145, 171,237income inequality 197-201

newly industrialising countries (NICs)188

Niskanen 134Nixon, R. 184non-government organisations (NGOs)

125, 143, 219, 224, 225, 232, 239non-government sector 124,137,

219-21, 233, 236non-profit organisations 129,134non-profit sector 229Norway 200

O'Connor, James 141oil-price shocks 99, 100, 158Ombudsman 226One Nation Party 143, 144Orchard, L. ix, 11, 111-23, 125order 30Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) 21,43,44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 97, 100, 103, 159,160, 161, 163, 165, 167, 182, 188,192, 198, 202, 203, 209, 212, 229,230,238

Organisation of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) 97, 99, 159

organisational learning 189Osborne, D. 127-30, 135overclass 26, 67

parent-teacher groups 124Parsons, T. 14pastoral industry 151, 152Paterson,J. 120Paukert, F. 198pensioners 132pensions

invalid 71old age 71,75state 77






INDEX 275

performance measures 221Peters, B. Guy 123Phillips curve interpolation 99PixleyJ. 8, 11,81, 138-53planning 91Polanyi, K. 40policy development 227, 230policy management 128policy prescriptions 174,175,176policy settlements 157-68political economy 13, 17, 24, 43, 35, 81,

82, 138, 157, 158, 162, 163political processes 82political thought, Australia 57-68, 89

Australian Settlement and 59, 63-8Benthamite characteristics 59-60collecdvist influences 60, 62-3, 67influence of religion 60, 66-7liberalism and 59-63major figures in 57-8paternalism and 64—6positivism and 60

positivism 60, 69, 116post-modernism 142, 143post-bureaucracy 237

see also market bureaucracypostwar reconstruction 73, 86-7, 95, 98,

111poverty 9, 28, 31, 42, 43, 51, 83, 171,

175, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204child 200

poverty indexes 207power generation sector 235prisons 128Pritchett, L. 204private enterprise 21, 130, 149, 171private sector 21, 23, 36, 111, 117, 122,

126, 129, 130, 131, 163, 167, 224,225,234,235

for-profit 126, 220, 232, 233not-for-profit 126, 129, 239

private sector entry 220privatisation 21, 27, 46, 72, 112, 121,

122, 128, 137, 143, 149, 169, 217,223,225-7,229,231

production 161, 171mass 188

production values 33productivity 160, 205

growth in 167Productivity Commission 190profit restoration 164program budgeting 111Progress Foundation 215protectionism 31, 60, 61, 63, 74, 77, 83,

84, 145, 162, 163protest 151

public administration 11-12, 111, 113,117, 126,215

market thinking in 136modernisation 128post-bureaucratic model 120, 121reform, Australia 3, 111, 115, 117,

120public choice theory 112, 114, 115, 116,

120, 138, 142-4, 146, 148, 150, 237public enterprise 217public finance 219public good, the 144public goods 28, 118, 135, 136, 143,

171, 177public interest 121, 133public opinion 172,173public opinion polls 128public policy, Australian 1, 4, 5, 10,

11,40,48,81,83,88,91,92, 111,115, 118, 120, 126, 170, 216, 217,237-40

public sector 11, 23, 36, 125, 126, 127,132, 133, 135, 167

competition and 221-7reform of, Australia 111-23, 125, 217US 128, 129

public sector management 123public service, Australia 4

employment contracts in 122ethos 123generalists in 114,117impartiality in 122performance assessment in 122permanency of tenure in 113,121,

122reform 4, 112, 120structure 127'Westminster heresy' and 121Westminster principles in 122

public services 72, 126, 229public spending

increase in 201reduction of 111, 139, 185

public sphere 138, 139, 140, 143, 149,150, 152

public utilities 218public value 121public works 88public-private partnerships 130purchaser-provider split 133, 220,

225-6Pusey, M. 6, 116, 118Putnam, R. 124, 147-8

Qantas 169quasi-state, the 32Quiggin,J. 80,88,216,225






276 INDEX

race, politics of 26, 79racism 64, 144Raskall, P. 200rational choice theory 30Rawls,J. 57Reaganism 144recession 160, 165, 185reconciliation 143redistribution 39, 40, 41, 83, 84, 85,

118,203,204-10see also income redistribution

redundancy 112Rees, S. 6Rees-Mogg, W. 34reform

administrative 238bureaucratic 111-23democratic 138economic 7management 230market-based 168social 201structural 182, 227

regional development 29, 50, 51, 191-4,228

regional technology networks 189, 191,192

regionalisation 113regulation 128

financial 158rehabilitation services 134Reich, R. 33,34,47reinventing government 21, 112, 115,

124-37, 215, 237religious thought, Australia 66-8, 70,

72, 76-7republicanism, Australian 1, 66research and development 87, 183, 186,

188,192Reserve Bank 167, 178resource allocation 133, 184resources production 186returned soldiers 75Richardson, S. 198, 202Right, the 50, 118, 120,201rightsizing 34Roe, J. ix, 2, 8, 12, 69-80, 81, 89Rosencrance, R. N. 59Ross, L. 90ruling elites 147

Saunders, P. 49savings, private 208, 210Sawyer, M. 198Scandinavia 200, 202schools, public 128Schumpeter,J. 186Schwartz, H. 119

Scott, R. 78secularism 60, 67, 77security, economic 175

see also economic development;industry development; regionaldevelopment

self-employment 45service delivery 129, 130, 132, 233

direct 220devolution 221flexibility 235, 237

service delivery organisations 126service industries 33, 44, 45, 227service providers 132, 232-3, 237service quality 223service sector 165, 186servicescontinuity 135government 129, 149international trade in 185jobs growth in 187marketisation 225private provision 131, 134, 226public provision 33, 127, 130, 131,

134, 136, 226, 239trade in 158

short-termism 35, 142, 166, 178Silicon Valley 186skill formation 181, 191skills

low 45, 49, 167high 45, 49, 50new 192workforce 189, 228

Skillshare 232Sloan, J. 174small and medium-sized firms 166small government 27, 33Smelser, N. 140Smyth, P. ix, 6, 74, 81-93social capital 25, 26, 30, 31, 124, 126,

136,148,239trust and 25, 31

social change 140, 141social cohesion 128, 135, 139, 144, 149social contract 10, 86, 88, 179social corporatism 2, 3, 12, 139social Darwinism 61social democracy 71, 90, 91, 95, 112,

113-14, 115-18, 119, 121, 123, 201,228

social insurance 203, 205social justice 38, 84, 127, 142, 151, 152,

180,202social market model 23social movements 11-12,138-53

civil society and 11future role 149-53






INDEX 277

location 147-9 accountable 140sociology 140-2 authoritarian 65, 148, 149

social participation 124 bureaucratic 149social policy contract 2, 4

Australian 6, 12, 38-54, 69, 72, 74, 77, corporatist 8281, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 106, 113, 124, developmental 11, 18, 23, 139, 144,130,198,215,216 147,149,150

formulation 220 enabling 191Industry Commission and 215-27 executive 29liberal 79 fiscal crisis of 161redistribution and 83, 84 hollow 121, 122, 225, 229role 85, 229 interventionist 62, 144, 147safety-net in 12 liberal 71US 70 market and 20, 22, 24, 40, 46, 69,

social protection 40, 41, 43, 47, 95, 201, 139, 157, 158, 238, 239-40202 market-oriented 149

social security nanny 21Australian system 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, non-government organisations and

48, 49, 51, 53-4, 70, 71, 75, 82, 85, 22992, 96, 133, 171, 203, 204, 208, 209, partnership 21215 paternalist 7,62,65, 111

employer contributions to 208 police 144social services 74 protective 84social structure 151 self-limiting 149, 150social transfers 40, 206, 209 size 163social wage 3, 38, 52, 71, 82, 86, 103, social citizenship 23

104, 105, 171 special interest 21social welfare 238 strong 21, 146

delivery 229 weak 33, 35, 147social workers 133 welfare burden of 166socialism 57, 61, 62-3, 81, 86, 89, 90, steering versus rowing 112, 129-33

96, 172 Steindl,J. 97colonial 111 Steketee, M. 122democratic 90, 92, 95, 96, 126 Strange, S. 34

socialist Keynesians 106 Streeck, W. 84society 127, 139 Stretton, H. 58, 99, 116

industrial 151 strikes 159, 160sole-parenting benefit 69,70,71 structural adjustment 181South Korea 146, 186 students' movement 140Soviet Union, former 162 Sturgess, G. 129Spain 44 Stzompka, P. 150special-interest groups 114, 131-4, 145-9 superannuation 50, 71, 106, 210Spence, C. H. 78 supply 185Spence, W. G. 57 sustainability 18, 30, 153, 193stagflation 159 Sweden 48, 91, 146, 198, 199, 200,stakeholders 139 201standard of living 139,206 Switzerland 200

reduction in 144Stark 198 TAFE 232state experiments 71 Taiwan 146,186state intervention 85,157 Tariff Board 181state paternalism 7, 64-5 tariff protection 82, 83, 84, 92, 158, 180,state power 139, 150 181state reform 111 tariff reductions 169,178,183,190state 7, 8, 13, 18, 20-4, 26, 30, 32, 35, tariffs 182, 184

41, 43, 78, 50, 65, 69, 71, 85, 96, tax burden 26, 161118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 139, 140, tax credits 135143, 146, 147-51, 164, 171 tax revenue 181






278 INDEX

tax-benefit systems 39, 40, 43, 48, 49,53, 54, 204

redistribution via 49, 54tax-transfer systems 207taxation 27, 28, 38, 40, 49, 87, 111, 161,

205, 219accounting of 209-10Australian system of 9, 42, 48, 49, 50,

75,203,204,211direct 210high 162,201limiting power of 114low 133, 171minimisation 33redistributive system 49, 53, 54, 74regressive 28US system 27see also consumption tax

taxation policy 46taxation reform 169technological change 30, 35, 49, 178,

180, 185technologies 182, 188

new 187, 192telecommunications sector 235Telstra 169textile, clothing and footwear industry

183Thatcher, M. 176Thatcherism 28, 29, 112, 139, 144think-tanks

free market 215right-wing 238

Tory Party (Conservative Party, UK)28,29

Total Quality Management (TQM)237

Touraine, A. 141,151tourism sector 167trade deficit 190trade policy 163trade unions 27, 38, 41, 46, 52, 53, 60,

75, 78, 101, 102, 105, 119, 124, 133,140, 141, 145, 148, 152, 160, 162,184,191,230,231

see also Australian Council of TradeUnions (ACTU); AustralianManufacturing Workers' Union(AMWU); labour movement; unionmovement

trade, terms of 181, 186training 40, 46, 47, 50, 181

education and 40, 46, 47, 50, 194employment and 40, 46, 47, 50, 53,

54transnational agreements 163transnational corporations 32

transport policy 40trickle-down effect 33, 205trust 25, 26, 28, 139, 148, 149

market and 28social capital and 25, 26

Turner, H. G. 197Turner, I. 198two-party system 145Tyson, L. 193

Unaipon, D. 79underclass 33, 34, 199underemployment 43, 46unemployed, the 146, 150

long-term 232, 235, 237unemployment 3, 9, 10, 11, 19, 38, 39,

40, 42-6, 48-54, 75, 86, 95, 98, 101,103-5, 139, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170,176, 185, 188, 228

economic costs 181fear of 178growth in 177high 164, 183inflation and 104, 172involuntary 175long-term 43, 45, 50, 229reduction 178short-term 45structural 178youth 52

union movement 149, 222unionisation 160unions see trade unionsUnited Kingdom 2, 4, 21, 24-30, 46,

48-9, 54, 64, 66, 74, 91, 112, 124,136, 188,237

civil service reforms 112democracy 74economic problems in 21interest groups 146income distribution 197-200, 209income inequality 202market model 4non-profit sectors 229neoliberalism 43, 46, 54New Fabianism 91new ideas in 24-30notions of the state 21poverty in 199provision of services 136racism 64reinventing government 127republicanism 66social protection 43wage differentials 48-9unemployment 176, 201

United Nations 9, 200






INDEX 279

United States of America 4, 9, 21,24-30, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48-9, 54, 64,66, 112, 193,215,236-7

Brazilianisation of 27conceptions of the state 21, 24-30, 71,

127-33, 149democracy 74deregulation of labour market 176economic problems 21equality and 197income distribution 47, 171, 202,

209income inequality 202interest groups 146market model 4neoliberalism 43, 46, 54new political theories 24-30non-profit sectors 229poverty 199productivity 167racism in 64reinventing government 127-33Republican policies 70republicanism 66social movements 147,151social protection 43-70unemployment 201wage differentials 48-9welfare 9, 70

urban transport 218user-pays principle 218,220,236utilitarianism 60

value judgements 175, 176value-added manufactures 24, 158value-adding industries 182values

ecological 28, 30ethical 120social 30, 120

Veblen,T 186Victoria 121, 127, 128,224

local government 225, 226Victorian Chamber of Manufactures

166Victorian Commission of Audit 127Victorian government see Kennett

Coalition government, VictoriaVietnam War 99Vintilla, P. 6voluntary associations 130voluntary organisations 171voting

compulsory 74effective 79preferential 74proportional 79, 145

voucher systems 130,135,136class-based 53market 49wage 49, 152

wage arbitration 7, 64-5, 145, 152wage costs 188wage decline 103wage demands 103,159wage fixation 3, 5, 38, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49,

52, 152,211collective bargaining and 52

wage increases 103, 159wage system, Australia 12, 43, 54, 82,

86wages 47, 48, 71, 102, 104, 145, 181

award 171bargaining and 102, 160below-average 167centralised fixation 3, 5, 38, 41, 42,

43, 47, 49, 52, 152, 178cuts in 178, 185determination 40, 88, 122differentials in 45, 48-9growth in 45, 103inflation and 177-9low 167, 192market 38, 145, 171real 104see also living wage; minimum wage

wages policy 46, 88Walker, E. R. 90Ward, R. 58, 59, 198wealth creation 33, 88, 161wealth distribution 161, 206wealth, private 210,211Wearing, M ix 228-40Webb, B. and S. 197Weiss, L. 22-3, 146welfare 39, 40, 70, 145

active versus passive 85administration of 238-9business 183failure 82government monopolies on 235middle class 203,209,210social 3, 85

welfare need 39welfare organisations 125, 135, 145welfare outcomes 39, 210welfare payments 165welfare policy 1, 66, 137

economic policy and 83welfare regimes 39, 40welfare rights 39, 145welfare sector 125, 129, 215-27, 237-40

competitive model and 219-27






280 INDEX

welfare services 134delivery 232

welfare spending 201, 204, 206welfare state 4, 11, 28, 39, 41, 67, 73,

80, 96, 198, 207-9, 211, 218, 223Keynesian 81-93, 143New Fabian models of 90small 210social movements and 141Swedish models 90wage earners' 3,81,82,84

welfare systemAustralian 3, 9, 12, 40, 82, 95, 204,

219egalitarianism and 11redistributive outcomes 3residualism in 3, 40US 9universalism in 3

Wentworth, W. C. 199Western Australia 224Wheelwright, E. 200White Australia policy 7, 64, 73, 82Whiteford, P. ix, 5, 9, 197-214Whitlam, E. G. 64Whitlam Labor government 82, 84, 102,

105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 125Wilenski, P. 113, 117, 119, 123, 125, 161Wise, B. R. 77-8women 40, 48, 49, 53, 54, 70, 71, 151

family responsibilities and 40, 48, 53,54,152

votes for 79, 151wage differentials and 49work and 40, 48, 49, 53, 54, 152

women's movement 140, 146women's organisations 124, 152women's refuges 130women's rights 144work 39,40

caring 40,41,46,51,52,54conditions 71, 144, 152, 159, 211intensification 191leave arrangements and 53non-market 40, 41, 51, 54paid 51, 54unpaid 51, 53welfare and 39,40women and 40, 48, 49, 53, 54see also employment; employment

benefitswork for the dole scheme 5work incentives 201work organisation 160worker militancy 159, 160workers 141, 143, 159

highly skilled 190workers' compensation 218workers' rights 152working class 82, 91, 159working hours 53Working Nation: White Paper on Employment

and Growth, 1994 11, 46, 86, 230-6working poor 212Workplace Relations and Other Legislation

Amendment Act 1996 47, 53

xenophobic movements 142

Yeatman, A. 120






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