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TWELVE LESSONS INGRAMMATICAL AND SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ZOHAR

Judy Barrett

CONTENTS

Contents 1Topical Table of Contents 2-4Preface 5Abbreviations 6 Lesson One Texts 7 Lesson Eight Texts 56 Notes on Lesson One 8-10 Notes on Lesson Eight 57-59Index 11-14 Index 60-61Lesson Two Texts 15 Lesson Nine Texts 62Notes on Lesson Two 16-19 Notes on Lesson Nine 63-64Index 20-23 Index 65-67Lesson Three Texts 24 Lesson Ten Texts 68 Notes on Lesson Three 25-26 Notes on Lesson Ten 69-71Index 27-28 Index 72-74Lesson Four Texts 29 Lesson Eleven Texts 75 Notes on Lesson Four 30-31 Notes on Lesson Eleven 76-79 Index 32-33 Index 80-83Lesson Five Texts 34 Lesson Twelve Texts 84 Notes on Lesson Five 35-37 Notes on Lesson Twelve 85-88 Index 38-40 Index 89-92Lesson Six Texts 41 Appendix: Syntax of Subordinate 93-99 Notes on Lesson Six 42-44 ClausesIndex 45-48 Index to Selected Passages 100 Lesson Seven Texts 49 Master Index 101-126 Notes on Lesson Seven 50-52Index 53-55

©2016 Judy Barrett 1


Topical Table of Contents

Lesson OneNumbers; numerical value of lettersAbbreviations-l as marker of the direct objectied + participle: shows tenseHendiadys

Lesson TwoCollective nounsNegator ¨lAnticipatory pronominal suffix-l as abbreviated opening to a parable

6) Past continuous

Lesson ThreeCircumstantial clauseNeologismsClitic pronounsNoun clausePredicateSentences: Simple; Compound; ComplexSyntax of Subordinate Clauses

Lesson Four1) Active participle with ied can sometimes express the simple past or the past continuous2) Conditional clauses: with i ¦ ; counterfactual conditional clauses: with ¥ln§l ¦3) Past perfect: ‘would have x-ed’; ‘had x-ed’4) Two uses of ¨NŸk §C and ¨NŸM ¦n : regular use with prepositions (-C,-n); superlative after adj. or n.

Lesson Five1) `w ,-w as untranslated proclitic particle

MnemonicsQatil / li ¦hw paradigm for P’al act.prtcpl.Existential particle zi ¦

Lesson SixPronoun as copulativeIshtafel binyan/ verbal patternPosition of adverbInternal object / Cognate accusative

1)2)3)4)5)

1)2)3)4)

1)2)3)4)5)6)7)

2)3)4)

1)2)3)4)



5) Nominative absolute

Lesson Seven1) Word order in noun clause2) Bet / -A that indicates aspect3) Adverb of mood or circumstance: i` ©C©e4) Agreement: lack of in number5) Perfect in place of the future 6) Nomen Agentis: the Qatol/ lFhw paradigm

Lesson Eight1) Conditional clause2) Object clause can precede main clause

Indefinite clausee ¨l negates the noun clauseIndefinite pronoun o` ©nDirect object joined to the predicateIndefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate

Lesson NineSuperlative degree of the adjectiveAdverb can be used as a predicateVerbal clausesCardinal numbers

5) Place of the direct object

Lesson TenWord order in noun clauseWord order in verbal clausePlace of the copula sometimes deferred to end of clauseWord order in story/at start of new ideaAsyndetonSupplementary clause

Lesson Eleven1) Verb-stems and the binyanim: Afel with the meaning of P’al

P’al with the meaning of AfelP’al forms for the root llrDistributive pluralNoun used as a participle

6) Purpose clause

Lesson Twelve1) Noun formation: affixed nouns2) Infinitive as the predicate

Future used as perfect

3)4)5)6)7)

1)2)3)4)

1)2)3)4)5)6)

2)3)4)5)

3)



Qetol / lFh §w paradigm for P’al imperativeInfinitive as extension of the verb/object

4)5)



Preface

These lessons presume familiarity with both the Zohar’s basic grammar and the vocabulary of the Haqdamah; each is presented atwww.aramaiczohar.wordpress.com. Parts or all have been successfully used with adultsand are conceived as an aid for second year students of Zoharic Aramaic. May thiseffort join those who strive to make the Zohar accessible in the original. The MasterIndex is particularly designed with that goal in mind, and can serve as a partial index toKaddari.1

The strategy employed holds that careful attention to, and questioning of eachsentence can yield the ability to read more text with comprehension. (That is: qualityrapidly becomes quantity.) Such is the traditional method for learning the Greco-Romanclassics, and Steinsaltz commends it for the Talmud. The pace of publishing lexical and grammatical work on the Zohar remainslamentably slow. For that reason the present resource is being made available online.This author’s copyright notice should be respected in any reproduction and use. Allquotations are made with permission of the Zohar Education Project, Inc. and are takenfrom the Stanford University Press edition and online Aramaic text of The Zohar:Pritzker Edition, translation and commentary by Daniel Matt. Nikkud is that of www.ateret4u.com/online/ (the most user friendly of the onlinesources), but the texts are edited to reflect the critical Aramaic text of Daniel Matt andthe Zohar Education Project, Inc found at www.sup.org/zohar. An exception is Lesson10 Text 1 (which uses the text and punctuation of Margaliot and the nikkud of Matoqmi-Devash). New vocabulary words and roots (i.e., new because not found in theHaqdamah) are defined in the Notes. Comments by users, whether as learner or instructor, are most welcome and can besent via the email address on the aramaiczohar website noted supra. The material has been enriched by the collegiality of Justin Jaron Lewis and EugeneFleischman Sotirescu, dear members of my hevruta. It is dedicated to Gary Jacobs ofSilver Spring, MD.: xag ,WXB ,dxen. Blessings upon your Zohar studies.

1. Menahem Kaddari. Dikduk ha-lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriath Sefer, 1971.



Abbreviations

The format of LxTy (e.g. L1T1) refers to the Lesson number and Text number as foundin the Notes for each Lesson. In the Notes and the Index to Selected Passages, volumeand page numbers refer to The Zohar: Pritzker Edition (Stanford University Press,2004-).

act.prtcpl. active participle m. masculine adj. adjective MmD Matoq mi-Devash adv. adverb n. noun cstr. construct pass.prtcpl. passive participle d.o. direct object pf. perfect f. feminine pl. plural fut. future prep. preposition imp. imperative t.t. technical term lit. literally vb. verb



LESSON ONE

Text 1:

oi ¦ri ¦w §x oi ¦r §W ¦z §e d ¨ §n 'b or §f §r ©C §f ¦n oi ¥c §M,i ¥n§i z ¤W ¥W ¦n fi¦pB de£d §C oEpi ¦ ¥n `ri ¦w §x c ©g§l d''aw oi ¦n §f © §e Èd ©d §A .oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w odn §W ¦A `w §T ªg §n `ti¦l §B `c ©g `x §z ¦M `ri ¦w §x Èd ©d §a ¦C ¨l §ki ¥d c ©g ¥n wi ¦R © §e zi ¦W` ¥x §Ax ©h §r © §e ,iŸeWxtE dŸr §x ©R i ¥ki ¦z §x lM ¦n oi ¦n §wEp l ©hi ¥n§l Ò©i z©i l ¥ x §U¦i Ex §ar © c ©M d''aw x ©H ©r §z ¦ `x §z ¦M .`gi ¦W §n `M§l ©n§l Di¥loi ¦Wi ¦C ©w i ¥ng o` ©n .oi ¦n §C ©w§N ¦n §M Di¥l wi ¦Wp §e d''aw Di¥l li ¦hp oi ¦pET ¦Y i¥pd lk §A o ©TY §z ¦ §e xH ©r §z ¦ §C oei ¥M .Ed§NªM ¦n xH ©r §z ¦ §e oi ¦ i ¦B ©q of §A §f ¦a§pE op §Y ©n Di¥l oi ¦a£di §e Di¥l oi ¦x£gq §C oi ¦ N ¦r oii §x ¦W ©nEi ¥A o ©A §xg l ©r Eka §C oEPi ¦ ,oŸeI ¦v i¥l¥a£ oEx §w ¦ §C ,i ¥ N ¦r i ¥k£ §l ©n oEPi ¦ lM i ¥ng §e ¨l §ki ¥d c ©g §A oO ©Y l`r d''aw oi ¥c §M .oi ¦n §wEp c ©A §r ¤n§l `wnEq `xi ¦t §xER c ©g Di¥l i ¥a£d©i oEPi ¦ §e ,xi ¦cY o`kaE ,`W §C §w ©n .oi ¦nŸei oi ¦zl §Y oO ©Y i ¥Q ©M §z¦i §e xŸeR ¦v o ©w Èd ©d §A Di¥l fi¦pB

Text 2:

o ¤a ¤ §C Exi ¦R ©q ¦C `x §f ¦B ¦n `Wi ¦C ©w `gEx d''aw wi ¦R © ,`pni ¥d §n ì ¦a§p d ¤WŸn §C `p §n ¦f `hn §C `z£r ©W ì ¦d ©d §A Di¥l a ©di §e .Di ¥zi ¥A lk §A Di¥l ci ¦w §t © §e Di ¥nw Di ¥ni§i ©w §e oi ¦x §H ¦r ì §p ©n §zE o ©z`nE oi ¦r §A §x © §A fi ¦pB de£d §C ,àh

oi ¦n§lr xi ¦d§p © §e wi¦lq `x §h ¦r §e `x §h ¦r lk §e ,oi ¦x §h ¦r W ¥ng §A Di¥l x ©h §r © §e ,og §Y §t ©n z©l §zE oi ¦r §a ¦W §e d ¨ ¥no ¤c¥r §C `Y§p ¦B §a ¦C oi ¦n §qFA lk §A Di ¥x §A §r © oi ¥c §M .d ¨ N ¦r `Wi ¦C ©w `M§l ©n §C `fi ¦p §bA oi ¦fi ¦p §bC oi¦pi ¦vEaE oi ¦xi ¦d©p §C

.Di¥lki ¥d §A Di¥l£r © §e

L1



NOTES ON LESSON ONENumbers; numerical value of lettersAbbreviations-l as marker of the direct objectied + participle: shows tenseHendiadys

A tip: go through and underline all the verbs in the text to be read. Doing this canhelp you identify the subject and the object (if any) of a given clause or sentence.

TEXT 1: II.8b/v.4: p.31 Paragraph 1: oi ¥c §M Adverb of time: [Tip: Memorize the “little” words beginning with kaf: oi ¥c §M = then; c©M = when; o ©ei ¥M = once] or §f §r ©C §f ¦n: Itpa’al act.prtcpl. 3rd m.pl. of rfrf shake, tremble (either can be used here) -n prefix indicates the participle (Kaddari: p.47) - in Itpa’al indicates the reflexive participle (Kaddari: p.47-8) Quadrilaterals roots: (Siegal: 6.7,6.11- 11.2) a- duplication of two-consonants (Kaddari: p.54; Siegal: 6.11.1) rfrf : only in Itpa’al - geminate is rEf, which has the same meanings + quake, perspire (Geminate verbs have two radical roots. They are expanded with medial vav, to make a 3 consonant root; paradigm is e''r ). (Siegal: 6.7) // rprp - shake, move (found in Pa’el and Itpa’al) - geminate is rEp and is found in Biblical Hebrew but not in rabbinic lit. or the Zohar - a similar form is rUrU - delight, play (Itpa’al; rarely used; Zohar prefers icg ) (In rabbinic lit, the geminate is rEU which has a meaning of ‘smooth, console’, and the sense of ‘be a pleasure’ only occurs in the Hitpael.) -- geminate is rEU = comb, disentangle (only used III.86a-b) b- sequence of four distinct consonants (Kaddari: p.37) e.g.: bxhw - accuse, incite (found in P’al and Pa’el) mbxY - translate (found in P’al and Pa’el) afiW - deliver, save (P’al and Itpa’al; want to memorize root since yod frequently drops out -- it is a weak consonant): oa §f ¥W§l `pn£g ©x - may the Merciful One save us I.5a/v.1 p.29 L1 oi ¦ri ¦w §x oi ¦r §W ¦z §e d ¨ §n 'b - a) numerical value of letters: numerical usage is marked by a single stroke ' b) letters can occur in their numerical values in numerical phrases expressed in words (Kaddari: p.21) c) large units precede smaller ones d) the L1 parts of a complex number are joined to each other by conjunctive vav (Kaddari: p.94)

1)2)3)4)5)



`ri ¦w §x c ©g§l d''aw oi ¦n §f © §e : Word order: Verb + subject + direct object (Kaddari: p.117) oi ¦n §f © : Afel pf. onf ; verb is followed by -l (whether its meaning is ‘invite, summon’ or ‘intend to’). (Siegal: 9.2-9.2.1.1) d''aw : Abbreviation: most common in Zohar are d''z, d''aw, c''dd (Kaddari: p.22) = Acronym: initial letters of a set of words; designated by two strokes (Kaddari: p.22; Siegal: 1.1.6.1)

-l: c ©g§l is marker of specificity/sign of the direct object -- especially in the Zohar (Kaddari: p.111; Siegal: 9.2- 9.2.1.2) c ©g: conveys “one, a, a certain”. (Kaddari: p.116 n.26) (Interestingly, used in stories about encountering different Jews: I.63b,132a,197b; II.13a). Here it acts as a numeral and, as an attribute, is prior to what is defined (Kaddari: p.116) (which is the m.noun `ri ¦w §x ) oEpi ¦ ¥n: -n as prep. ‘of’ (Kaddari: p.106) oEpi ¦ demonstrative pronoun of distant reference (Kaddari: p.34) fi¦pB de£d §C: -c as a relative pronoun (Kaddari: sec.6 p.34-5) ; here begins a relative clause functioning as an attribute of oi ¦riw §x (Kaddari: p.128-9) fi¦pB de£d: the verb ied occurs in periphrastic constructions with the participle to indicate tense. (“Periphrastic” means a round about way of saying what could be expressed with a single verb.) (See L2T1) (Kaddari: p.57; Siegal: p.163 7.2.1;7.2.4) zi ¦W` ¥x §A i ¥n§i z ¤W ¥W ¦n - temporal clause answering the question ‘from when?’ (Kaddari: p.132); -n = adv. since (Kaddari: p.105 ) z ¤W ¥W : construct state of m.noun dW ¦W ‘six’ (Kaddari: p.59); i ¥n§i: pl. construct of m. noun `nFi ; zi ¦W` ¥x §A - n. Creation`Ed ©d §A : prep. §A + demonstrative pronoun of distant reference `Ed ©d (Kaddari: p.34) `x §z ¦M: m.noun ‘crown’; its synonym is `xh£r (Knowing this will help with the root meaning of a verb in the next sentence.) `c£g : a cardinal number which here functions as an attribute of quantity (Kaddari: p.63,93) and, because it’s not emphasized, here comes after the defined (Kaddari: p.116) (An attribute is a word or phrase which limits/defines/supplements the word with which it is in relation.) `w §T ªg §n `ti¦l §B - possible hendiadys, and Matt translates as ‘engraved’ Two possible senses: 1) Hendiadys: ‘one by means of two’: two words are coordinated to express a complex idea involving subordination of one word to the other (Siegal: 11.2; Waltke: p.70,653; Williams: p.16) e.g., EdŸae EdŸz (Gen 1:2): total chaos; void [synonym-like nouns] lC §b ¦nE xi ¦r (Gen 11:4): Speiser in AB translates as “a towering city” (and not ‘a city and a tower’) [dissimilar nouns] L1 x ¤n Ÿi §e...x ¥A ©c§i ©e (Ex 6:2): “he said” [similar verbs] So if our two words are a hendiadys, then they’d both be pass.prtcpls: roots slB and wwg , and = ‘engraved’; the phrase `w §T ªg §n `ti¦l §B `c ©g `x §z ¦M then = “an engraved crown”



2) But if they’re not hendiadys then perhaps `ti¦l §B - adj. engraved; `w §T ªg §n - pass.prtcpl. inscribed (thus: “an engraved crown, inscribed...”) oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w odn §W ¦A : prepositional phrase where -A indicates the means or instrument (Kaddari: p.101); odn §W - pl. of n. m. `n §W; oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w pl.adj. `Wi ¦C ©w; agreement in number between the noun and its qualifier (Kaddari: p.91)`x §z ¦M Èd ©d §A - the demonstrative pronoun Èd ©d as adjunct before the described (Kaddari: p.97) . (An adjunct is a word or phrase that can be removed without affecting the meaning of the sentence.)`wnEq : Qutal / lh ªw paradigm of adj. to express a ceaseless quality only (Kaddari: p.61) oi ¦n §wEp c ©A §r ¤n§l : the phrase is an Aramaism of Biblical Hebrew: Ps 149:7: dnw§p zFU£r©l (Kaddari: p.147 and n.28) - cmp. II.97a SdM

Text 2: II.53b/v.4: p.275 - §C `z£r ©W ì ¦d ©d §A : temporal clause answering the question ‘when?’; -C in temporal clause usually occurs in combination with a preposition or adverb (Kaddari: p.130) - §C `p §n ¦f `hn - ‘the time arrived of’: P’al pf. of ihn; -C of the genitive possessive (Kaddari: p.90; Siegal 4.3) `Wi ¦C ©w `gEx d''aw wi ¦R © - Word order: vb. + subject + d.o. (Kaddari: p.117) Di ¥nw Di ¥ni§i ©w §e - vb. mEw with accusative pronominal suffix + prepositional object (Moses). (Kaddari: p.31-2) Everything else in the sentence involves subordinate or circumstantial clauses modifying this subject; what the subject did; the object of the subject’s action (Moses): (Kaddari: p.127-139) `x §f ¦B - n.m quarry, hewn stone oz`n: dual form of d ¨ ¥n (Kaddari: p.58,62)`x §h ¦r §e `x §h ¦r lM : 1) Plural formed by repetition of noun after lM (See L11T1) (Kaddari: p.91) 2) Kol / lM as dependent of a plural noun: ‘every’,‘all’ (See L7T1) (Kaddari: p.92)oi ¦n §qFA : pl. of `n §qFA - n.m. spice

L1



Index

Abbreviations L1T1Acronym L1T1Accusative pronominal suffix L1T1Active participle L1T1Adjective: Qutal / lh ªw paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L1T1Adjunct L1T1Adverbial phrase L1T1Adverb of Time: c©M L1T1Adverb of Time: oi ¥c §M L1T1Agreement in number: between noun and adjective L1T1Alef / -`: as prefixed marker of passive participle in Itpa’al L1T1Anticipatory pronominal suffix: sign of direct object L1T1Attribute: comes prior to what is defined L1T1Attribute of quantity: `c£g L1T1Ayin-Vav / e''r verbs L1T1Bet / -A : of means or instrument L1T1Cardinal number: `c£g L1T1Circumstantial clauses L1T2Clause: circumstantial L1T2,L3T1Complex sentences L1T1Compound sentences L1T1Conjunction of time: - §C oei ¥M L1T1Conjunctive vav L1T1Construct state of noun L1T1Dalet / -C : as relative pronoun L1T1Dalet / -C : in temporal clause: usually with preposition or adverb L1T2Dalet / -C : of the possessive L1T2Demonstrative pronoun L1T1Demonstrative pronoun of distant reference: oEpi ¦ L1T1Demonstrative pronoun of distant reference: `Ed ©d L1T1Determined state of noun L6T1Direct Object marker: z©i L1T1Direct Object marker: -l L1T1Direct Object: with anticipatory pronominal suffix L1T1Dual: form of number: L1T2Geminate roots L1T1Genitive L1T1Genitive possessive L1T2



Hendiadys L1T1 L1Interrogative pronoun: o` ©n L1T1Letters: numerical value of L1T1 Marker: of specificity L1T1Mem (-n): as adverb L1T1Mem (-n): as preposition L1T1 Mem (-n): as prefixed marker of the active participle L1T1Mem (-n): as prefixed marker of the reflexive participle in Itpa’al L1T1Noun: Construct state L1T1Noun: Determined state L6T1Number: dual form L1T2Numbers L1T1Numeral: as attribute is prior to the defined L1T1 Numerical value of letters L1T1Passive participle L1T1 Periphrasis L1T1 Plural formed by repetition of noun after lM L1T2Possessive: construct state L1T1Possessive: with -c L1T1Pronominal suffix: accusative L1T2Pronominal suffix: anticipatory L1T1Pronoun: Interrogative L1T1Pronoun: Relative L1T1Proper names L1T1Proper nouns L1T1Relative clause L1T1Relative pronoun: -C L1T1Roots-- Geminate L1T1-- Of four distinct consonants L1T1-- Quadrilateral L1T1-- Reduplication of L1T1Subject-participle: usual word order in verbal clause L10T1 Subordinate clause L1T1Temporal clause L1T1,L1T2vav / e conjunctive L1T1Word order: verb + subject + direct object L1T1,L1T2

Aramaic

zi ¦W` ¥x §A L1T1oEpi ¦ L1T1-A L6T1`Ed ©d §A L1T1 L1



`n §qFA L1T2oi ¦n §qFA L1T2zi ¦W` ¥x §A L1T1`x §f ¦B L1T2`ti¦l §B L1T1-C L1T1,L1T2`Ed ©d L1T1 ied L1T1e L1T1rEf L1T1-l onf L1T1 rfrf L1T1c ©g L1T1icg L1T1i ¦ cEi L1T1z©i L1T1c©M L1T1 oi ¥c §M L1T1oei ¥M L1T1`x §h ¦r §e `x §h ¦r lM L1T2`x §z ¦M L1T1-l L1T1-l Di¥l L1T1oi ¦n §wEp l ©hi ¥n§l L1T1 oi ¦n §wEp c ©A §r ¤n§l L1T1-n L1T1oz`n L1T2`w §T ªg §n L1T1zi ¦W` ¥x §A i ¥n§i z ¤W ¥W ¦n L1T1d©pY ©n L1T1op §Y ©n L1T1`f §A §f ©a§p L1T1of §A §f ¦a§p L1T1rEp L1T1oi ¦n §wEp L1T1`wnEq L1T1e''r L1T1`x §h£r L1T1`xi ¦t §xER L1T1dŸr §x ©R L1T1



`Wx §R L1T1 L1iŸeWxR L1T1bxhw L1T1`Mi ¦z §x L1T1i ¥ki ¦z §x L1T1rEU L1T1afiW L1T1rUrU L1T1dW ¦W L1T1z ¤W ¥W L1T1 mbxz L1T1

Biblical Hebrew

z ¤ L1T1x ¤n Ÿi §e...x ¥A ©c§i ©e L1T1 l ©c §b ¦nE xi ¦r L1T1EdŸa©e EdŸz L1T1

Biblical Verses

Ex 6:2 L1T1Gen 1:2 L1T1Gen 11:4 L1T1

Zohar

I.5a L1T1 I.63b L1T1I.132a L1T1I.197b L1T1II.13a L1T1III.86a L1T1III.86b L1T1

References

Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar (Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971) Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. (Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013).Speiser, Ephraim. Anchor Bible: Genesis (New York: Doubleday, 1964) L1T1Waltke, Brian and O’Connor, Michael. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. L1



LESSON TWO

Text 1:

i ¥c¡g ¤n§l oi¦l §k©i ¨l §e ,Edi§ie ©E©b §A xi ¦aY ze£d oŸedi ¥gEx ,m¦i ©x §v ¦O ¦n l ¥ x §U¦i Ew §t©p c ©M ,g''Y,Ed§Nªk §C `z£r ©W §aE oŸedi ¥gEx d''aw x ©r §Y ¦ §e ,d''aw i ¥nw oi ¦xi ¦W §e og §A §WEY Eni ¦x ¨ Ed§NªM ,`Y§pi ¦k §W ¦A Ew §t©p oi ¦ki ¦z §xE oi ¦qŸl §kŸe`

e£d©e ,l ¥ x §U¦i §CF.og §x ©R ¨l §C Edi§ie ©e©b §A oŸedi ¥gEx mi ¦ w §e ,og §A §WEY oEPi ¦ oi ¦r §n ©W

m¦i ©x §v ¦O ¦n Ew §t©p c ©M ,l ¥ x §U¦i K ©M .`gEx §C Exi ¦a §Y iFn §x©b §C Exi ¦a §Y r ©ci oi ¥c §M ,`pg§lER wi ¦aW Edi ¦ c ©M Wp x ©A, (bi zeny) c''dd ,oŸel i ¥Q © d''aw §e ,z¤en §C `n£r ©h Eni ¦rh oi ¥c §MmnŸei m ¤di¥p §t¦l K¥lŸed 'i §i ©ede£d `g §xŸe` lk §e .

.oŸedi ¥gEx §A oi ¦gi§i©p §e o`C ©g i ¥r §n ©W Ÿee£d ©C og §A §WEY l ©w §e ,oe §qY ¦ §e Edi§i ©tEb §A l`r §e ,`ze §q © §C oi ¦gi ¥x wi¦N ©q

o¥k §e .m¦i ©x §v ¦n §C `r §x © ¥n Ew §t©p §C c ©r ,oŸel `t §fŸe`§l ,Edi§i ©x §z ©A i¥l §f © Ÿee£d ,Di¥li ¦C oi ¦qŸel §kE` oEPi ¦ lk §e dŸr §x ©tEEx`W §C c ©r ,Ed§NªM l ¥ x §U¦i§lE `Y§pi ¦k §W¦l Dl Eti ¦fŸe` ,oi ¦O ©r x © §W l ©r §e ,Edii¥lr opn §n ¦C oi ¦a §x §a ©x oEPi ¦ lM

xA §c ¦O ©d d ¥v §w ¦A mzi ¥ §A ,c''dd,mrd z ¤ dŸ r §x ©R g©N ©W §A i ¦d §i ©e.

Èd aFxw i ¦M mi ¦Y §W¦l §R u ¤x ¤ j ¤x ¤C mi ¦dŸl ¡ mgp-`l §eÈd ©d l ©r ,oda£©l K¤l ¤ni ¦a£ i ¥nŸe` §C d ¨ nŸe` Èd ©d , (`k ziy`xa) ai ¦z §kE ,oda£©l mi ¦Y §W¦l §R Ec §ar §C Eai ¦hu ¤x ¨d m ¦r §e i ¦cO ¦r d ¤U£r ©Y L §O ¦r i ¦zi ¦Ur x ¤W£ c ¤q ¤g ©M

DA dY §x ©B x ¤W£.

Text 2:

iC ©W l ¥ §A aŸ w£r©i l ¤ §e wg §v ¦i l ¤ mdx §a © l ¤ `x ¥ e,`M§l ©n§l ¨N ¤ . ¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C oi¥N ¦ ¥n `kd `n §W i¥PW i` ©n£ .x ¥C ©W §n ,`ni ¦g §x Èd ©d §A ¨l§N ©n§l `M§l ©n i ¥rA c ©M .`ni ¦g §x Di¥l de£d©e ,z ©ai ¦q§p §z ¦ ¨l §C ,`Y ©x §A Di¥l de£d §C.Di ¥O ¦r li¥N ©n §n ,Di ¥Y ©x §a ¦C `c§i l ©r `M§l ©n de£d©e ,Di ¥O ¦r ¨l§N ©n§l Di ¥Y ©x §a¦l

L2



NOTES ON LESSON TWOCollective nounsNegator ¨lAnticipatory pronominal suffix-§l as abbreviated opening to a parablePast continuousCircumstantial clause

Text 1: II.45a/v.4: p.208-9Paragraph 1:Most common abbreviations in Zohar: d''z, d''aw, `''c ,c''dd - Acronyms: initial letters of a set of words; designated by two strokes (Kaddari: p.22; Siegal: 1.1.6.2)m¦i ©x §v ¦O ¦n l ¥ x §U¦i Ew §t©p c ©M - here c©M = when; vb. = pf. -- l ¥ x §U¦i is a collective noun (like `n§lr ): it names a single group with mutiple members. Its verbs and adjectives are plural, but the noun’s form is singular. So here the agreement between subject and predicate is not between the grammatical forms, but their meaning. (Kaddari: p.91,115) -- cf. Psalm 114:1: m¦ix §v ¦O ¦n l ¥ x §U¦i z`¥v §A Syntax: preposition -n here describes the origin or source (Kaddari: p.105) cmp. i ¦a ¨ ¥n `p §ti¦lF` i ¦kg - so I learned from my father II.79a/v.4 p.428 Edi§ie ©E©b §A - prep. Fb §A (poss.3rd m.pl.) i ¥c¡g ¤n§l oi¦l §k©i ¨l §e - to whom does the verb refer? - to figure out tense of oi¦l §k©i, view the tense of the verb preceding it - -l lki: verb is often followed by an infinitive (Siegal: 11.1.2.5.2) = modal auxiliary verb (cmp. -l onf in L1T1) oi ¦Mi ¦z §x: pl. of `Mi ¦z §x - n.c. chariot oi ¦xi ¦W §e og §A §WEY - could be hendiadys (two nouns: first noun is key for translation) In this instance, the nouns are similar. Note that they are joined by connective vav. (Kaddari: p.73,122) (Matt does not translate as hendiadys.) -- cf. Gen 1:1: u ¤x ¨ d z ¥ §e m¦i ©nX ©d z ¥ : This hendiadys is a merism: a statement of totality through combination of opposites. (From two dissimilar nouns we get idea of ‘the whole cosmos’.) Ps 121:6: dl§iN ©A ©g ¥xi §e dM ¤M©i- Ÿl W ¤n ¤X ©d mnŸei - the sun shall not harm you by day, nor the moon by night (i.e., God guards you at all times) (Becking: p.9) -- merism in the Zohar: u ¤x ¨ §e m¦in ©W - heaven and earth I.10a (The dissimilar nouns are joined by conjunctive vav: it unites two parts not logically related.) (Kaddari: p.73) oi ¦r §n ©W Fe£d©e - periphrastic construction (See L1T1): auxilary vb. ied with prtcpl. to indicate the tense (and see note on oi¦l §k©i) (Kaddari: p.86-7; Siegal: p.163:7.2.1;7.2.4)

1)2)3)4)5)6)



Syntax: here expresses the simple past (Kaddari: p.87) oFdi ¥gEx mi ¥ w §e - what is the tense? the number? From the range of meanings for mEw (stand, rise, exist, keep, sustain, endure, extend, establish, fulfill, suspend), how would you translate this? L2 og §x ©R ¨l §C - ¨l §C: -c as conjunction (‘that’) + negator (Matt doesn’t translate the -c; MmD translates as the copulative (vav).) What is the tense of the verb? Pattern / Word order: negator ¨l tends to be next to the verb (Siegal: 10.4.3)Paragraph 2:c©M Wp x ©A - Word order: subject + adv. of time N.B.: Wp x ©A expresses indefiniteness, comparable to `z§l ¦n, and it is the subject. (Kaddari: p.114 Edi ¦ - subject prn. (Kaddari: p.28,34) ...oi ¥c §M...c ©M - temporal sequence Exia §Y - n. break, breaking, brokenness, calamity, destruction `n §x©B - n.m. bone, body K ©M - adv. thus, so, like this, similarly oŸel - accusative case (Kaddari: p.32-3,96) c''dd - abbrev.; only used to introduce Scripture quote; our first Scripture©g §xŸe` lk §e - lM: adj. every oe §qY ¦ : Itpa’al pf. 3rd m.pl. of iq` - healo`C ©g i ¥r §n ©W Ÿee£d ©C og §A §WEY l ©w §e - which is the main verb: rnW or icg? oŸedi ¥gEx §A oi ¦gi§i©p §e - how you translate this is related to the previous clause; root is gEpParagraph 3:dŸr §x ©tE - This vav may just mark transition and can remain untranslated, or not. dŸr §x ©R - pr.n.m. Pharoah

lk §eoEPi ¦ Di¥li ¦C oi ¦qŸel §kE` - Syntax / Word order: demonstrative prn. as adj. before the described (just for emphasis) or (alternatively) can occur without any emphasis (Kaddari: p.97) - cmp. Ÿee£d Edi§i©P ¦n §C ,i ¥ n §c ©w i ¥x §t ¦q §A opi ¥n£g oEPi ¦mlŸerd zŸenE` i ¥ci ¦q£g - we have seen in the books of the ancients that from them issue the pious of the nations of the world II.95b SdM/v.5: p.9 `t §fF`§l : Afel infin. of sfi - attach, accompany (Rapoport-Albert: p.18; Sokoloff: p.539 s.v. sqi Afel.; Liebes, Hebrew: p.38 n.18; Matt, Z: v.3: p.516 n.934 on sqi; Scholem, MTJM: p.388 n.45 s.v. sf`) `Y§pi ¦k §W¦l Dl Eti ¦fŸe` : 1) Eti ¦fŸe`: Afel pf. 3rd m.pl. of sfi (see supra) 2) Dl: anticipatory pronominal suffix/ independent object prn./accusative prn. a) Phenomenon in Semitic languages: “the higher in prominence a direct object, the more likely it is to be overtly case-marked” (Siegal, p.202/sec.9.2.1.2) b) Pattern / Word order: it appears next to the verb (Kaddari: p.104,111)o¥k §e - adv. similarly, so too (See L8T1) Ed§NªM - Word order: here follows the noun it modifiesParagraph 4:



mi ¦Y §W¦l §R Ec §ar §C Eai ¦h Èd ©d l ©r ,oda£©l K¤l ¤ni ¦a£ i ¥nŸe` §C d ¨ nŸe` Èd ©d Èd ©d : object prn. indicates the direct object (Kaddari: p.96) K¤l ¤ni ¦a£ - [bh] pr.n.m. Avimelek (son of Gideon and king: Jdg 8:31,9:1-6) oda£ : plural feminine ending with masculine noun (See L12T1) (Kaddari: p.58) l ©r : describes the reason (Kaddari: p.106) mi ¦Y §W¦l §R - [bh] pr.n.pl. Philistines Eai ¦h Èd ©d l ©r ...d ¨ nŸe` Èd ©d Syntax: Èd ©d: Word order: demonstrative prn. occurs before the described for emphasis (Kaddari: p.97) - relative clause beginning with -c (Kaddari: p.128) Text 2: II.22b/v.4: p.75Paragraph 1:i` ©n£ - Interrogative sentence: here, a question about facts (Kaddari: p.120) - cmp. z ©C §a ©r dn II.102a SdM `kd - locative demonstrative adverb (v. mzd I.1a) (Kaddari: p.70; Siegal: 3.4) ¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C: here the -C is the prep. ‘from’ + ¨Ni ¥r§l adv. of place (Kaddari: p.69)`M§l ©n§l ¨N ¤ : 1) ¨N ¤ : an adv. of contradiction (can translate here as “but”); 2) -§l: Abbreviated opening to a parable; can be translated as ‘a parable of...’; ‘this may be compared to...’ . A Hebraism from Rabbinic Hebrew. Syntax: didactic expression (i.e., it is shortened from a complete phrase). (Kaddari: p.100,113 and fn.14 ) ... ¨l §C ...de£d §C : Syntax: ...de£d §C : object clause following relative pronoun -c (Kaddari: sec.6 p.34,96; Siegal 10.1.2.1.3) `Y ©x §A Di¥l de£d §C Predicative possessive construction: construction of two nominal phrases which asserts that one belongs to the other. (English: possessor is subject of vb. ‘to have’ and the possessed is the object) (Siegal: p.106/4.6.2) .. ¨l §C : negative clause; negator before the predicate verb, most often a participle (Kaddari: p118)c©M : begins temporal clause ¨l§N ©n§l `M§l ©n i ¥rA : Syntax: Infinitive with vb. of desire irA (Siegal: p.237); Subject is explicit and here is the subject of the infinitive (Siegal: p.238)

¨l§N ©n§l§A ¨l§N ©n§l ...Èd ©d¥O ¦r Di - use of different prepositions may be stylistic Èd ©d §A : object prn. indicates the direct object (Kaddari: p.96) x ¥C ©W §n - the previous verb ( i ¥rA) was a pf., and this is an active participle; how can we translate it? Syntax: the Participle as a past continuous: to express something which happened before and after another action, when the temporal action has a timeless force. *Usually in the Zohar it would have the helping vb. ieg - but not always. This is an example of the latter. (Kaddari: p.85) Di ¥Y ©x §a¦l - -l is accusative pronominal suffix (See L1T2) (Kaddari: p.31-2;



Siegal: 9.2.1.1) Di ¥O ¦r li¥N ©n §n Di ¥Y ©x §a ¦C `c§i l ©r `M§l ©n de£d©e - the vav coordinates this subset of relative clauses called a Circumstantial clause (See L1T2) (Kaddari: p.129). (Such a clause states the circumstances under which the subject performs an action or under which an action is accomplished. (Gesenius: sec.156). The clause connects by means of coodination ( -e) or subordination (-C cFr §A ,c ©M,-C ) - ¦C `c§i l ©r - preposition (Kaddari: p.72,107) and -C of the genitive possessive (See L1T2,L9T1) (Kaddari: p.90)

L2



Index

Abbreviations L2T1Acronyms L2T1Accusative pronominal suffix: -l L2T2Accusative pronoun L2T1Active participle with ied L2T1Adverb of contradiction: ¨N ¤ L2T2Adverb of place: ¨Ni ¥r§l L2T2Agreement: between subject and predicate L2T1‘al / l ©r: as giving the reason L2T1Anticipatory pronominal suffix L2T1Auxilary verb: ied with participle L2T1Auxiliary verb: modal: lki L2T1Circumstantial clause L2T2Collective Nouns L2T1Conjunction: -C L2T1Conjunctive vav / -e : L2T1Connective vav / -e : L2TDalet / -C : of the genitive possessive L2T2Demonstrative pronoun: as adjective before the described L2T1Demonstrative pronoun: for emphasis L2T1Didactic expression L2T2Direct object: indicated by object pronoun `Ed ©d L2T2Genitive possessive L2T2Hebraism: -l as opening to a parable L2T2Hendiadys: two nouns L2T1Indefiniteness L2T1Indefiniteness: special term for: W©p x ©A L2T1 Indefiniteness: special term for: `z§l ¦n L2T1 Independent object prn. L2T1Infinitive with verb of desire: irA L2T2Interrogative sentence: as question about facts L2T2Lamed / -l: as opening to a parable L2T2Locative demonstrative adverb: `kd L2T2Locative demonstrative adverb : mzd L2T2Mem / -n: as describing origin or source L2T1Merism L2T1Modal auxiliary verb L2T1Negator: ¨l L2T1Negator before the predicate verb L2T2 L2Object clause L2T2Object pronoun: `Ed ©d L2T2



Parable: opening to L2T2Participle, Active: with auxilary verb ied L2T1 Past continuous L2T2Perfect tense L2T1 Periphrastis L2T1Plural: feminine ending with masculine noun L2T2Predicative possessive construction L2T2Pronoun, Accusative L2T1 Pronoun, Demonstrative: for emphasis L2T1Pronoun, Relative: -c L2T2Pronoun, Subject L2T1Relative clause: with -c L2T1Relative pronoun: -c L2T2Subject of the infinitive L2T2Subject pronoun L2T1Temporal clause L2T2Vav / -e : connective L2T2Word order L2T1

Aramaic

oda£ L2T1Edi ¦ L2T1

¨N ¤ L2T2i` ©n£ L2T2 iq` L2T1oe §qY ¦ L2T1Fb §A L2T1irA L2T2Wp x ©A L2T1 `n §x©B L2T1-C L2T1c''dd L2T1`Ed ©d L2T2ied L2T1-e L2T1,L2T2o¥k §e L2T1-l lki L2T1c©M L2T2lM L2T1-§l L2T2 L2

¨l L2T1



oŸel L2T1¨Ni ¥r§l L2T2

-n L2T1 `z§l ¦n L2T1 l ©r L2T1`n§lr L2T1d''aw L2T1 mEw L2T1`Mi ¦z §x L2T1oi ¦Mi ¦z §x L2T1 Exia §Y L2T1 oi ¦xi ¦W §e og §A §WEY L2T1g''z L2T1

Biblical HebrewK¤l ¤ni ¦a£ L2T1u ¤x ¨ d z ¥ §e m¦i ©nX ©d z ¥ L2T1 m¦ix §v ¦O ¦n l ¥ x §U¦i z`¥v §A L2T1 dl§iN ©A ©g ¥xi §e dM ¤M©i- Ÿl W ¤n ¤X ©d mnŸei L2T1 mi ¦Y §W¦l §R L2T1 dŸr §x ©R L2T1

Biblical Verses

Genesis 1:1 L2T1Psalm 114:1 L2T1Psalm 121:6 L2T1

Zohar

I.1a L2T2I.10a L2T1II.79a L2T1II.95b SdM L2T1II.102a SdM L2T2

References

Becking, Bob. “God-Talk for a Disillusioned Pilgrim in Psalm 121”. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 9 (2009): 2-10. Online at: www.jhsonline.org L2T1Frisch, Daniel, trans. and ed. Sefer ha-Zohar... Peirush Matoq mi-Devash. 19 vols. Jerusalem: Mekhon Daat Yosef, 1993-99. L2T1Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar (Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971) L2T1,L2T2 L2Liebes, Yehuda. “Hebrew and Aramaic as Languages of the Zohar”. Aramaic Studies



4.1 (2006): 35-52. L2T1 Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1-9. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2016. L2T1 Rapoport-Albert, Ada and Kwasman, Theodore. ''Late Aramaic: the literary and linguistic context of the Zohar''. Aramaic Studies 4.1 (2006): 5-19. L2T1Scholem, Gershom. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York: Shocken, 1954. L2T1Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. (Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013). L2T1,L2T2Sokoloff, Michael. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1990; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. L2T1

L2



LESSON THREEText 1: (continued from L2T2)

] iC ©W l ¥ §A aŸ w£r©i l ¤ §e wg §v ¦i l ¤ mdx §a © l ¤ `x ¥ e¨N ¤ . ¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C oi¥N ¦ ¥n `kd `n §W i¥PW i` ©n£ .,`ni ¦g §x Èd ©d §A ¨l§N ©n§l `M§l ©n i ¥rA c ©M .`ni ¦g §x Di¥l de£d©e ,z ©ai ¦q§p §z ¦ ¨l §C ,`Y ©x §A Di¥l de£d §C ,`M§l ©n§l

.Di ¥O ¦r li¥N ©n §n ,Di ¥Y ©x §a ¦C `c§i l ©r `M§l ©n de£d©e ,Di ¥O ¦r ¨l§N ©n§l Di ¥Y ©x §a¦l x ¥C ©W §n[Di ¥Y ©x §a ¦C `p §n ¦f `z ¨ à §Q©p §z ¦ §l,`pi ¦t §qFx §w ,i ¦Y ©x §a¦l Dl Exw d ¨ §ld§lE o`M ¦n ,`M§l ©n x ©n ¨ ,z ©ai ¦q§p §z ¦ §C `nŸei Èd ©d

`d §ci §A `p§li¦N ©n ,`z §W ©d c ©r .`zi¦pŸex §h ©n,`p§li¦N ©n §C o` ©n§l ,Èd §e ,Dl §r ©a§l `ni ¥ `p£ d ¨ §ld§lE o`M ¦n ,oi¦N ¦n `M§l ©n i ¥nw Dl §r ©A Dl x ©n ¨ ,oi ¦nŸei§l .Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ §C o` ©n§l `ni¥i.`M§l ©n l ©hp , ¨l§N ©n§l z`xW ì ¦d §C c ©r

`p ©n §f ¦A,i ¦Y ©x §a ¦C `c§i l ©r ¨N ¤ ,i ¦O ¦r W©p x ©A li¦N ©n ¨l `C `nŸei c ©r §C ,`M§l ©n `p£ e ¨l §e ,Di¥l x ©n ¨ ,dN ¦n.z ©ai ¦q§p §z ¦ ¨l c ©M jM Dn §W ¦C, `p §ci ¦a£r ¨l §C d ©n ,ì§l©B §z ¦ §A KO ¦r `p§li¦N ©nE ,i ¦Y ©x §A Kl `p §ai ¦di §Y ¨ §e

.`x¢g ¨ §l

,L ©MiC ©W l ¥ §A aŸ w£r©i l ¤ §e wg §v ¦i l ¤ mdx §a © l ¤ `x ¥ e,i ¦O ¦r Eli¦N ©n ¨l §e ,z ©ai ¦q§p ¨l §C i ¦zi ¥a §A i ¦di ¦ c ©M §Y © §e .Kl `p §ci ¦a ©r §C dn §M ,oi ¦R§p © §A oi ¦R§p ©,,K ©M i¦pi ¦b §A .oi¥N ¦ oi¦N ¦n i ¥nw i ¦Y ©x §a¦l z©li¦N ©n ,KlEN ¦n §C `zExi ¥W §A

m ¤dl i ¦Y §r ©cŸep `l 'i §i i ¦n §WE iC ©W l ¥ §A aŸ w£r©i l ¤ §e wg §v ¦i l ¤ mdx §a © l ¤ `x ¥ e,`B §x ©c §A oŸed §O ¦r ¨l§N ©n§l .`p§li¦N ©n KO ¦r §C

Text 2:

dŸr §x ©R K ©M ,Di ¥x §a ©g§l Ki ¦Wp §e i ¥z ¨ Edi ¦ ,`p §a © §A Di¥l oii §g ©n c ©M ,À§l ©k §C iŸeg §xŸe`

Text 3:

o` ©nE ,xXw §z ¦ À §wEp §C xz£ ¥nE .Dl §r ©a§l ¨l §e ,Dl a ¦di§i §z ¦ §C oi ¦b §A ¨N ¤ .zi ¦n `n£r ©h i` ©n .zi ¦n x ©za§l (14:16 mikln 2) ai ¦Y §k ¦C ,ai ¦d§i §z ¦ Dl .Di ¥nw z©p §O ©C §f ¦ `zŸen ,À §wEp §A xXw §z ¦ §Co ¥A z ¤w ¤aŸeg §Y ©.

L3



NOTES ON LESSON THREENeologismsClitic pronounNoun clausePredicateSentences: Simple; Compound; ComplexSyntax of Subordinate Clauses

Text 1: II.22b/v.4: p.75 (continued from L2T2)Paragraph 1:`a §Q©p §z ¦ §l Di ¥Y ©x §a ¦C `p §n ¦f `z ¨, - N.B.: Matt’s Aramaic text has a comma here, but in English he translates as a complete sentence. -C : here the only meaning that makes sense with the later infinitive is ‘for’ z ©ai ¦q§p §z ¦ §C `nŸei `Ed ©d - the demonstrative pronoun could mentally take a -A prefix for the clause to make sense, or as is: ‘that day that she married’, ‘the [very] day that she married’. - rest of sentence is straightforward, except for neologism `pi ¦tF §qFx §w : Matt (p.75 p.21) combines G. kyrios + sophia to = ‘Highness of Wisdom’. [David Luria (41[84]) s.v. `pi ¦t §qFx §w has “Adonit: from the language of x ©qi ¥w Adon”; MmD has: `kln zxabe ; Margaliot has no note].`z §W ©d c ©r - begins temporal subordinate clause `d §ci §A - `d §ci has the clitic pronoun with 3rd f.s. ending `d-. (Kaddari: p.29) (Clitics are morphemes which attach to a word to give meaning in syntax, but cannot stand alone. As the possessive prn. in the Zohar, they are more frequent than the independent possessive pronouns (e.g., -li ¦C,-ci ¦C.) - cmp. `dx §za£ - I.9b `dx §h£r §A `x §h ©r §z ¦n - crowned with her crown II.96b SdM `d §ci acts as an independent possessive pronoun (Kaddari: p.35) . The clitic pronoun `d- is rare in the Zohar and usually the ending for plural possessives (Kaddari: p.29,30) . `p§li¥N ©n: P’al act.prtcpl. 1st s. of lln Dl §r ©a§l `ni ¥ `p£ - our first future tense (See L12T2) (Kaddari: p.44) oi¦N ¦n `M§l ©n i ¥nw Dl §r ©A Dl x ©n ¨ - oi¦N ¦n ...Dl §r ©A Dl x ©n ¨ (seems idiomatic usage; in English we might say ‘her husband had words’) jM : probably best translated as ‘such-and-such’Paragraph 2: Eli¦N ©n: P’al pf. 3rd m.pl. of lln z©li¦N ©n: P’al pf. 3rd f.s. of lln §Y ¨ §e : an emphatic use

Text 2: II.45b/ v.4: p.210

1)2)3)4)5)6)



- §C iŸeg §xŸe` - the custom of; the nature of This is a noun clause: one whose predicate is a noun or adv. Characteristic of Semitic languages, and frequent in the Zohar. (Kaddari: p.109) -- Predicate: word or phrase that states something about the subject -- cf. `pi ¦C `zEk§l ©n §C `pi ¦C (Ned. 28a; Git. 10b; BK 113a; BB 54b,55a) -- Here, the subject of the clause is a noun (most frequent in Zohar and in BJA) Word order: predicate-subject (v.usual order in the Zohar: Di¥li ¦C oe ©et ¦U II.74a RdR) (Kaddari: p.116)`p §a © §A Di¥l oii §g ©n c ©M - here c©M = when. Syntax: c©M here begins a temporal clause, which is a subset of conjunctional clauses. (The term seems to be Kaddari’s, and refers to the different kinds of subordinate clauses that begin with a connection, whether explicit or not.) This type of temporal clause answers the question ‘when?’. (Kaddari: p.130,133) ji ¦Wp: P’al act.prtcpl. of jWp - bite

Text 3: II.44b/p.204

x ©za§l : Hebraism (Kaddari: p.69 and n.25,73) zi ¦n: P’al pf. of zEn - die Di ¥nw z©p §O ©C §f ¦ `zŸen - an unusual use of onf which here may be understood as ‘occurred’. Matt has ‘is befallen by death’.

Appendix: Sentences: Simple; Compound; ComplexAppendix: Syntax of Conditional Clauses

L3



Index

Clitic pronoun: with 3rd f.s. ending `d- L3T1Clitics: definition L3T1Complex sentence: definition AppendixCompound sentence: definition AppendixConjunctional clause: definition L3T2Coordination of clauses L3T1Dalet / -C: of the genitive of possession L3T1Dependent clause AppendixFuture tense L3T1 Hebraism: x ©za§l L3T3Independent clause AppendixIndependent possessive pronoun: -ci ¦C L3T1Independent possessive pronoun: -li ¦C L3T1Neologism L3T1Noun clause L3T2Possessive pronoun L3T1Predicate: definition L3T2Relative clause L3T1Simple sentence: definition AppendixSubordinate clause: definition L3T1Temporal clause L3T1Vav/ -e: as coordinating a circumstantial clause L3T1

Aramaic`d- L3T1- §C iŸeg §xŸe` L3T1 `ni ¥ L3T1-C cFr §A L3T1-C L3T1-li ¦C L3T1-e L3T1c©M L3T1x ©za§l L3T3zEn L3T3zi ¦n L3T3Eli¦N ©n L3T1`p§li¥N ©n L3T1z©li¦N ©n L3T1`z §W ©d c ©r L3T1



ji ¦Wp L3T2 jWp L3T2ci l ©r L3T1`pi ¦tF §qFx §w L3T1Di¥li ¦C oe ©et ¦U L3T2

Biblical versesPs 18:31

ZoharII.74a RdR L3T2II.96b SdM L3T1 L3

References

Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. ed. E. Kautsch and A. Cowley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. L3T1Frisch, Daniel, trans. and ed. Sefer ha-Zohar... Peirush Matoq mi-Devash. 19 vols. Jerusalem: Mekhon Daat Yosef, 1993-99. L3T1Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar (Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971) Luria, David. ''Ve-Ye'esof David.'' Addendum to Ma'amar Qadmut Sefer ha-Zohar by David Luria, 76-85. Warsaw: Meir Yehiel Halter, 1887. L3T1 Online at: http://www.hebrewbooks.org/34758Sefer ha-Zohar. Edited by Reuven Margaliot. 4th ed. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav

Kook, 1964. L3T1Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. (Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013).

L3



LESSON FOUR

Text 1:

xŸe` i ¦d §i ©e xŸe` i ¦d §i mi ¦dŸl ¡ x ¤nŸ ì ©el ©r ¥n wN ©Y §q ¦ §e ai ¦Wp §C `gEx i ¥A©B l ©r W ©haE ¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C Exi ¦d§p xi ¦dp ,Di ¥Wi ¥x l ©r x ©d§p © §C Exi ¦d§p de£d oi ¥c §M ,wN ©Y §q ¦ Edi ¦ §e ,xi ¦d§p §z ¦ `nŸed §z ¦C oei ¥M .Di¥l `tg ¨l §e `nŸed §Y`v§p §v©p §n ,Di ¥xŸed§p zi ¦gp de£d §C c ©r ,`C Exi ¦d§P ¦n xi ¦dp §e . ¨Ni ¥r§l ai ¦Wp `gEx §e ,Di ¥zEt£ ŸeB ¦n i ¥w §t©p Ÿee£d Ì ©nE`n§lr §C Ì ©aiI ©g Ÿee£d ,`Y ©z§l `W §n ¦W Ÿeb §A Eni ¦W §x §z ¦ oi ¦xŸed§p oEPi ¦ §C oei ¥M .`W §n ¦W §C oi ¦xŸed§p oi ¥x §zE oi ¦r §a ¦W§lfi¦pB i` ©n£ .Di¥l fi¦pb §e Di ¥xŸed§p wi¦lq ,Ì ©aiI ©g oEPi ¦ §A d''aw l ©M ©Y §q ¦ §C oei ¥M .`W §n ¦W oi ¦g§l ©R Fe£d©e ,Ed §A oi ¦r §c©iDi¥l r ©xf §e .ì§l©B §z ¦ ¨l §e Di¥l f©pb §C c ©r ,oi ¦xŸe`§i oEpi ¦ §A W ©haE ,zi ¦gp §e wi¦lq de£d ,oi ¦P ©Y Èd ©d §C oi ¦b §A .Di¥l .Edi ¦ xŸe` i` ©d §C Exi ¦n §h ¦A Efi¦p §b ¦A ,`Y§p ¦b §A r ©xf §C `rEx §fE ,`Y§p ¦b §C `pPB Edi ¦ §C ,wi ¦C ©v c ©g §A `rEx §f

Text 2:

oi ¦t §w©f iŸeN©B§l©b §e h`W §e li ¦f ¨ ,Edi§i ©nw Ò©i Eng©e ,Ò©i§l oi ¦ai ¦x §w Ÿee£d l ¥ x §U¦i K ©M ,`p §ni ¦wŸe` §C dn §M dpŸei§loi ¥c §M ,oi ¦ x §h §q¦N ©aE oi ¦xi ¦B i¥p §a © §e ,Di ¥zii §xi ¦W ©n§lE dŸr §x ©t§l Eng §e Edi§i©pi ¥r Et §wf .oi¦li ¦g §C Ÿee£d , ¨Ni ¥r§l ¨Ni ¥r§l

,Ec §ar d ©n .cŸ §n E` §xi¦I ©eii l ¤ l ¥x §U ¦i i¥p §A Ew£r §v ¦I ©e , ¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C oŸedEa£ i ¥A©b§l l ¥ x §U¦i Eai ¦xw §C `C mi ¦xB o` ©n .' ai ¦Y §k ¦C Èd `c£d .dŸr §x ©Rai ¦x §w ¦d dŸ r §x ©tE.x ©n §Y ¦ `d §e

(13:ci zeny)E`xi ¦Y l © mrd l ¤ d ¤WŸn x ¤n ŸI ©e 'i §i z ©rEW §i z ¤ E` §xE Ea §S ©i §z ¦dd ¨ M©f wg §v¦i i ¦A ¦x x ©n ¨ .

(11:bq diryi) ai ¦z §M .Edi§ie ©E©b §A li ¦f ¨ d ¤WŸO §M ì §r ©x `xC ,l ¥ x §U¦i §C oŸedi ¥wlEgŸeO ©r d ¤WŸn mlŸer i ¥n §i xŸeM §f ¦I ©e'ebe d¥l£r ©O ©d d¥I © .mlŸer i ¥n §i xŸeM §f ¦I ©e .d''aw `C :ŸeO ©r d ¤WŸnEdlk §M d ¤WŸn de£d li ¦wW `p §ti¦lF` o` ©k ¦n

Èd i ¦ §e .o`kf Ed§NªM Ò ©r ,i ¥kf de£d i ¦ .Ed§NªM Ò ©r WO ©n Èd Ò ©r §C ì §r ©x Èd ©d `p §ti¦lŸe` §e .l ¥ x §U¦i.dEn §wE` §e ,Di¥pi ¦b §A EWp£r §z ¦ §e o`kf ¨l oEd§NªM Ò ©r ,i ¥kf ¨l

E` §xE Ea §S ©i §z ¦d ,x ©n §Y ¦ §C dn §M ,oŸeki¥pi ¦b §A àx §w ©gi ¦B©i ,d''aw `d §C ,àx §w `gB © §l Ek§l zi¥l ,m ¤kl m ¥gN ¦i 'i §i.Edi§i©lr oda£ Eni ¦C §w © §C ¥ln§l ¦ §e ,l ¥ x §U¦i §C iFpi ¦C oi ¦ c §e ,Di¥li ¦C ì§l ©nR§l d''aw Wi¦pM ,ì§li¥l Èd ©d ,g''Y,c''dd ,l ¥ x §U¦i §C oFdi¥lr oi ¦B © aŸw£r©i §C `zEk §f ,x ©n ¨ dcEd§i i ¦A ©x .`pi ¦C o ¦n Eai ¦f ¥Y §W ¦ ¨l ,l ¥ x §U¦i §C

(1:ckw mildz)l ¥x §U ¦i `p x ©n Ÿi Epl did ¤W 'i §i i¥lEl (14:ci zeny) .àq l ¥ x §U¦i ,m ¤Y © §e m ¤kl m ¥gN ¦i i §ioEWi ¦x£g ©Y .

(13:gp diryi) g ©zR À © i ¦A ¦xi ¦W §cw mŸei §A Li ¤vt£g zŸeU£r Li¤l §b ©x zA ©X ¦n ai ¦WY m ¦,l ¥ x §U¦i oEPi ¦ oi ¦ M©f .,Di ¥A©b§l oŸel ai ¦xw ,oŸed§l ¦C `zEni ¦g §x ŸeB ¦nE ,`n§lr §C oi ¦O ©r x © §W lM ¦n ,Ed §A `w §A ©C §z ¦ §l ,Ed §A i ¥rx §z ¦ d''aw §C , ¨NŸk §C `zee §c ¤g §e , ¨NŸM ¦n `gi§i©p §e ,oi ¦nŸei x © §W lM ¦n `Wi ¦C ©w Edi ¦ §C ,`z §A ©W oŸel a ©di §e ,`zi§i ©xŸe` oŸel a ©di §e.dNŸM `zi§i ©xŸe` xi ¦hp ENi ¦ §M ,`z §A ©W xi ¦hp §C o` ©nE , ¨NŸ §M `zi§i ©xŸe` li ¥a ¢wl ,`z §A ©W li ¦wW §C

L4



NOTES ON LESSON FOUR1) Active participle with ied can sometimes express the simple past or the past continuous2) Conditional clauses: with i ¦ ; counterfactual conditional clauses: with ¥ln§l ¦3) Past perfect: ‘would have x-ed’; ‘had x-ed’4) Two uses of ¨NŸk §C and ¨NŸM ¦n : regular use as prepositions (-C,-n); superlative after adj. or n.

Text 1: II.35a/v.4 p.154

¨Ni ¥r§l ¦C Exi ¦d§p xi ¦dp : Word order: V-S- adv. Here, the adv. is an attribute with the attachment of -C (Kaddari: p.100) - An attribute is a word or phrase which limits/defines/supplements the word with which it is in relation. W ©haE - can be translated as pf. or act.prtcpl.; Matt alone translates as prtcpl.> ai ¦Wp as prtcpl. > wN ©Y §q ¦ as pf. and > `tg as prtcpl.x ©d§p © §C Exi ¦d§p de£d oi ¥c §M - lit. ‘then it was His (if pointed as Fxi ¦d§p) radiance that shone’ i ¥w §t©p Ÿee£d:**the active participle with ied can express the simple past** (Kaddari: p.87) see also: zi ¦gp de£d, oi ¦g§l ©R Fe£d `v§p §v©p §n - our second quadrilateral root; discern which of two meanings best fits Di ¥xŸed§p wi¦lq : which meaning of wlq best fits?: go up, ascend, fly away, depart, raise, remove, emitoi ¦r §c©i `n§lr §C `I ©aiI ©g Ÿee£d: a) ‘would know’ - the active participle with ied can express the past continuous (Kaddari: p.86) b) Subject ( `n§lr §C `I ©aiI ©g) occurs between parts of the main verbzi ¦gp §e wi¦lq - frequent pairing in the Zohar and translation is rather fixedoi¦P ©Y - n.m. sea monster, sea serpent. With this we enter the mythic world of the Zohar. There is no way of anticipating what the text will go on to say -- unlike, e.g., with parables. So the reader’s best defense is the ability to analyze a sentence. Text 2: II.47a/v.4: p.223

-§l : as opening to a parable (Kaddari: p.113: 5 and fn.14)oi ¦ai ¦x §w Ÿee£d : the active participle with ied can express the simple past** (Kaddari: p.87) h`W §e li ¦f ¨ : -e lif` seems comparable to -e j¥lFd in Modern Hebrew in the sense of ‘intensifying something’. Matt translates as “swelling’; - cf. h`W §e li ¦f ¨ §e wi¦lq W ¤t¤p - soul ascends and goes and roams III.70b ¨Ni ¥r§l ¨Ni ¥r§l: repetition of the adverb = ‘higher and higher’ - cmp. II.176b; III.61a L4



oi¦li ¦g §C Ÿee£d: the active participle with ied can express the simple past Di ¥zii §xi ¦W ©n§lE dŸr §x ©t§l Eng §e - -l as marker of the direct object/ accusative (Kaddari: p.111; Siegal 9.2-9.2.1.2); marks each object oi ¦xi ¦B i¥p §a © : lit. “stones of arrows”; Matt says it is an expression meaning ‘flying stones’ perhaps < Is 27:9 xi ¦B i¥p §a © - stones of lime oi ¦ x §h §q¦N ©a - n.f.pl. ‘catapaults’ (always appears in the plural in the Zohar)d ¨ M©f : Qatal / lh ©w: paradigm of adj. to express a ceaseless quality only (Kaddari: p.61)Edi§ie ©E©b §A li ¦f ¨ - finally actually means ‘walking’! d ¤WŸn de£d li ¦wW: Word order: adj. + vb. + subject

i ¦i ¥kf de£d - Conditional clause: a) are complex sentences (Siegal 10.2.1) ; b) share conjunctions with temporal clauses; c) in all conditional clauses in the Zohar there is agreement between the initial and the final clause (Kaddari: p.133) ; d) discuss known facts or hypothetical situations and their consequences-§l Ek§l zi¥l : Negative sentence: negator zi¥l here is a predicate denial (Siegal 10.4.6) ; as a rule, no expression separates the negator from what is negated (Kaddari: p.120); -l as accusative marker (Siegal 4.6.1 p.105) `d §C: marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.136)g''Y : instruction to reader given in imperative (Siegal 7.3.4) ì§li¥l Èd ©d: signals that vbs. will be in pf. l ¥ x §U¦i §C iFpi ¦C oi ¦ c §e: root oiC; note the clitic possessive pronoun iF- 3rd m.s. when the possessor is plural (Kaddari: p.30) ¥ln§l ¦ : if...not: Counterfactual conditional clause: (Kaddari: p.73,134; (Siegal 10.2.2) -C Edi§i©lr: on behalf of Eai ¦f ¥Y §W ¦ : Past pf.: expresses action prior in time to the subject verb, and which itself happened in the past (pluperfect): ‘would have been saved’ (Kaddari: p.81)àq l ¥ x §U¦i: appellation for Jacob d''aw §C : -C as marker of subordinate clause Ed §A `w §A ©C §z ¦ §l: here the infinitive functions as a participle `n§lr §C oi ¦O ©r x © §W lM ¦n: lM ¦n - ‘than all’

¨NŸk §C... ¨NŸM ¦n : a) regular prepositional (‘from’) and possessive (‘of’) use; versus common use as: b) superlative; follow an adj. or n. (Kaddari: p.92; Scholem, MTJM: p.389 n.57)

L4



IndexAccusative marker L4T2Active participle with ied: as expressing the past continuous L4T1Active participle with ied: as expressing simple past L4T1Adjective: Qatal / lh ©w paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L4T2Adverb: repetition of ¨Ni ¥r§l L4T2Appellation L4T2Attribute: adverb as, with addition of -C L4T1Clitic possessive pronoun: when possessor is plural L4T2Conditional clauses L4T2Conditional clauses: Counterfactual L4T2Dalet/ -C : as relative pronoun marking subordinate clause L4T2Instruction to reader: g''Y L4T2Lamed/ -§l: as accusative marker L4T2Lamed/ -§l: as opening to a parable L4T2Past continuous L4T2Past perfect L4T2Pluperfect: of subject verb in subordinate clause L4T2Qatal / lh ©w: paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L4T2Negative sentence L4T2Predicate denial L4T2Quadrilateral roots L4T1Simple Past L4T1Subordinate clause L4T2Superlative L4T2

Aramaic

h`W §e li ¦f ¨ L4T2i ¦ L4T2

¥ln§l ¦ L4T2oi ¦ x §h §q¦N ©A L4T2-C L4T2oiC L4T2

¨NŸk §C L4T2ied L4T1iF- L4T2d ¨ M©f L4T2-§l L4T2-l zi¥l L4T2 L4

¨Ni ¥r§l ¨Ni ¥r§l L4T2



i ¥A©B l ©r L4T1lM ¦n L4T2

¨NŸM ¦n L4T2 `v§p §v©p §n L4T1 g''Y L4T2 oi¦P ©Y L4T1

Biblical verses

Is 27:9 L4T2Ps 149:7 L4

Zohar

II.97a SdM L4II.176b L4T2III.61a L4T2III.70b L4T2

References

Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar (Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971) Scholem, Gershom. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. (NY: Schocken, 1974).L4T2Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. (Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013).

L4



LESSON FIVEText 1:

oŸetS ©d o ¦n d Ä (14: ` dinxi) K§pni ¦q §e ,ì §z © `w `x §h ¦q Èd ©d o ¦n `d §C ,drxd g ©zR ¦Y oŸetS ¦n`d §C , Èd ©d §A oc£g © §z ¦ oi ¦px£g © oi ¦x §h ¦q dn ©Mdxr §q ©gEx©d o ¦n `w §tp KM oi ¦b §AE ,oŸetS

`ni§I ©w §C `zi ¦rv §n ¤ dcEw§p i ¦di ¦ i` ©d §e .`C `c£g © §z ¦ oŸetv §C `x §h ¦Q ¦nE à£d ©c §C `zi ¦t §qEq i ¦di ¦ §C oi ¦b §Ac ©M l ¥ x §U¦i §C `r §x © x ©A àEWi ¦C oi¦N ¦n lk §e ,àEWi ¦C dcEw§p Ÿeb §A hi¦N ©W i ¥Y §t ¦n§l r ©ci §C oi ¦b §aE À §xEg §Aai ¦Y §k ¦C oi ¦b §A `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x © l ©r `h§l ©W l ¥ x §U¦i Eag §C x ©za§lE ,Edi§i©lr `h§l ©W i ¦di ¦ DE©b §A l ¥ x §U¦i o`xW

(3 :a dki`)Ÿepi ¦n §i xŸeg ¨ ai ¦W ¥d.,lŸecB opr`pp£r Èd ©d .`pp£r©l `pp£r oi ¥A d ©n ,i¥f£g `Y .`n§lr lM Ki ¦W£g © §C ,`kŸeW ©g §C `pp£r i ¦di ¦ `C

(34 :i xacna) ai ¦Y §k ¦CmnŸei m ¤di¥l£r 'i §i o©p£r i ¦M (10 :ci my) ,m ¤di¥l£r c ¥nŸer L §pp£r ©exi ¦df §e xi ¦dp §C Edi ¦ i` ©d ,¨l §C oi ¦xŸed§p lM r©pn la£ ll §M xi ¦dp ¨l §C KEWg `pp£r `C `pp£r la£ ,`pp£r Èd ©d ŸeB oEfg §z ¦ oi ¦xŸed§p lk §e

.Di ¥O ©w ¦n d ¨ f£g §z ¦ §l oi¦l §k©i

lŸecB i ¥x §w ¦ i` ©n£ ,lŸecB ¨N ¤ .Edi ¦ xi ¥r §f `d §e lŸecB `''C .hi¦N ©W §C oei ¥M Edi ¦ lŸecB `kŸeW£g Èd ©d ,lŸecB, Edi ¦ §e Di ¥O ©w oEfg §z ¦ ¨l §e oi ¦xŸed§p lM i ¥Q ©k §C oei ¥MlŸecB.`n§lr §C oi ¦caŸer lM l ©r

z ©g ©T©l §z ¦n W ¥ §e .oi ¦n§lr§l Di¥p ¦n i ¥C §r © ¨l ,ì §W ©w `pi ¦c §C `X ¤ `C ,ai ¦aq Ÿel D ©bŸ p §e`ni§I ©w i` ©d lk §C b''r` , Di ¥Aai ¦aq Ÿel D ©bŸ p Ea¢q §n ¦C `x §h ¦q ¨N ¤ `C `x §h ¦q zi¥l §C b''r` §C `p §ti¦lŸe` `kd ¥n .ai ¦aq Ÿel D ©bŸ p¨l §e

§C oi ¦b §A d .h''n.x ©a§l Di¥l ìi §g ©c§l Wp x ©a§l Di¥l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ai ¦aq Ÿel D ©bŸ p¨l §e ,Di¥l zi ¦ dXEc §w ¦C `x §h ¦q , ,`wlEg Di¥l a ©di ¥n§l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ `C l ©r §e .`pl §w Di ¥A `bd§p © §l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦.`XEc §w ¦C `x §h ¦q §A

Text 2:

`z£r ©W §A .d ¨ N ¦r `pi ¦vEA ŸeB ¦n oi ¦x£dp §e `nni ¦A oi ¦h§l ©W xŸe` i ¥xŸe` §n oEx §w ¦ §C oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦B §x ©C oEPi ¦ `C `pe §e©b §M l ¥ x §U¦i i ¥k §xa §n ¦C oei ¥M .`nn§i xi ¦dp §C c ©r Di¥E©b §A oŸel li ¦r ¨ §e oŸel Wi¦pM d ¨ N ¦r `pi ¦vEA Èd ©d ì§li¥l W ©nx §C

i ¥x §n © ¨l §e ,zŸexŸe` §O ©d x¤vŸei oi ¦k §xa §n `w §C Edi ¦ `c §e ,`xŸed§p ¦C Eni¦l §W ¦A oŸel wi ¦R © oi ¥c §M `nni ¦A `xŸed§p l ©r.`Y ©z§l oi ¦B §x ©C oEPi ¦ §C oi ¦b §A W ¥ d i ¥xŸe` §n ` ¥xŸeA `kd §e ,x ¤vFi ¨N ¤ ` ¥xŸeA

L5



NOTES ON LESSON FIVE1) `w ,-w as untranslated particle

MnemonicsQatil / li ¦hw as paradigm for P’al act.prtcpl.Existential particle zi ¦

Text 1: II.203a-b/v.6: p.158-9

`d §C : subordinating conjunction (as are KM oi ¦b §AE and - §C oi ¦b §A) (Kaddari: p.136) ì §z © `w: Like -w, `w is an untranslated particle used for emphasis (Kaddari: p.42-3; Scholem, Kabbalah: p.226; cf. Siegal: 7.2.3) K§pni ¦q §e: ‘your sign’; ‘your mnemonic’ (Halivni: p.235 n.40) 1- A mnemonic is a pattern used to aid memory (Jaffe: p.139 and n.37) - We are familiar with such devices from the seder (Rabbi Yehudah ben Ilai on the ten plagues) and from a ditty for recalling the number of days in each month (“Thirty days hath September...”) (Segal) - cmp. II.132b/v.5: p.229 n.110; p.232 n.118 2- Here a verse from Jeremiah which contains the words “from the north” is used to explain the verse from Ezekiel “coming from the north”. Such use of similar wording conceived as an analogy employs the rabbinic principle of interpretation known as x ¥g` mFwn ¦n `¥vFi ©M - like that in another place - cmp. 3- The Zohar here conflates the two rabbinic techiniques: an aid to memorization and a method of hermeneutics Èd ©d §Adxr §q ©gEx - Èd ©d §A (prep. + demonstrative prn.) is m. but it modifies ©gEx, a f.n. `zi ¦t §qEq : neologism; Matt: ‘dross’; Derek Emet s.v. [`]: impurity (of gold). (Liebes, Perakim: p.369-72; Scholem, MTJM: p.389 n.54) - cmp. I.30a; II.24b and Matt, Z: v.6: p.158 n.145 `C `c£g © §z ¦ oŸetv §C `x §h ¦Q ¦nE: demonstrative prn. `C here occurs without any allusion or emphasis (and can remain untranslated) (Kaddari: p.97)i ¦di ¦ i` ©d §e : A noun clause: a subject whose predicate is a noun or adverb - characteristic of Semitic languages and frequent in the Zohar (Kaddari: p.109) - here the pronoun is the predicate (Kaddari: p.109)ÀxEg - n.f. destruction, desolation - cmp. I.200b; II.157a i ¥Y §t ¦n§l: Pa’el infin. of izR - entice, seduce (See L9T2) L5 x ©A : Characteristic of the Zohar that it is not usually joined with the noun by means of -n, o ¦n, unlike the Targums and Bavli (Kaddari: p.102)`pp£r©l `pp£r oi ¥A d ©n : -l in second part of an expression of separation, in combination with the prep. oi ¥A (Kaddari: p.105)

2)3)4)



la£ : adv. of contradiction (Kaddari: p.72) -l lki: verb is often followed by an infinitive (Siegal: 11.1.2.5.2) = modal auxiliary verb (cmp. L2T1 and -l onf in L1T1) Di ¥O ©w ¦n: prep. i ¥O ©w ¦n - before, from, from the presence of + prn.suf. (Kaddari: p.108)Edi ¦ xi ¥r §f `d §e : -e here a conjunction of contrast: ‘but, whereas’ (Kaddari: p.73) `''c : abbreviation x ¥g ¨ xaC - alternatively (Kaddari: p.22; Siegal: 1.1.6.2) - §C oe §i ¥M - once, when; marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.73,132,136) hi¦N ©W : Paradigm for the active participle in P’al is li ¦hw , spelled plene (Kaddari: p.47) - the i is only absent in b''l verbs: gxt (II.98a SdM); rci (II.95a SdM); rnW« (II.96b SdM) (Kaddari: p.47 n.42)oi ¦n§lr§l Di¥p ¦n i ¥C §r © ¨l : oi ¦n§lr§l ... ¨l - never (oi ¦n§lr§l is usually with a word of negation) (Kaddari: p.68)b''r` - abbreviation a©B l ©r s © - although; conjunction of concession (Kaddari: p.73,137)`kd ¥n - prep. -n + adv. of place `kd (versus adv. `kd ¥n - consequently) `ii §g ©c§l : P’al infin. of igC - push, thrust, expel, disregard, rejecth''n - abbreviation `n£r ©h i` ©n - what does this mean?; why? (Kaddari: p.71)Di¥l zi ¦ - zi ¦ (‘there is’) is an existential particle (Kaddari: p.70; Siegal: 4.6.1) - It here forms the Dative Predicative Possessive Construction: the main predication is existential (zi ¦ ) and the subject of this predication is the possessed. The possessor is the object of the dative preposition -l. (Siegal: 4.6.2) `pl §w as n.m. contempt, disdain, shame; `pl §w Di ¥A `bd§p © §l - ‘to treat it with disdain’ (Matt; Tishby v.2: p.492)`C l ©r - adv. of cause (Kaddari: p.71,106)

Text 2: II.208b/v.6: p.187

`pe §e©b §M - adv. ‘like’; `C `pe §e©b §M - similarly (Kaddari: p.65) xŸe` i ¥xŸe` §n oEx §w ¦ §C: -C as relative prn. and marker of subordinate clause-C `z£r ©W §A : marker of subordinate clause W ©nx : P’al act.prtcpl. of Wnx - turn to dusk; `i§li¥l W ©nx - when evening fell ( Wnx is a Zoharic verb according to Matt, Z: v.5: p.167 n.98) li ¦r ¨ : Af. act.prtcpl. of llr (here probably ‘contains’) oŸel li ¦r ¨ §e oŸel Wi¦pM: here the direct object is joined with the predicate by means of the verb + -l with the suffix (See L8T2); -l is the preferred case sign for the d.o. in the Zohar (Kaddari: p.111 and n.8)wi ¦R © - ‘produces’ makes sense within the range of meanings for wtp L5 ,`xŸed§p ¦C Eni¦l §W ¦A - Re: punctuation: Since this completes the thought, you can replace the comma with a period; neither the standard printed edition (Margaliot) nor the manuscripts have commas. (Kaddari: p.22) - §C Edi ¦ `c §e : ‘this is why...’



oi ¦k §xa §n `w §C: `w is untranslated particle used for emphasis; see L5T1 oi ¦k §xa §n: 1st pl. act prtcpl. zŸexŸe` §O ©d x¤vŸei - Hebrew; Qal present of xvi - form - from the morning service; see Matt, Z: v.6: p.187 n.232 ¨N ¤ .. ¨l - expression of contrast in negative clause (Kaddari: p.119)

L5



Index

Abbreviations L5T1Adverb of cause: `C l ©r L5T1Adverb of contradiction: la£ L5T1Conflation of rabbinic techniques L5T1Conjunction of concession: b''r` L5T1Dalet / -C : as relative pronoun marking subordinate clause L5T2Dative Predicative Possessive Construction L5T1Dative preposition: -l L5T1Demonstrative pronoun `C: can occur without emphasis or allusion L5T1Demonstrative pronoun of distant reference: oEpi ¦ L1T1Direct object: joined with the predicate L5T2Expression of contrast: ¨N ¤ .. ¨l L5T2Existential particle zi ¦ L5T1Lamed / -l: in expression of separation with oi ¥A L5T1Lamed / -l: as dative preposition indicating the possessor L5T1Lamed / -l: as preferred case sign for the direct object L5T2Lamed-Guttural / b''l verbs L5T1Marker of subordinate clause: -C `z£r ©W §A L5T2Marker of subordinate clause: -C L5T2Marker of subordinate clause: - §C oe §i ¥M L5T1 Mnemonic L5T1Modal auxiliary verb L5T1Negative clause L5T2Neologism L5T1Noun clause L5T1P’al: qatil / li ¦hw paradigm of active participle L5T1Particle: -w ,`w L5T1,L5T2Possessive: Predicative Construction L5T1Pronoun: as predicate in noun clause L5T1 Punctuation L5T2Qatil / li ¦hw : paradigm of active participle in P’al L5T1Rabbinic principle of interpretation: analogy from another verse L5T1Separation: expression of with -l...oi ¥A L5T1Vav / -e : as conjunction of contrast L5T1Verbs, b''l : i missing in active participle of P’al L5T1

Aramaic L5la£ L5T1 oEpi ¦ L1T1 zi ¦ L5T1



Di¥l zi ¦ L5T1 b''r` L5T1a©B l ©r s © L5T1- §C oi ¦b §A L5T1KM oi ¦b §A L5T1-l...oi ¥A L5T1x ©A L5T1`''c L5T1`C L5T1x ¥g ¨ xaC L5T1igC L5T1Èd ©d L1T1-e L5T1ÀxEg L5T1rci L5T1-l lki L5T1-l L5T1,L5T2

¨N ¤ .. ¨l L5T2ìi §g ©c§l L5T1i ¥Yt ¦n§l L5T1oi ¦n§lr§l L5T1`zi ¦t §qEq L5T1K§pni ¦q L5T1`C l ©r L5T1llr L5T2i`ni¦p §R L6T1oi ¦ ni ¦p §R L6T1gxt L5T1izR L5T1-w L5T1`w L5T1Wnx L5T2 rnW L5T1

Hebrew

xvi L5T2x ¥g` mFwn ¦n `¥vFi ©M L5T1 L5b''l L5T1li ¦hw L5T1



ZoharI.30a L5T1 I.200b L5T1 II.24b L5T1 II.132b L5T1II.157a L5T1

References

“Derek Emet”. In Sefer ha-Zohar, edited by Reuven Margaliot. 4th ed. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1964. L5T1Halivni, David Weiss. The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). L5T1Jaffee, Martin. "Writing and Rabbinic Oral Tradition". Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 4 (1994): 123-146. L5T1Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar (Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971) Liebes, Yehuda. Perakim be-Millon Sefer ha-Zohar [Chapters in the Lexicon of the Zohar] . Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1977. L5T1 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/prakim.docScholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. (Jerusalem: Keter, 1974). L5T1-- Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. (NY: Schocken, 1974). L5T1Segal, Eliezer. “Thanks for the Mnemonics”. L5T1 Online at: https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/040401_Mnemories.htmlSiegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. (Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013).

L5



LESSON SIXText 1

oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦B §x ©C .oi ¦ Y ©Y oi ¦B §x ©c §e ,oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦B §x ©C fi ¦nx Ed §A `d §C o`r §A §v ¤ f ¤n ¤x §A `fx Edi ¦ ¨NŸk §e oi ¦ Y ©Y oi ¦B §x ©c §e ,oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦B §x ©C ok §xA §z ¦ ,o`r §A §v ¤ §C Eti ¦w §f ¦aE . ¨Ni ¥r§l o`r §A §v ¤ §C Eti ¦w §f ¦A ,o` ©r §cŸen §Y §W ¦

.Edi§i ©cŸeg§l oi ¦ Y ©Y oi ¦B §x ©C `xd§p © §l ok §xA §z ¦ o`r §A §v ¤ §C Eki ¦ §n ¦aE ,`c£g ©Mi ¥ ni ¦p §tE `bx §W Fb ¦n `xd§p£ §l i ¥x §tEh §C o`r §A §v ¤ i ¥xFg£ d ¨ f£g © §l i ¥rA `bx §W l ©r oi ¦k §x ©a §n c ©k §e

ŸeB ¦n ¨N ¤ oi ¦x£d©p ¨l oEPi ¦ `d §C `bx §W Èd ©d ŸeB ¦n `x£dp §z ¦ §l oŸel Ì ©R §k © §l Eki ¦x §h §v ¦ `l o`r §A §v ¤ §C`bx §W ŸeB ¦n oi ¦x£d©p ¨l oEPi ¦ §e l©l §M ìi§l©B §z ¦ ¨l §C fi¦p §bE `xi ¦n §h i ¦di ¦ §C ¨Ni ¥r§l ¨Ni ¥r§l d ¨ N ¦r `bx §W

d ¨ f£g © §l i ¥rA ¨l o`r §A §v ¤ §C i ¥ ni ¦p §tE .oi ¦x §tEh §A o`r §A §v ¤ i ¥xŸeg£ d ¨ f£g © §l i ¥rA K ©M oi ¦b §A .l©l §M ì§l©B §z ¦ §CoEPi ¦ oi ¦ N ¦r ,ox£dp §z ¦ d ¨ ni ¦p §R ¦nE oEPi ¦ oi ¦ ni ¦p §R ,o ©x£dp §z ¦ Exi ¦n §h ¦aE oEPi ¦ oi ¦xi ¦n §h .`bx §W i` ©d i ¥O ©w

.i ¥z ¨ §C `n§lr §aE oi ¥C `n§lr §A l ¥ x §U¦i oi ¦ M©f .ox£dp §z ¦ d ¨ N ¦r §nE `xEh §x ¦r §A z ©x ¨ §Y §W ¦ Wp x ©a §C `W §t©p §e `gEx Èd ©d wN ©Y §q ¦ §C l ©r ,`z §A ©W wi ¦tp c ©M oi ¦n §qEa §A `g §x ¨ §l

.DEn §wE` `d Di¥P ¦n `gEx wl §q © §C Ewi¦l §q Èd ©d oi ¦b §A

Text 2:

W ©xC àq `qi¥i i ¦A ©xaŸ w£r©i K ¤x¤i s ©k §A r ©bp i ¦M `kd ai ¦z §M .r©bp i ¦M (13:hi xacna) mzd ai ¦z §kE lM ©r¥bŸeP ©dmc ¨d W ¤t¤p §A z ¥n §Aà£q §n x ©z£ ¥nE ,x ©z£ Èd ©d ai ¦ q §C à£q §n i ¥np `kd sE` à£q §n oN ©d§N d ©n .

¨N ¤ x ©n£w ¨l `zi§i ©xŸe` §e .à£q §n x ©h §q ¦C Èd ©d ai ¦xw §C x ©z£ §A W''k l©l §M Di¥P ¦n d ¨ p£d §z ¦ §l zi¥li ¦Mr ©bp (22:mW) ,`''cM,`n §h ¦i ` ¥nH ©d ŸeA r ©B ¦i x ¤W£ lŸ k §eDa i ¥M §f ¦n§l l ¥ x §U¦i§l `zi§i ©xŸe` a ©di §C `pn£g ©x Ki ¦x §A .

:cŸeak §e x ¤Wr Dl Ÿn §U ¦A Dpi ¦ni ¦A mi ¦ni K ¤xŸ (16:'b ilyn) ,ai ¦z §k ¦c i ¥z ¨ §c `n§l ©r §aE oi ¥c `n§l ©r §A

Text 3:

ai ¦Y §k §C i` ©n Edi ¦ `kd ,did ¤W §M u ¤x ¨ d l ©r xtr ¤d aŸeWi §e .`W §C §w ©n i ¥A o ©A §xg §A DEn §wF` `x §w i` ©d (ai ziy`xa).u §x Ä f ¨ i ¦p£r©p §M ©d §e .i` ©C©e did ¤W §M Dpz §p x ¤W£ mi ¦dl¡d l ¤ aEWY ©gExd §e i` ©n .©gExd §e`C .

d''aw i ¥nw àz ¨ §l oErA ¨l §e ¨l §h©p `w §C zŸerQ ©n x ¤U¤r oEpi ¦ §A z`ng c ©M .`Wi ¦C ©w ©gEx i ¦di ¦ §C `Y§pi ¦k §W.DEn §wE` `d §e ,`Wi ¦C ©w `r §x © l ©r `x£g © x ©h §q Eh§lW §e

i ¥c£rŸenE i ¥zA ©W lk §aE `Y ©z§l ¦C o ¤c¥r §C `z§p ¦B §A `p §wEI ¦c §A xH ©r §z ¦ ,d ¨ M©f Wp x ©a §C `gEx Èd ©d i ¦f£g `Y p''d ¨Ni ¥r§l `Wi ¦C ©w `z §n §W¦p Èd ©d §A d''aw ci ¦ar §C dO §k ¦e ¨Ni ¥r§l ow§N ©q §e oh §X ©R §z ¦nE ox §H ©r §z ¦n i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x §e

i` ©d§l d''aw Dl `x §H ©r §n .`tEB ì §p©l §t ¦C ©gEx i ¦di ¦ `C x ©n ¨ §e Di ¥nw z ©w§l ©q `w §C `gEx i` ©d §A ci ¦ar .DA r ©W£r ©Y §W ¦ §e oi ¦x §h ¦r dO ©k §A

(10 :21 zenW) ¨N ¤ i ¦kd e ¨l ,`z §n §W¦p§l ci ¦ar §C d ©n d''aw wi ¦aW `C ©gEx oi ¦b §A `d §C `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e DzEq §M Dx ¥ §W rx §b ¦i `l DzpŸ r §e.L §zlEf mi ¦dl¡ dz ¨ x `l o¦i ©r §C ,oi ¦ N ¦r odn §W oi¦N ¥ oEPi ¦ z©l §Y ,

c ©g .oO ©Y ¦n ok §X ©n §z ¦ §e i ¥z ¨ §C `n§lr §A Ed§Nªk §e Dx ¥ §Wof §C `pŸef §n mi ¦zq g ©xŸ §A xi ¦dp §C Evi ¦v§p ¦C Eki ¦W §n , (20:hn ziy`xa) `C §e 'd xy` ,oee §z © KER ¦d §A Dx ¥ §W .mi ¦dl¡ §C d ©cEw§p ¦A dedi i ¥x §w ¦ §e , ¨NŸMx ¤W ¨ ¥n

dp ¥O §W Ÿen §g©l Edi ¦ `c §e ,Dx ¥ §W . L6



NOTES ON LESSON SIX1) Pronoun as copulative2) Ishtafel binyan/ verbal pattern3) Position of adverb4) Internal object / Cognate accusative5) Nominative absolute

Text 1: II.208a-b/v.6: p.187-8

Edi ¦ ¨NŸk §e : ¨NŸM in the determined form in the sense of ‘everything’ is quite common (Kaddari: p.92) - cmp. ¨lFk §C ¨ll §M o©p£ - we are the sum of all III.128a IR Edi ¦ : prn. as copulative: it links other words (Kaddari: p.109) f ¤n ¤x - n.m. hint, allusion t.t.allegory: o`r §A §v ¤ f ¤n ¤x construct state (Kaddari: p.90) `d §C - marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.136) Ed §A f ¥nx : P’al pf. of fnx - hint, allude to, gesture, summon + -A of means or instrument (Kaddari: p. 101) ~ translate as ‘alluding to’ oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦B §x ©C: the attribute as an adjective (Kaddari: p.37) (An attribute is a word or phrase which limits/defines/supplements the word with which it is in relation. ) - cmp. oi ¦ Y ©Y oi ¦B §x ©c §e; oi¦px¢g © oi ¦R§p © ; oi ¦ ni ¦p §R oi ¦R§p ©o` ©r §cŸen §Y §W ¦ : Ishtafel act.prtcpl. 3rd m.pl. of rci (Kaddari: p.37) Eti ¦w §f - adj. erect n. raising (here it is the noun) Eki ¦ §n - n. lowering, abasement; Edi§i ©cŸeg§l oi ¦ Y ©Y oi ¦B §x ©C `xd§p © §l ok §xA §z ¦ : Word order: verb (act.prtcpl. + infin.) + subject + adv. This is a frequent position of the adv. in the Zohar, although there is no set order in its placement. (Kaddari: p.117)i ¥x §tEh: pl. of `x §tEh - n.m. nail, fingernail, claw i ¥xŸeg£ ©C : i ¥xŸeg£ adv. behind, after: ‘lit. on the backs of’; behind’ oi ¦ ni ¦p §R: pl. of i`ni¦p §R - adj. inner (also is a n. inner part)c©M : marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.130) i ¥x §tEh §C: -C as relative prn. in a relative clause: such a clause fills the functions of the adjective as an attributive. Here, with the subject (‘the backs of the fingers’) as the antecedent. (Kaddari: p.128) `xd§p£ §l - Afel infin. ‘to be illumined’ (Matt, Z: v.6:p.188; Tishby, Wisdom: v.3 p.1298) Fb ¦n - prep.; here ‘by’o`r §A §v ¤ §C i ¥ ni ¦p §tE: the -e here may be considered a disjunction which begins a new sentence (and be untranslated) or a conjunction of contrast ( and translated as ‘but’ (Kaddari: p.73) i ¥ ni ¦p §R : here pl.constr. of n. inner part L6

`I ©R §k © §l Eki ¦x §h §v ¦ : 1- vb. jxv takes the infinitive (-l);



2- `I ©R §k © §l : Afel infin. of itM - subjugate, subdue, overturn, bow, stretch So: ‘the inner parts should not be stretched’ `x£dp §z ¦ §l oŸel `I ©R §k © §l: 1- oŸel is the direct object ; 2- `x£dp §z ¦ §l - ‘to be shown’ `d §C : adv. of cause (Kaddari: p.71); marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.136) ¨Ni ¥r§l ¨Ni ¥r§l - since this adv. of place modifies the n.+ adj. d ¨ N ¦r `bx §W, we may not want to use the translation ‘higher and higher’. Matt v.8 p.188 has ‘above, above’; Tishby v.3: p.1298 has ‘which is higher than any’ - cmp. II.133a i ¦di ¦ §C: 1- -C as marker of subordinate clause ; 2- i ¦di ¦ : subject prn. f.s.: lack of agreement in gender with n.m. `bx §W (Kaddari: p.114) l©l §M ... ¨l: (twice) negative emphatic expression (Kaddari: p.119) l©l §M: after a negative = ‘at all’oEPi ¦ §e : -e may be treated as a disjunctive and translated as a semi-colonK©M oi ¦b §A : adv. of cause (Kaddari: p.71) oi ¦x §tEh §A: -A as governing Bet (Kaddari: p.100) ; translate as determined pl.n.: ‘the nails’ (Kaddari: p.60-1) i ¥O ©w - prep. before (Kaddari: p.108) oEPi ¦ oi ¦xi ¦n §h : the demonstrative pronoun may occur before or after what is described (Kaddari: p.100)d ¨ ni¦p §R - adj. inner n. innermost d ¨ N ¦r - n.m. the supernal, the higheroi ¦n §qEa §A `g §x ¨ §l : we can infer initial i ¥rA (as in d ¨ f£g © §l i ¥rA supra): ‘One must smell the spices” -C l ©r - conjunction of cause : ‘since, because’(Kaddari: p.73) and marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.136)`xEh §x ¦r §A z ©x ¨ §Y §W ¦ : `xEh §x ¦r - n. nakedness; `xEh §x ¦r §A - naked oi ¦b §A : conjunction of cause (Kaddari: p.73) and marker of subordinate clause (Kaddari: p.136) wl §q © §C Ewi¦l §q : Ewi¦l §q - n.m. ascension, ascending, departure internal object (cognate accusative): the object is derived from the root of the predicate (Kaddari: p.112, but change I.136a to I.137a) So: ‘the departure of’ - cmp. d''aw Di¥l x ©zg dxi ¦z£g - the blessed Holy One dug an opening for him I.137a Di¥l£r bi ¦x §h ©w §C `b ¥x §h ©w §n §C `c§i l ©r - the Accuser accused him I.174b `dx §h£r §A `x §h ©r §z ¦n - crowned with her crown II.96b SdM (See L3T2)

Text 2: I.171b/v.3: p.35

W ©xC : P’al pf. of WxC - examine, question, interpet, expound, explain So: ‘R. Yeisa Sava expounded’ L6

: 1- `kd and mzd are adverbs of place (Kaddari: p.70) 2- Rabbinic principle of interpretation: analogy from another verse (See L5T1)



...`kd sF` ... oN ©d§l dn - just as there.. so here... : comparative clause (Kaddari: p.137-8) sF` ... dn: conjunctions of comparison (Kaddari: p.138) oN ©d§N - adv. there; as follows i ¥np...sF`...dn (Kaddari: p.138) i ¥np - adv. even, likewise, similarly, so too (Kaddari: p.72) ai ¦ q §C à£q §n: internal object (See L6T1) (Kaddari: p.112) Di¥P ¦n d ¨ p£d §z ¦ §l zi¥l à£q §n x ©z£ ¥nE : Nominative absolute: this construction at the beginning of a clause serves to focus attention on the conceptual subject, and the continuation returns by means of a pronoun. (Kaddari: p.118) It is a type of complex sentence and much homiletical material uses it. Here the pronoun which is linked to the isolated clause is actually a pronominal suffix, which functions as a retrospective suffix: ¥P ¦nDi - cmp. ¥teq ¨l `x §w i` ©dDi¥Wi ¥x Di - the end of this verse does not match its beginning II.198a (cf. `x §w ¦C Di ¥teq I.96b) - cmp. n §W z ¤ `x §w ¦z Ÿl L §Y §W ¦ i ©xUDi ©xU - your wife Sarai you shall not call her name Sarai Gen 17:15 ded§iÈdmi ¦dŸl¡ ©d - The Lord He is God I Kgs 18:39 (Gesenius sec.143c) The phenomenon is always Nominative in Biblical Hebrew. - Other terms are casus pendens (Gesenius ibid), focus marker (Waltke O’Connor: p.93) or Cleft sentence (Siegal 10.3; cf. Rosenthal sec.184) - the phenomenon of isolating a clause will be known to students of Latin as the Ablative absolute (Gildersleeve: sec.409-410; Wheelock: p.155-7); and of Greek (with a resumptive particle) as Anacoluthon (Blass, Debrunner, Funk: sec.466 ) -l zi¥l: a predicate denial (See L4T2) (Kaddari: p.120; Siegal 10.4.6) l©l §M ...-§l zi¥l: negative emphatic expression (See L4T2) Siegal 10.4.6) W''k: marker of comparative clause (Kaddari: p.137-9); comparison by kal ve-homer (Kaddari: p.139) Èd ©d - demonstrative prn., here without allusion or emphasis (Kaddari: p.98) à£q §n x ©h §q ¦C Èd ©d: ‘by that impure side’ (Matt, Z: v.3: p.35) -cmp. dP ©WFW §A l`r §C Èd ©d - which enters the rose I.1a ¨N ¤ x ©n£w ¨l: 1- Like `w ,-w is an untranslated particle used for emphasis (Kaddari: p.42; Scholem, Kabbalah: p.226; cf. Siegal: 7.2.3) 2- ¨N ¤ ... ¨l: - expression of contrast in negative clause (See L5T2) (Kaddari: p.119) Here: ‘only’ `''cM - abbreviation: x ©n §z ¦ §C dn §M - as was saidKi ¦x §A : P’al passive prtcpl. (Kaddari: p.50,87) L6



Index

Abbreviation L6T2Adverb: no set order for placement L6T1Adverb of cause: K©M oi ¦b §A L6T1Adverb of cause: `d §C L6T1Adverb of place: `kd L6T2Adverb of place: mzd L6T2Adverb of place: ¨Ni ¥r§l L6T1Attribute: adjective as L6T1Bet / -A : governing L6T1Bet / -A : of means or instrument L6T1Casus pendens L6T2Cleft sentence L6T2Cognate accusative/ Internal object L6T1,L6T2Comparison by means of kal ve-homer: W''k L6T2Comparative clause L6T2Complex sentence: nominative absolute a type of L6T2Conjunction of cause: -C l ©r L6T1Conjunctions of comparison: sF` ... dn L6T2Conjunction of comparison: i ¥np...sF`...dn L6T2Construct state of noun L6T1Copulative: pronoun as L6T1Dalet / -C as conjunction of bringing the content of things L6T2Dalet / -C : as marker of subordinate clause L6T1Dalet / -C : in relative clause L6T1Demonstrative pronoun: may occur before or after what is described L6T1Demonstrative pronoun `Ed ©d: can occur without allusion or emphasis L6T2Determined form: ¨lŸM L6T1Determined state of noun L6T1Disjunction: -e as L6T1Bet / -A : governing L6T1Internal object / Cognate accusative L6T1,L6T2Ishtafel: of rci L6T1Kal ve-homer: comparison by means of L6T2Lack of agreement in gender L6T1Marker of subordinate clause: -C L6T1Marker of subordinate clause: `d §C L6T1Marker of subordinate clause: -C l ©r L6T1 L6 Modal auxiliary verb L6T1Nominative absolute L6T2Noun: Determined state L6T1 L6



Object: internal L6T1Participle: Passive L6T2Passive participle L6T2Predicate denial L6T2Relative clause: definition L6T1Relative clause: subject as antecedent L6T1Relative pronoun -C L6T1Resumptive pronoun L6T2 Subordinate clause: -C as marker of L6T1Subordinate clause: `d §C as marker of L6T1Subordinate clause: -C l ©r as marker of L6T1Vav / -e : as conjunction of contrast L6T1Vav / -e : as disjunction L6T1Word order L6T1

Aramaic

Edi ¦ L6T1o` ©r §cŸen §Y §W ¦ L6T1-A L6T1-C L6T1-A L6T1K©M oi ¦b §A L6T1Ki ¦x §A L6T2`d §C L6T1WxC L6T2`Ed ©d L6T2dP ©WFW §A l`r §C `Ed ©d L6T2`kd L6T2p''d / i ¥np i ¦kd L7T1mzd L6T2Eti ¦w §f L6T1x ©zg dxi ¦z£g L6T1`x §tEh L6T1i ¥x §tEh L6T1rci L6T1c©M L6T1`''cM L6T2

¨lŸM L6T1 L6x ©n §z ¦ §C dn §M L6T2itM L6T1l©l §M ... ¨l L6T1



W''k L6T2 -l zi¥l L6T2

¨Ni ¥r§l L6T1Eki ¦ §n L6T1i ¥np...sF`...dn L6T2bi ¦x §h ©w §C `b ¥x §h ©w §n L6T1`dx §h£r §A `x §h ©r §z ¦n L6T1 i ¥np L6T2Ewi¦l §q L6T1wl §q © §C Ewi¦l §q L6T1-C l ©r L6T1d ¨ N ¦r L6T1d ¨ ni¦p §R L6T1i`ni¦p §R L6T1oi ¦ ni ¦p §R L6T1 -l jxv L6T1i ¥O ©w L6T1fnx L6T1f ¤n ¤x L6T1

Biblical Hebrew

Di ¥Wi ¥x Di ¥tFq ¨l `x §w i` ©d L6T2 mi ¦dŸl¡ ©d `Ed ded§i L6T2i ©xU Dn §W z ¤ `x §w ¦z Ÿl L §Y §W ¦ i ©xU L6T2

Biblical Verses

Gen 17:15 L6T2I Kgs 18:39 L6T2

Zohar

I.1a L6T2I.96b L6T2I.137a L6T1I.174b L6T1II.133a L6T1II.198a L6T2III.128a IR L6T1

References



Blass, F. and Debrunner, A. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Trans. and rev. R. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago L6 Press, 1961. L6T2Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. ed. E. Kautsch and A. Cowley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, . L6T2Gildersleeve, Basil and Lodge, Gonzalez. Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar. New York: University Publishing Company, 1905. L6T2Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971. Rosenthal, Franz. A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1961. L6T2Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013.Tishby, Isaiah, trans. and ed. The Wisdom of the Zohar : an anthology of texts. v.1-3. Trans. David Goldstein. Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1989. L6T1Waltke, Brian and O’Connor, Michael. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. L1T1, L6T2Wheelock, Frederic. Rev. by Richard LaFleur. Wheelock’s Latin Grammar. 6th ed. New York: HarperResource, 2000. L6T2

L6



LESSON SEVEN

Text 1:

(7:12 zldw) .`W §C §w ©n i ¥A o ©A §xg §A DEn §wF` `x §w i` ©d did ¤W §M u ¤x ¨d l ©r xtr ¤d aŸeWi §e, Edi ¦ `kd (ai ziy`xa) ai ¦Y §k §C i` ©n.u §x Ä f ¨ i ¦p£r©p §M ©d §e did ¤W §M .i` ©C©e Dpz §p x ¤W£ mi ¦dl¡d l ¤ aEWY ©gExd §ei` ©n .

©gExd §eàz ¨ §l oErA ¨l §e ¨l §h©p `w §C zŸerQ ©n x ¤U¤r oEpi ¦ §A z`ng c ©M .`Wi ¦C ©w ©gEx i ¦di ¦ §C `Y§pi ¦k §W `C ,.DEn §wF` `d §e `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x © l ©r `x£g © x ©h §q Ehi¦lW §e d''aw i ¥nw

i ¥c£rŸenE i ¥zA ©W lk §aE `Y ©z§l ¦C o ¤c¥r §C `z§p ¦B §A `p §wEI ¦c §A xH ©r §z ¦ d ¨ M©f Wp x ©a §C ©gEx Èd ©d i ¦f£g `Y ¨Ni ¥r§l `Wi ¦C ©w `z §n §W¦p Èd ©d §A d''aw ci ¦ar §C dO §k ¦e , ¨Ni ¥r§l ow§N ©q §e oh §X ©R §z ¦nE ox §H ©r §z ¦n i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x §e

dO ©k §A d''aw Dl `x §H ©r §n .`tEB ì §p©l §t ¦C ©gEx i ¦di ¦ `C x ©n ¨ §e Di ¥nw z ©w§l ©q `w §C ©gEx i` ©d §A ci ¦ar p''d .DA r ©W£r ©Y §W ¦ §e oi ¦x §h ¦r

(10 :21 zenW) ¨N ¤ i ¦kd e ¨l ,`z §n §W¦p§l ci ¦ar §C d ©n d''aw wi ¦aW `C ©gEx oi ¦b §A `d §C `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e DzEq §M Dx ¥ §W rx §b ¦i `l DzpŸ r §e§C (3 :64 driyi) oi ¦ N ¦r odn §W oi¦N ¥ oEPi ¦ z©l §Y ,mi ¦dl¡ dz ¨x `l o ¦i ©r

L §zlEf.oO ©Y ¦n ok §X ©n §z ¦ §e i ¥z ¨ §C `n§lr §A Ed§Nªk §e c ©g Dx ¥ §W i ¥x §w ¦ §e ¨NŸM of §C `pŸef §n mi ¦zq g ©xŸ §A xi ¦dp §C Evi ¦v§p ¦C Eki ¦W §n ,dedi.mi ¦dl¡ §C d ©cEw§p ¦A Dx ¥ §W oee §z © KER ¦d §A 'd xy` (20:49 ziy`xa) `C §e dp ¥O §W x ¤W ¨ ¥n Ÿen §g©l Edi ¦ `c §e ,Dx ¥ §W.

Text 2:

dn ©W§p z ©W §al §z ¦ Di ¥A `wŸexR Èd ©d oO ©Y li ¦r ¨ §C ©gEx Èd ©d ,d''aw ci ¦ar §C oi ¦ N ¦r oxEa §B oEPi ¦ KM ¨N ¤©gEx Èd ©d §e ,dn ©W§p¦l `WEa§l Fe£d§l d ¨ p §A §z ¦ §l oO ©Y az §C `xi ¦h §x ©r gEx Èd ©d §e ,i ¥xŸeI ¦b §C `WEa§l ¦C xz£ ©A

x ©za §C `xp ¦h §C oi ¦E ©M Ÿeb §A xz£ Di¥l oi ¦n §f © d''aw §e oO ©Y ¦n g ©xR `p`n Èd ©d §A x © §Y §W ¦ §C `zi ¦n §c ©w §A de£d §C©gEx Èd ©d §aE `zi ¦n §c ©w §A Èd §C d ¨ n §c ©w `tEB Èd ©d§l wN ©Y §q ¦ §e oO ©Y x ©Oh §z ¦ §e o ¤c¥r §C `Y§p ¦b §c iŸet §z ¦M

.`pi ¥n£ `w §C oi ¥x §Y oEPi ¦ §C c ©g Edi ¦ `c §e ,mEw§idnc£ Ÿeb§l Di¥l i ¥Y §g©p d ¨ §A ©x §z ¦ §l dkf ¨l §C oi ¦b §A `d §C ì §b ©q Di ¥W§pŸer mEw§i ¨l §C cFr §A `tEB Èd ©d

`d §e wi¦lq `d wi¦lq `Y §W ©d §e zi ¦gp `Y §W ©d ,l ¥a ¥Y i` ©d§l Di¥l i ¥w§N ©q x ©za§lE oO ©Y oc §z ¦ §e .`w §x © §l Ki ¦nq §C.i ¥g §x©i Wi ¥x §aE oi ¦ah oi ¦nŸei §aE i ¥zA ©W §A x ©A Eki ¦k §W Di¥l zi¥l ,zi ¦gp

(ai lìpc) ai ¦z §M oi¥N ¦ l ©r §e l ¥a ¥Y ¦n xtr ,dnc£ ¥n z ©n §c © ,xtr z ©n §c © §A oi ¦ki ¦n §C oi¥N ¦ §ei ¦pi ¥W §i ¦n mi ¦A ©x §eEvi ¦wi xtr z ©n §c © mlŸer i ¥I ©g§l d¤N ¥] 'ebe mlŸer oŸe` §x ¦c§lE zŸetx£g©l d¤N ¥ §e`xi ¦h §x ©r ©gEx Èd ©d dkf i ¦ ,[

`tEB Èd ©d §A o ©TY §z¦i `xp ¦h §A x ©O §h §z ¦ §C ©gEx Èd ©d `d §C Edi ¦ d ¨ M©f `p §w ©Y §z ¦ §l oi ¦n §C ©w§N ¦n §M az §C ai ¦Y §M oi¥N ¦ l ©r §e ,d ¨ n §c ©wzŸetx£g©l d¤N ¥ §e mlŸer i ¥I ©g§l d¤l ¥ .`p §w ©Y §z ¦ §l Ekf ¨l §C oEPi ¦ lM ,'Ÿeb §e

L7



NOTES ON LESSON SEVEN1) Word order in noun clause2) Bet / -A that indicates aspect3) Adverb of mood or circumstance: i` ©C©e4) Agreement: lack of in number5) Perfect in place of the future 6) Nomen Agentis: the Qatol/ lFhw paradigm

Text 1: II.97b SdM / v.5: p.20-22

Paragraph 1:DEn §wF` `x §w i` ©d: has usual word order in noun clause: subject-predicate (Kaddari: p.115) o ©A §xg §A : -A as indicating ‘from the aspect of’; ‘in relation to’ (Kaddari: p. 101) o ©A §xg - n.m. destruction, desolation ai ¦Y §k §C i` ©n Edi ¦ `kd: Edi ¦ : prn. is copulative (see L6T1) (Kaddari: p.109) i` ©C©e: adverb of mood or circumstance (Kaddari: p.64)

¨l §h©p `w §C zŸerQ ©n x ¤U¤r : referent is Shekhinah àz ¨ §l oErA ¨l §e: disjunctive vav: ‘but, yet’ (See L6T1,L11T1) (Kaddari: p.73) `x£g © x ©h §q Ehi¦lW §e: lack of agreement in number (Kaddari: p.114)

Paragraph 2:W©p x ©a §C ©gEx Èd ©d : the demonstrative prn. as adjunct before the described, for emphasis (Kaddari: p.31)p''d - abbreviation: i ¥np i ¦kd - so too, so (See L2T1) (Kaddari: p.22)`Y ©z§l ¦C : -C is rel.prn. ‘that is’ i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x §e i ¥c£rŸenE i ¥zA ©W lk §aE: lM/ kol as dependent of a plural noun: ’every, all’ (See L1T2) (Kaddari: p.92) i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x §e - new moons oh §X ©R §z ¦nE: Itpa’al act.prtcpl. 3rd f.pl. of hWR - strip, make plain, spread, extend, stretch, explain (here: ‘are stripped’) ...p''d... §C dO §kE: comparative clause (See L6T2,L10T2) (Kaddari: p.22) ...p''d: (abbrev.) i ¥np i ¦kd - conj. of comparison: ‘so, so too’ (Kaddari: p.138)x ©n ¨ §e : - §e can be treated as disjunctive, and start of a new subject (See L6T1,L11T1) `tEB ì §p©l §t ¦C ©gEx: 1) `tEB... ©gEx: dalet / -c of the possessive is omitted here (Kaddari:p.90); 2) here ì§p©l §R may be taken as an attribute of `tEB and, as such, is prior to the defined (See L1T1) (Kaddari: p.116)oi ¦x §h ¦r dO ©k §A d''aw Dl `x §H ©r §n : Internal object/cognate accusative: object oi ¦x §h ¦r is derived from root of predicate `x §H ©r §n (See L61T1,L6T2) (Kaddari: p.112) r ©W£r ©Y §W ¦ : Itpa’al act.prtcpl. of rWrW (See L1T1) (Kaddari: p.37) L7Paragraph 3:`ni ¥Y i ¦ §e : Conditional clause: Volitional mood of future (Kaddari: p.46,133)



Paragraph 4:c ©g : begins a description of the ‘three supernal names’ of the previous sentence Evi ¦v§p ¦C Eki ¦W §n: a) Eki ¦W §n - n. flow, attraction; b) Evi ¦v§p - n. sparkle, sparkling [first occurs in the Zohar (Kaddari: p.57)] c) the phrase lit.: ‘flow of sparkling’; Matt: ‘sparkling flow’ Evi ¦v§p ¦C Eki ¦W §n is the first of three descriptors: 2) mi ¦zq g ©xŸ §A xi ¦dp §C : -C as rel.prn.+ vb.; 3) ¨NŸM of §C `pŸef §n mi ¦dl¡ §C d ©cEw§p ¦A - n.f. point, dot, vocalization [here: vocalization]; reference is to the letters of YHWH being given the vowels of Elohim

Text 2: II.100a-b SdM / v.5: p.42-3

Paragraph 1:KM ¨N ¤ - lit. ‘but it is like this’; however oxEa §B - pl. of `xEa §B n.m. mighty deeds d''aw ci ¦ar §C: whether the vb. is taken as a pf. or act.prtcpl., a complete thought is concluded with d''aw. `wŸexR - n.m. redeemer: Nomen agentis / noun agent / substantival participle: qatol / lFhw form of prtcpl. which functions as a noun; < verbal root wxR - redeem (Kaddari: p.51; Waltke: p.613) cmp. a ©x i ¥a §C i ¥wEpi - school children I.9a; `wEPi - n.m. child < root wpi - nurse `fFxM x ©a£r © - issued a proclamation I.5b; `fFxM - n.m. proclamation, herald < root fxM - proclaim dn ©W§p z ©W §al §z ¦ Di ¥A: Di¥A - ‘in which’ -C xz£ ©A - ‘in place of; instead of’`xi ¦h §x ©r - adj., n.m. naked (Matt, Z: v.5: p.36 n.105) dn ©W§p¦l `WEa§l Fe£d§l: Pf. in place of the fut. (Kaddari: p.81)`zi ¦n §c ©w §A de£d §C ©gEx Èd ©d §e : begins four lines of clauses joined by connective vav /-e (See L1T1,L2T2) (Kaddari: p.73,122), with some relative clauses beginning with dalet /-C oi ¦E ©M- pl.n.m. È ©M- cleft, window iŸet §z ¦M: poss.3rd m.s. of `t §z ¦M - n.m. shoulder, back, cluster [lit. ‘its shoulders’; here: back] d ¨ n §cw: here: ‘first’ `pi ¥n£ `w §C : rel.prn. -C- ‘which’ + `w before the verb (See L5T1,L8T1,L11T1) (Kaddari: p.42-3)Paragraph 2:

Di ¥W§pŸer mEw§i ¨l §C cFr §A `tEB Èd ©d : Nominative absolute: i ¥W§pŸerD refers back to `tEB Èd ©d, the subject (See L6T2,L8T1,L10T1) (Kaddari: p.118) L7 `d §C : adv. ‘for’ can serve as disjunction



dnc£ Ÿeb§l Di¥l i ¥Y §g©p: dnc£ - pr.n.f. Adamah; name of one of seven rabbinic earths (Matt, Z: v.5: p.42 n.118) `w §x © §l Ki ¦nq §C: Ki ¦nq - prep. close to, near, next to; `w §x © - pr.n.m. Arqa: name of another one of rabbinic earthsl¥a ¥Y i` ©d§l Di¥l i ¥w§N ©q : l ¥a ¥Y - pr.n.m. Tevel is the name another one of rabbinic earths `d §e - inter. here, look! [but can also remain untranslated] Eki ¦k §W - n. contentment, tranquility, rest, quiet oi ¦ah oi ¦nŸei - holidaysParagraph 3:

xtr z ©n §c © §A oi ¦ki ¦n §C oi¥N ¦ §e : 1) `ki ¦n §C - one who sleeps, one who sleeps in the grave; 2) xtr z ©n §c © - ground of dust (Dan 12:2) (Matt, Z: v.5: p.43 n.119) dnc£ ¥n z ©n §c © : “z ©n §c © ” is from Adamah l¥a ¥Y ¦n xtr: “xtr” is from Tevel`p §w ©Y §z ¦ §l oi ¦n §C ©w§N ¦n §M az §C `xi ¦h §x ©r ©gEx `Ed ©d dkf i ¦ : Conditional clause (See L4T2,L8T1,L10T1) (Kaddari: p.133) Edi ¦ d ¨ M©f: Fulfillment of condition (and can treat it as conclusion of sentence) `d §C : adv. of cause (See L5T1,L6T1) (Kaddari: p.71,136)

L7



Index

Abbreviation L7T1Adverb of mood or circumstance: i` ©C©e L7T1Adverb of cause: `d §C L7T2Agent Noun: definition L7T2Agreement: lack of in number L7T1Attribute: comes prior to what is defined L7T1Bet / -A that indicates aspect L7T1Compound verb form for 1st pf.: `pi ¥n£ L7T2Conditional clause L7T2Conditional clause: volitional mood of future L7T1Conjunction of comparison: p''d/ i ¥np ¥kd - ...so too, so” L7T1 Demonstrative pronoun: as adjunct before the described, for emphasis L7T1Disjunctive vav / -e L7T1Fulfillment of condition L7T2Internal object/cognate accusative L7T1Kol / lM as dependent of a plural noun: ‘every, all’ L7T1Lack of agreement in number L7T1Nomen agentis: definition L7T2Nominative absolute L7T2Participle: substantival L7T2Perfect in place of the future L7T2Pronoun: as copulative L7T1Qa / `w before the verb L7T2Qatil / li ¦hw paradigm of P’al active participle L7T1Qatol / lFhw : paradigm of the nomen agentis L7T2Required Bet/ -A: used with certain verbs L7T1Subject-predicate: word order in noun clause L7T1Substantival participle L7T2Vav / -e : disjunctive L7T1Word order in noun clause L7T1

Aramaic

dnc£ L7T2`ni ¥Y i ¦ L7T1KM ¨N ¤ L7T2`pi ¥n£ L7T2 `fFxM x ©a£r © L7T2`w §x © L7T2 L7-A L7T1i ¥A L7T1



`W §C §w ©n i ¥A L7T1`xEa §B L7T2oxEa §B L7T2`d §C L7T2`ki ¦n §C L7T2DEn §wF` `x §w i` ©d L7T1p''d L7T1`d §e L7T2i ¥np i ¦kd L7T1 i` ©C©e L7T1ing L7T1o ©A §xg L7T1oi ¦ah oi ¦nŸei L7T2`wEPi L7T2a ©x i ¥a §C i ¥wEpi L7T2wpi L7T2`E ©M L7T2oi ¦E ©M L7T2lM L7T1p''d ...-c dn §M L7T1`fFxM L7T2fxM L7T2`t §z ¦M L7T2iŸet §z ¦M L7T2i` ©n L7T1rQ ©n L7T1zFrQ ©n L7T1`xFh§p L7T2xhp L7T2Evi ¦v§p L7T1dn ©W§p L7T1Ki ¦nq L7T2`wFxR L7T2wxR L7T2hWR L7T1`w L7T2Eki ¦k §W L7T2 L7l¥a ¥Y L7T2

Biblical Hebrew



xtr z ©n §c © L7T2

HebrewlFhw L7T2

Biblical VersesDan 12:2 L7T2

Zohar

I.5b L7T2I.9a L7T2III.52a L7T2

References

Bravmann, M. "The Aramaic nomen agentis qatol and some similar phenomena of Arabic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1971): 1-4. L7T2Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971.Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1- . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004- . L7T2Waltke, Brian and O’Connor, Michael. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. L7T2

L7



LESSON EIGHT

Text 1:.dpn §f ©d i ¦di ¦ Di¥lr oi ¦k §xa §n `w §C dN ¦n Èd ©d ¨N ¤ .dpn §f ©d zi ¦ ¨l i` ©n£ o`k §x ¦A x © §W ¦A `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e

`wlEg Di ¥A zi¥l §e .Di¥lr oi ¦k §xa §nE dpn §f ©d Edi ¦ i ¦x §R Èd ©d i ¦x §R l ©r K ¥xa §n ¦C i` ©d §C Èd i ¦kd §C g''z §e(hi `xwie) ai ¦z §kE Di¥lr oi ¦k §xa §n ¨l `x£g © `x §h ¦q §C EW §x ¦A i ¦x §R Èd ©d de£d §C `C m ¤cŸew §e ,`x£g © `x §h ¦q§l

l ¥k ¨ ¥i Ÿ l,l¥k ¨ ¥i ,Di ¥zEW §x ¥n w ©tp §C oei ¥M .`x£g © `x §h ¦q K ©x §A §z¦i ¨l §e i ¦x §R Èd ©d l ©r oEk §xa§i ¨l §C oi ¦b §A ,`pn §f ©d Ed§NªM Edi§i©lr oi ¦k §xa §n `w §C `n§lr §C oi¦Ni ¦n lM o ¥k §e .`zk §x ¦a§l dpn §f ©d Edi ¦ §e Di¥lr oi ¦k §xa §nE

.`x£g © `x §h ¦q§l `wlEg Ed §A zi¥l §e .`zk §x ¦a§l`zi ¥n §c ©w §aE li ¦ Ÿed ¨N ¤ .Ki ¦x §a¦p §e a ©d i` ©n£ ,`pn §f ©d de£d `zk §x ¦a §C `Q ©M oEO ¦f z ©M §x ¦a§l i ¦kd sE` `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e,`x£g © `pn §f ©d§l ,iEP ¦W opi ¥rA `pŸef §n z ©M §x ¦a§l `Y §W ©d §e ,i ¦e£d `pn §f ©d `d ,o ¤t¤B ©d i ¦x §R ` ¥xŸeA x ©n ¨ ,i ¥zW de£d c ©M

.`ni ¦t §C `pn §f ©d i ¥rA KM oi ¦b §aE `pŸef §n¦l e ¨l §e i ¦e£d d''aw§N `C `Q ©M `d §C Text 2:

i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ §C Di ¥A zi¥l §C dn §A q ©R §Y ¦ Di¥l i¥Pb §e Di ¥A zi¥l §C dn §A Di ¥x §a ©g§l i ¥xw §C o` ©n lM i ¦qŸei i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨

oEPi ¦ x ©A iŸer§l ¦r§l Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p §e mP ¦di¥B©l Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p rWx Di ¥x §a ©g§l i ¥xw §C o` ©n lM dI ¦w §f ¦g i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ ìI ¦g.rWx Ed§l i ¥x §w ¦n§l Wi¦pi ¦ §l Di¥l i ¥x §W ¦C `zi§i ©xŸe` §C oi ¦ti ¦v£g

,dcEd§i i ¦A ©x §C Di ¥nw§l Di¥i §z © . §Y §ca ©r rWx §M Di¥l x ©n ¨ `qi¥i i ¦A ©x xA §r © Di ¥x §a ©g§l hi¦il §C ,`x §a©B Èd ©d dcEd§i i ¦A ©x `z ¨ .rWx Edi ¦ §C `pi ¥n£ ¨l §e rWx §M iŸeN ¦n i¥f §g © §C rWx §M ¨N ¤ Di¥l `pi ¥n ¨ ¨l rWx l''`

(5: a dki`) ,ai ¦Y §k ¦C .ol `p §n .aiI ©g §z ¦ ¨l i` ©C©e Di¥l x ©n ¨ ,xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ©x §C Di ¥nw `caŸer li ¦ W §e'i §i dida¥iŸe` §M ,a¥iŸe` §Mdki`) `C `pe §e©b §M .`n§lr §A oi ¦r §f ¦B l ¥ x §U¦I oFdi`¥p §U ¦n xi¥i §Y §W ¦ ¨l i ¦kd e ¨l i ¦ §C ,a¥iŸe` ¨l §e (1 :`dpn§l © §M dz §id.Di¥l z`M ©g §nE ,Ò©i §C `x §a ¦r§l Dl §r ©A li ¦f ¨ §C dpn§l © §M ,dpn§l © ¨l §e ,

(` l`wfgi) ,ai ¦Y §k ¦C , ¨NŸk §C `xw ¦r Èd `kd ¥nE ,ìI ¦g i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ zEn §C ` ¥Q ¦M ©d zEn §C l ©r §e d ¥ §x ©n §Mmc ¨ .mc ¨ d ¥ §x ©n §M (3 :a mixiyd xiy) ai ¦z §M wg §v¦i x''` .mc ¨ d ¤ §x ©n ¨l §e ,i ¦cFC o ¥Mx ©r ©I ©d i ¥v£r ©A ©gER ©z §M

mi ¦pA ©d oi ¥A ,©gER ©z §M . ©gER ©Y ¨l §e ©gER ©z §M,dcEd§i i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ .dN ¦n `c£g © §z ¦ oi ¦pee §b ¦aE ,iŸepee §b ¦A `W §xR §z ¦n §C .ii ©C ,oi¥N ¦ oi¦N ¦n r ©n §W ¦n§l ¨N ¤ `kd `pi ¥z£ ¨l EN ¦

L8



NOTES ON LESSON EIGHT1) Conditional clause2) Object clause can precede main clause

Indefinite clausee ¨l negates the noun clauseIndefinite pronoun o` ©nDirect object joined to the predicateIndefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate

Text 1: III.186b / v.9: p.251-2Paragraph 1:`ni ¥Y i ¦ §e : 1- i ¦ is a conjunction of the conditional clause; 2- is used for both the fulfilled/factual condition and unfulfilled/ condition contrary to fact/hypothetical; 3- As a rule, the Zohar follows Aramaic usage: first clause contains the condition itself, and the final clause presents the fact that arises from fulfillment (or non-fulfillment) of the condition; 4- `ni ¥Y i ¦ : a didactic expression (Kaddari: p.113) o`k §x ¦A x © §W ¦A: the object clause can precede the main clause (Kaddari: p.117,127) zi ¦ ¨l : Negator ¨l before the predicate verb (See L2T2) (Kaddari: p.117) dpn §f ©d - n.f. invitation`Ed i ¦kd §C g''z §e : translate as complete sentence

¨N ¤ : adverb of contradiction (See L2T2,L5T2) (Kaddari: p.72) dN ¦n n.f. word, matter, thing (Here: thing) Di¥lr oi ¦k §xa §n `w §C: -C as relative pronoun; `w is untranslated particle (See L5T1,L7T2,L581,L11T1); (Kaddari: p.42-3,86) Di¥lr : pronominal preposition recalling the subject: Nominative absolute (See L6T2,L7T2,L8T1,L10T1) (Kaddari: p.118)K ¥xa §n ¦C i` ©d §C : Indefinite clause: lacks an explicit subject (Kaddari: p.113-114) Here: ‘one who’ m ¤cFw - prep. before de£d §C: here: prep. ‘when’ `x£g © `x §h ¦q §C EW §x ¦A - ‘in the power of’; ‘in the domain of’ (Matt, Z: v.9: p.251)l¥k ¨ ¥i - fut.3rd m.s. of lk``zk §x ¦A - n.f. blessingo¥k §e - adv. similarly, so too (See L2T1)Paragraph 2: L8oEO ¦f z ©M §x ¦A - Grace after MealsKi ¦x §a¦p §e a ©d - [h] “Come let us bless”: formula for blessing (Matt, Z: v.9: p.252) i ¥zW : P’al pf. of izW - drink o ¤t¤Bd i ¦x §R ` ¥xFA - [h] ‘who creates the fruit of the vine’: blessing said over wine

3)4)5)6)7)



(Matt, Z: v.9: p.252 n.19) i ¦e£d `pn §f ©d `d: `d - ‘this’ refers to the cup `pŸef §n z ©M §x ¦A - Grace after Meals (lit. ‘blessing of food’) (Matt, Z: v.9: p.252 n.19) opi ¥rA: P’al act.prtcpl. 1st pl. of irA - need (See L2T2) iEp ¦W - n.f. change `pŸef §n¦l e ¨l: e ¨l negates the noun clause (Kaddari: p.119)`ni ¦R - n.m. mouth; `ni ¦t §A - verbally cmp. Di ¥ni ¦t §A `x §M §c © §l - to recall verbally III.51b

Text 2: II.122a /v.5: p.146Paragraph 1:o` ©n lM - anyone; whomever: as the subject, the indefinite prn. expresses indefiniteness (See L2T1,L11T) (Kaddari: p.114) cmp. `zi§i ©xF` §A l ¥C ©Y §W ¦ §C o` ©n lk §C - for whoever engages in Torah I.11a Di¥A zi¥l §C dn §A Di ¥x §a ©g§l i ¥xw §C - lit.”who calls his fellow something that isn’t in him” = something he is not (Matt, Z: v.5: p.146 n.23) i¥Pb: P’al act.prtcpl. of iPB - put to shame, insult q ©R §Y ¦ : Itpa’al act.prtcpl. of qtY - seize, hold, confine, imprison, blame, punish [When figuring out the root, notice the dagesh in the tav.] Di¥A zi¥l §C dn §A - here, ‘something he did not do’ (Matt, Z: v.5: p.146)dI ¦w §f ¦g i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ ìI ¦g i ¦A ©x x ©n ¨ §C - < from a rabbinic formula which values attribution: ‘R. Hiyya said in the name of R. Hizkiyah’rWx - adj. wicked Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p : 1) P’al act.prtcpl. 3rd m.pl.: ‘they bring down’; 2) can have passive sense: ‘is brought down’ (Matt, Z: v.5: p.146)

Indefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate, when it is an active verb in the plural (Kaddari: p.113)iŸer§l ¦r : poss. 3rd m.s. of `r§l ¦r - n.f. rib, jaw (here: jaw) oi ¦ti ¦v£g: pl. of `ti ¦v£g - adj.,n. bare-faced, shameless, impudent Wi¦pi ¦ §l Di¥l i ¥x §W ¦C: 1) direct object here is joined to the predicate by: the verb + -l with the suffix + -l with the noun (See L5T2) (Kaddari: p.111) cmp. mP ¦gi¥B©l Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p II.122a (supra) iFg¢ §l Di¥l li ¦hw - he killed his brother I.54a Di ¥z §Y ¦ ¦l Dl j ¥xz §n Edi ¦ i ¦ §e - if he divorces his wife II.150a 2) Indefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate, when it is a passive verb in the 3rd m.s. (Kaddari: p.113)Paragraph 2: `x §a©B Èd ©d: Èd ©d - dem.prn.m.s. which, that, a certain (here: a certain) L8

Here this demonstrative prn. is used as an adjunct (Kaddari: p.97); cmp. `C `fx l ©r - concerning this mystery II.95b SdM `nFi Èd ©d ¦C - for that day II.144b 2) although the man is not named, this is not considered an indefinite sentence

3)

1)



(cf. Kaddari: p.113-4) `qi¥i i ¦A ©x xA §r © - passed R. Yeisa Di¥l x ©n ¨ : the man said to R. Yeisa

i¥i §z ©D : 1) He (R.Yeisa) brought him (the man) OR it (the words); 2) the direct object is joined with the predicate with the connective object suffix (Kaddari: p.111) rWx §M iŸeN ¦n i¥f §g © §C - for his words show “like the wicked”`caŸer li ¦ W §e : questioned the matter`n§lr §A ... ¨l - not at all oi ¦r §f ¦B: pl. of `r §f ¦B - n.m. trunk, shoot, stock, stump (here: stump)`O©i §C `x §a ¦r§l Dl §r ©A li ¦f ¨ §C - whose husband travels across the sea Di¥l z`M ©g §nE - and she waits for himParagraph 3:`kd ¥nE - adv. from here (the matter is proven) iŸepee §b ¦A `W §xR §z ¦n §C - that varies in its colors ii ©C - adj. enough, sufficient: ’it would have been enough’

L8

Index



Abbreviation L8T2Conditional clause L8T1Conjuntion of conditional clause: i ¦ L8T1Didactic expression: `ni ¥Y i ¦ L8T1Direct object joined to the predicate L8T2Direct object joined with the predicate: with the connective object suffix L8T2Indefinite pronoun o` ©n: subject L8T2Indefinite sentence L8T1Indefiniteness: with indefinite pronoun o` ©n as subject L8T2Indefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate L8T2Lav / e ¨l negates the noun clause L8T1Negation of noun clause by e ¨l L8T1Nominative absolute L8T1Noun clause: negation of by e ¨l L8T1Object clause: can precede the main clause L8T1

Aramaic

i ¦ L8T1`ni ¥Y i ¦ L8T1x''` L8T2q ©R §Y ¦ L8T2Di¥A zi¥l §C dn §A L8T2 irA L8T1opi ¥rA L8T1`ni ¦t §A L8T1oEO ¦f z ©M §x ¦A L8T1`zk §x ¦A L8T1` ¦r §f ¦B L8T2oi ¦r §f ¦B L8T2 iPB L8T2i¥Pb L8T2ii ©C L8T2`zi§i ©xF` §A l ¥C ©Y §W ¦ §C o` ©n lk §C L8T2Ki ¦x §a¦p §e a ©d L8T1 L8`pn §f ©d L8T1dpn §f ©d L8T1o¥k §e L8T1`kd ¥nE L8T2



`ti ¦v£g L8T2oi ¦ti ¦v£g L8T2Di ¥ni ¦t §A `x §M §c © §l L8T1e ¨l L8T1dN ¦n L8T1mP ¦gi¥B©l Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p L8T2`r§l ¦r L8T2iFr§l¦¦r L8T2`ni ¦R L8T1m ¤cŸew L8T1iFg¢ §l Di¥l li ¦hw L8T2rWx L8T2iEp ¦W L8T1izW L8T1i ¥zW L8T1qtY L8T2

Hebrew

o ¤t¤Bd i ¦x §R ` ¥xFA L8T1`pŸef §n z ©M §x ¦A L8T1

Zohar

I.11a L8T2I.54a L8T2II.95b SdM L8T2II.122a L8T2II.150a L8T2III.51b L8T1

References

Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971.Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1- . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004- . L8T1, L8T2

L8



LESSON NINE

Text 1:

l ©r §e .`gŸen ¥n i ¥w ©W §z ¦n §C dx §c ¦W §C `hEg l ©ri ¥n§l , ¨NŸk§l i` ©n ¨NŸk§l `Y§l ©rŸeY i ¥zi ¥n§l oi ¦ki ¦x£ oEPi ¦ `C l ©r §e¨l §e iŸexŸeg£©l oi¦p §cE` l ©r wi¦lq §e i¥lY `Wi ¥x §C `x£r ©U §C ,`p §wi ¦c §C `x£r ©U l ©r `Wi ¥x §C `x£r ©U i¥lY ¨l jM

.Edi§i ©g §x ¨ §A oW §xR §z ¦n Ed§Nªk §C .oi¥N ¦ §A oi¥N ¦ à §xr §z ¦ §l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ ¨l §C mEX ¦n `p §wi ¦C l ©r i¥lYmEX ¦n ,h''n .Ed§NªM i ¥Wi ¦W §w `p`z §e .`B§l ©z §M i ¥xeE ¦g Ed§NªM ,`p §wi ¦c §C oi ¥A `Wi ¥x §C oi ¥A i ¥x §r ©U Ed§NªM ,`p`Y

.`Y ©z§l Epi ¦q£g §z ¦ §C oli ¦k §n x ©qi¥l §Y oEPi ¦ oi ¦q£g © §l ,oi ¦ti ¦T ©z §c `ti ¦T ©Y oEPi ¦ §C .oi ¦px£g © §A Ea §x ©r §z ¦ ¨l §e oEPi ¦ Edi§i ©cFg§l ¦a §C mEW ¦n i ¥x §r ©U oii §x ©W iFp §cE` i ¥O ©w ¦n `pi¦pY i ¦kd §e

: ì §p ©z §C . ¨l .Edi§i ©zee §M oi¦px£g © zi¥l §C `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e LŸenM l ¥ i ¦n ,c ©g oŸer ` ¥UŸep ,i ¥x §Y r ©W ¤R l ©r x ¥aŸer §e,z©l §Y Ÿezl£g©p zi ¦x ¥ §W¦l ,r ©A §x © ŸeR © c ©rl wi ¦f¡g ¤d Ÿ l ,dW ¥ng u ¥tg i ¦M Èd c ¤q ¤g ,zi ¦W Ep ¥n£g ©x §i aEWi,dr §a ¦W Epi ¥zŸepŸe£r yŸeA §k ¦i ,ì §p ©n §Y mz ŸH ©g lM mi zŸelEv §n ¦A Ki¦l §W ©z §e ,dr §W ¦Y aŸ w£r©i§l z ¤n¡ o ¥Y ¦Y ,dx §U ©r c ¤q ¤g

mdx §a © §l ,xq c ©g Epi ¥zŸea£©l Y §r ©A §W ¦p x ¤W£ ,xqi ¥x §Y m ¤c ¤w i ¥ni ¥n (26: 34 zFnW) `C li ¥a ¢wl .x ©qi¥l §Y l ¥oEP ©g §e mEg ©x.`Y ©z§l oEPi ¦

g ©k §Y §W ¦ `pi ¦c §C xz£ §l ¨N ¤ Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ ¨l d ¤WŸn ¨N ¤ .oi ¦ N ¦r oi¥N ¦ x ©n ¨ ¨l Ki ¥ d ¤WŸn `ni ¥Y i ¦ §e de£d `pi ¦c §e Ea`g l ¥ x §U¦i §C `pci ¦r §A ¨N ¤ x ©n ¨ ¨l d ¤WŸnE ,x ©ni ¥n§l i ¦kd i ¥rA g ©k §Y §W ¦ `pi ¦c §C xz£ ©aE

wi ¦Y ©r §C `ga §W ¦C `xEc ¦q xz£ i` ©d §A la£ ,g ©k §Y §W ¦ `pi ¦c §C xz£ ©A ¨N ¤ ,d ¤WŸn x ©n ¨ ¨l K ©M i¥pi ¦b §aE ìi§l ©Y .d ¨ i ¦a§p x ¥C ©q §n oi ¦nŸei

Text 2:

,ai ¦z §M d ©n mdx §a © §A la£ m ¦i ©x §v ¦O ¦n mx §a © l ©r ©I ©ed ¨ N ¦r `b §x ©c§l Di ¥x §z © §l az §e ,zi ¦gp ¨l §e wq ,i¥fg `w §c §M mi¦l §W `nEI ¦w §A miI ©w §z ¦ §C ,`zn §kg d ¨ f£g © §l oi ¦b §A de£d `caŸer §e .`zi ¦n §c ©w §A Di ¥A wA ©C §z ¦ §C

.Di ¥x §z © §l az §e `nEI ¦w §A mw §e `Y ©R §z ¦ ¨l §e Di¥ldA §b¤P ©dDi¥A ci ¦g£ §z ¦ §C d ¨ N ¦r `B §x ©C ,mŸexc `C , ai ¦z §k ¦C `zi ¦n §c ©w §AdA §b¤P ©d ©rŸeqp §e KŸeld `kd sE` .dA §b¤P ©d.`zi ¦n §c ©w §A Di ¥A w ©A ©c §z ¦ §C x ©z£ ,

Di ¥A §c ©r w©lEg ` ¥d§i ¨l ,.`zi ¦n §c ©w §A oO ©Y s ¥xh §v¦i ¨l §e m¦i ©x §v ¦n§l zEgi¥i ¨l mx §a © i ¦ ,dN ¦n §c `fx g''z i ¦ ,Di ¥A©b§l oŸel à §xw§lE mi¦l §W Ò ©r `cg Ò ©r Di¥l c ©Ar ¤n§l d''aw `rA c ©M ,iŸep §a¦l `c `pee©b §M .d''aw §C

¨l i ¦ `c `pe §e©b §M .Di¥li ¦c `ci ¦g§i Ò ©r Ee£d `l ,oO ©Y Et §x ©h §v¦i ¨l §e m¦i ©x §v ¦n§l `zi ¦n §c ©w §A Ez£gp ¨l¨NŸke .d''aw §C Di ¥a §c ©r §e Di ¥w§lEg `r §x © ze£d ¨l DA hŸel §W¦i §e `zin §c ©w §A o ©r©p §k¦l `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x © z ©ai ¦di§i §z ¦

.`cg `fx

L9



NOTES ON LESSON NINE:Superlative degree of the adjectiveAdverb can be used as a predicateVerbal clausesCardinal numbers

5) Place of the direct object Text 1: III.131b IR/ v.8: p.352Paragraph 1:oi ¦ki ¦x£ : pl. of ji ¦x£ - adj. longdx §c ¦W §C `hEg - the spinal cord `Wi ¥x §C `x£r ©U: -C of the genitive possessive (See L1T2,L2T2) (Kaddari: p.90; Siegal 4.3) i ¥w ©W §z ¦n: Itpa’al act.prtcpl. of iwW - water, irrigate, drink (Here: either ‘‘is irrigated [from]’ or ‘drinks [from]’)jM l ©r §e - adv. therefore `p §wi ¦C - n.m. beard -C mEX ¦n: conjunction of cause in causal clause (Kaddari: p.136) oi¦p §cE`: pl. of `p §cE` - n.f. ear à §xr §z ¦ §l: Itpa’al infin. of axr - mix, mingle, confuse, vouch for [Here: mix or mingle] oi¥N ¦ §A oi¥N ¦ - with each other -C - for: conjunction of cause in causal clause (Kaddari: p.136)Paragraph 2: oi ¥A ...oi ¥A - whether... or: `B§l ©Y - n.m. snow i ¥Wi ¦W §w : pl. of `Wi ¦W §w - adj. old, elder, stiff, coarse [Here: ‘stiff’ or ‘coarse’]oi ¦ti ¦T ©z §c `ti ¦T ©Y : Superlative degree can be expressed by combining words with a similar meaning (Kaddari: p.93) - cmp. oi ¦aq §C àq - the oldest of the old/eldest of elders III.128b IR,288b IZ; ZH 48b,109c oi ¦q£g © §l : Afel infinitive of oqg - bequeath, bestow, inherit Epi ¦¦q£g §z ¦ : Itpa’al act.prtcpl. 3rd m.pl. of oqgParagraph 3:`pi¦pY i ¦kd §e - ‘thus we have learned’ i ¦kd §e: explanatory vav (Kaddari: p.126) i ¦kd: the adv. is used as a predicate (See L11T1) (Kaddari: p.100) iFp §cE` : poss. 3rd m.s. of `p §cE` - n.f. ear Ea §xr §z ¦ : Itpa’al act.prtcpl. of axr - mix, mingle, confuse, vouch forEdi§i ¥zee §M : 3rd m.pl. of zee §M - prep. like, in agreement with; it is used only with the L9 pronominal suffixes (Kaddari: p.74,104)The rabbinic interpretation of biblical verses, beginning after ì§p ©z §C, lists thirteen

1)2)3)4)



cardinal numbers (masculine form): c ©g, one; i ¥x §Y, two; z©l §Y, three; r ©A §x © , four; dW ¥ng, five; zi ¦W, six; dr §a ¦W, seven; dr §a ¦W, seven; `i§p ©n §Y, eight; dr §W ¦Y, nine; dx §U£r, ten; x ©q c ©g, eleven; x ©qi ¥x §Y, twelve; x ©qi¥l §Y, thirteen. (See L1T1) (Kaddari: p.62)Paragraph 4: Ji ¥ - adv. how

¨N ¤ x ©n ¨ ¨l ... ¨N ¤ Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ ¨l : ¨N ¤ ... ¨l: here it is an expression of qualification or limitation: ‘only’ (Kaddari: p.119-120) - cf. L5T2 where it is an expression of contrastx ©ni ¥n§l i ¦kd i ¥rA : i ¦kd: 1- Adverb can be used as a predicate (Kaddari: p.100) 2- no set order for its placement (See L6T1) (Kaddari: p.117)JM i¥pi ¦b §aE - adv. thus, so, therefore, this wayla£ : may be tken as disjunctive, and the start of a new sentenced ¨ i ¦a§p x ¥C ©q §n oi ¦nŸei wi ¦Y ©r §C `ga §W ¦C `xEc ¦q : 1) the place of the direct object is not fixed in Aramaic; 2) here, it stands at the head of the clause; word order is: object-verb-subject/ O-V-S (Kaddari: p.117) x ¥C ©q §n: Pa’el act.prtcpl. of xcq - arrange, set in order, offer (See L12T1)

Text 2: I.83a/ v.2: p.29Paragraph 1:wq : P’al act.prtcpl. of wqp - rise, ascend, finish`Y ©R §z ¦ : Itpa’al pf. of izR - entice, seduce (See L5T1)mFxc - n.m. southParagraph 2:mx §a © - pr.n.m. Abram; former name of Abraham per Gen 16:15zEgi¥i : fut. of zgp; ¥xh §v¦is : Itpa’al fut. of sxv - test, refine: 1) In all conditional clauses in the Zohar, there is agreement between the initial and final clauses (Kaddari: p.133); 2) Conditional mood can be expressed by forms of the fut. (Kaddari: p.46)Di¥A §c ©r w©lEg : Hendiadys: ‘share’ (See L1T1,L2T1) Di¥A §c ©r : poss. 3rd m.s. of `A §c ©r - n.m. lot, shareEt §x ©h §v¦i ¨l §e ...Ez£gp ¨l i ¦ : tense of vb. in first clause is pf., followed by a fut., and the tense of the second clause is a pf. Et §x ©h §v¦i: Itpa’al fut. 3rd m.pl. of sxv

¨l i ¦z©ai ¦di§i §z ¦`zin §c ©w §A o ©r©p §k¦l `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x © - pr.n.m. Canaan o£r©p §M vb. in pf.;

: action done by CanaanhŸel §W¦i §e L9



Index

Adverb: can be used as a predicate L9T1Causal clause L9T1Cardinal numbers L9T1Conditional clauses: agreement between clauses L9T2Conditional mood: can be expressed by future L9T2Conjunction of cause: -C L9T1Conjunction of cause: -C mEX ¦n L9T1Dalet / -C: of the genitive possessive L9T1Direct Object: place of not fixed in Aramaic L9T1Expression of qualification: ¨N ¤ .. ¨l L9T1Hendiadys L9T2Place of the direct object: not fixed in Aramaic L9T1Pronominal suffixes: zee §M used only with L9T1 Superlative degree: combining words with a similar meaning L9T1Verbal clauses: definition L9T2Verbal clauses: subject is not mentioned L9T2Word order: object-verb-subject/ O-V-S L9T1

Aramaic

mx §a © L9T2`p §cE` L9T1iFp §cE` L9T1oi¦p §cE` L9T1Ji ¥ L9T1oi¥N ¦ §A oi¥N ¦ L9T1r ©A §x © L9T1ji ¦x£ L9T1oi ¦ki ¦x£ L9T1Epi ¦¦q£g §z ¦ L9T1Ea §xr §z ¦ L9T1`Y ©R §z ¦ L9T2oi ¥A ...oi ¥A L9T1x ©ni ¥n§l i ¦kd i ¥rA L9T1`p §wi ¦C L9T1mFxc L9T2 L9JM i¥pi ¦b §aE L9T1c ©g L9T1



x ©q c ©g L9T1dx §c ¦W §C `hEg L9T1Di¥A §c ©r w©lEg L9T2dW ¥ng L9T1oqg L9T1zee §M L9T1Edh§i ¥zee §M L9T1o£r©p §M L9T2

¨N ¤ .. ¨l L9T1oi ¦q£g © §l L9T1à §xr §z ¦ §l L9T1x ¥C ©q §n L9T1-C mEX ¦n L9T1i ¥w ©W §z ¦n L9T1wqp L9T1oi ¦aq §C àq L9T1xcq L9T1wq L9T1À §c ©r L9T2Di¥A §c ©r L9T2jM l ©r L9T1axr L9T1dx §U£r L9T1`Wi ¦W §w L9T1i ¥Wi ¦W §w L9T1dr §a ¦W L9T1zi ¦W L9T1iwW L9T1`B§l ©Y L9T1x ©qi¥l §Y L9T1z©l §Y L9T1ì§p ©n §Y L9T1oi ¦ti ¦T ©z §c `ti ¦T ©Y L9T1x ©qi ¥x §Y L9T1dr §W ¦Y L9T1

Zohar

III.128b IR L9T1 L9III.288b IZ L9T1ZH 48b L9T1



ZH 109c L9T1

References

Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971. Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013.

L9



LESSON TEN

Text 1:iFR§p © oi ¦ i ¦B ©q §e oi ¦a §x §a ©x oi ¦ri ¦r §W iFx£r ©W .`Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l `pFr §b ¦W §A `zE`B i ¥x`n oi ¦wi ¦Y ©r Di¥li ¦C oee §t ¦Ug ©k §W ¦Y Di¥pi ¦r §A .Di¥lEw§l ¦w§l az §e c ©ar §C dn lM ¦n h ¥xg §z ¦ oi ¦p §n ¦f§l .xi ¥r §f oi¦lEB ¦r §e xi¥r §f oi ¦ki ¦x © oi ¦R§p ©

c ¦ec §C `r §x©f .`nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw oi ¦xi ¦r §f iFp §cE` . ¨l`n §U ¦C `pi ¥r §A c ©g §e `pi ¦ni ¦C `pi ¥r §A oi ¥x §Y i ¥wii §xEWDi ¥zee §t ¦U ¦C o` ©n lkC oi ¦a §x §a ©x oee §t ¦U x ©A Eai ¦h c ©A §r ¤n§lE a ©h§l oi¥N ¦ oi ¦pni ¦q lM c ¦ec §C `r §x©f .`kER ¦d §A

g ©vp Di¥li ¦C Ei §k©f §aE Èd xEnB wi ¦C ©v i ¦ x ©A àiI ©g oi ¥A d ¨ M©f oi ¥A Edi ¦ `Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l §C Di ¥x`n oi ¦a §x §a ©x`x §h ¦q§l `C `x §h ¦Q ¦n oi ¦nEW §x oi ¥x §Y Di ¥g §v ¦n §A Edi§i©pi ¥A li ¦f ¨ wnEq oe¤eB ¦n xi¥r §f oi ¦wFx§i oi ¦pi§i ©r .Di ¥n §x©B xi ¦hp §e

ai ¦di . ¨NŸk§l a ©h Edi ¦ ¨lEB ¦r §A a ©x Di ¥g §v ¦n `C 'x z © §e 't z © §A Edi ¦ `Y ©z§l c ©g §e `x¥r §f ¨Ni ¥r§l c ©g §e `Ci ¥x£r ©W §C ExeE ¦g Di¥l zi ¦ `pi ¦n§i x ©h §q ¦A i¥lz §e ©ri ¦r §W iFx£r ©W Edi ¦ ox §Y©e .W©p x ©A lk§l Di¥l zi ¦ §C dn lM ¦n

.i ¥x §A §z ¦ §C `nFI ¦no`n .Ek §A `fi ¦p §B de£d i ¦C `zEpni ¥d §n ¦C oFdi ¥x`n oi¦pi§i ©r oi ¦gi ¦w §R Epz§l §kq §C oFdi ¥x`n `n§lr i¥p §A oi ¦zi¦p §z ©n

`Wi ¥x §C `zEr §x ¦A wi¦lq §C `Y §r ©W §A r ©C§pi¦l §e mEwi¥l Di ¥A oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w oi ¦dŸl¡ ©gEx i ¦C o`n zi ¦gp §e wi¦lq §C oFk§P ¦n`pi ¦vFa §C Ehi ¦W §R Èd ©d §e xi ¦dp §C Ehi ¦W §t ¦A `pi ¦vFA W ©haE `c£g `pi ¦vFA Fb §A W ©hA mc ¨ i ¥x §a ¦n§l `xeE ¦g

`h£d©l §n `c£g àFd§l ©W `xPi ¦h Èd ©d wi ¦R © §e `ti ¦T ©Y `c£g `xp ¦h FB ©W ©hA i ¦kd sE` .oi ¦zn §W¦p wi ¦R © §eaW§i §z ¦ §e a ©z §e Di ¥A W ©hA Ehi ¦W §R Èd ©d §C c ©r `z£gp §e `w§lq àFd§l ©W Èd ©d§ oi ¦pee §B dO ©k §A `nT ©x §n

oee©B li ¦hp `Y ©z§l zi ¦gp `W §n ¦W ¦n c ©g oeeB li ¦hp §e mg §Y §z ¦ `gEx Èd ©d §e .Ì©I ©g §C `gEx ci ¦a£r §z ¦ §e Di ¥z §kEc §Ali¦lM `W ¤ oe¤eB l ©hp ¨l`n §U¦l `hq `c£g d¥i §x © §C ÒEt §A li¦lM ìI ©n oe¤eB l ©hp `pi ¦ni¦l `hq `x£di ¦¦Q ¦n

a ©x à §x §a ©x x ¤W¤p c ©g §C `nEt §A li¦lM `gEx oe¤eB l ©hp Di ¥O ©w§l `hq `C §xe ©e §M `wnEq xFW c ©g §C `nEt §A`n§lr i ¥x §h ¦q r ©A §x © ¥n li¦lM `x §t ©r oe¤eB l ©hp `xFg£©l `hq .on£g ©Y ¦n Di ¥A oi¦pe §e©B lM `vFp §C Di ¥x`n oi ¦t §c©B

.Di ¥A©b§l ol §M ©Y §q ¦n oi¦p §wEI ¦C lk §e mc ¨ ¦C `nEt §A

Text 2:

Èd ©d §e wN ©Y §q ¦ `pi ¦c §A ¨l §C r ©C§p ¦n§l oi ¦b §A `n§lr ¥n `Wi ¦C ©w `pni ¥d §n d ¨ i ¦a§p d ¤WŸn wN ©Y §q ¦ oŸevx i` ©d §aE (6:dl mixac) K ©M oi ¦b §aE Di ¥A x ©O §hi ¦ §e Di ¥zn §W¦p w ©tp `Wi ¦C ©w `wi ¦Y ©r §C oŸevx §A `z£r ©Wz ¤ Wi ¦ r ©ci Ÿ l §e

Ÿezx ªa §wi` ©d `kd sE` ,oi ¦ Y ©z §e oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦r §c©i ¨l §e oi ¦xi ¦n §h lM ¦n `xi ¦n §h `Wi ¦C ©w `wi ¦Y ©r d ©n .ai ¦z §M ai ¦z §M `z §A ©W §C dg§p ¦n §C `zŸel §v §A ì§l©B §z ¦ §C oŸevx i` ©d §A x ©O ©h §z ¦ §C `z §n §W¦pŸezx ªa §w z ¤ Wi ¦ r ©ci Ÿ l §e

.d ¤WŸn §C Di ¥wlEg d ¨ M©f ,Di ¥A `h§l ©W ¨l `pi ¦c §e `n§lr §C oi ¦xi ¦n §h lM ¦n xi ¦nh Èd §e

L10



Notes on Lesson 10:Word order in noun clauseWord order in verbal clausePlace of the copula sometimes deferred to end of clauseWord order in story/at start of new ideaAsyndetonSupplementary clause

Text 1: II.74a RdR

Di¥li ¦C oee §t ¦U : 1- Noun clause (See L3T2,L5T1) 2- usual word order in noun clause: subject-predicate (See L7T1) (Kaddari: p.115) - cf. when the predicate is a participle, the order is reversed: (Kaddari: p.115) Di ¥n §W ji ¦x §A `Ed ji ¦x §A - blessed is He, blessed is His name II.74b RdR `a §wEp §e x ©k §c ¦A `x §w fi¦pb §C - concealed the verse as male and female II.70b `zE`B - adj. proud n.f. haughtiness, grandeur (Here: n.f. haughtiness) `pFr §b ¦W - n. madness `Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l - gossip, slander, evil speech (Matt, Z: v.4: p.406 n.128)oi ¦ri ¦r §W : 3rd m.pl. of adj. ©ri ¦r §W - smooth xi¥r §f - adj. [Here: ‘a little’] oi¦lEB ¦r: pl. of adj. ¨lEB ¦r - round; Hebrew adj. with Aramaic ending (Kaddari: p.110)h ¥xg §z ¦ : Itpa’al act.prtcpl. of hxg - scribe, regret Di¥lEw§l ¦w: poss.3rd m.s. of n.m. ¨lEw§l ¦w - ruin, corruption i ¥wii §xEW g ©k §W ¦Y Di¥pi ¦r §A: i ¥wii §xEW: pl. of n.m. `wii §xEW - vein 1- Verbal clause (See L9T2) (Kaddari: p.110) 2- with usual word order in verbal clause: predicate-subject (Kaddari: p.116) cmp. EWi ¦g§l ¦A oi ¦hh §w li¥r ¨ - he brings quarrels in a whisper II.72a RdR [Marg.] oi ¦hh §w: pl. of n.f. dhh §w - quarrel 3- especially when a new action is mentioned in the continuation of a narrative: 'x Di¥l x ©n ¨ - he asked him, “Rabbi...” II.89a`pi ¦ni: Qatil / li ¦h ©w paradigm of adj. to express a ceaseless quality only (Kaddari: p.61)`nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw : ‘firmly in place’ - a very fluid phrase: cmp. mi¦l §W `nEi ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw - establishing perfect existence I.4b Edi§i ©nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw - standing in their places III.67a (Liebes, Midrash: p.9 and n.37)oi¦pni ¦q lM c ¦ec §C `r §x©f : may want to translate as ‘concerning the seed of David...’ *Begins a long compound sentence (See L1T1, L3T1) with many independent clauses linked by conjunctions oi¦pni ¦q: pl. of n.m. `pni ¦q - sign, omen, mnemonic [Here: ‘signs’; cf. L5T1] a ©h§l oi¥N ¦ : -l as prep. to, from, of, upon, by, for; Here, expresses purpose (Kaddari: p.72,104) : a ©h§l - ‘for good’ Edi ¦ `Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l §C Di ¥x`n: Nominative absolute (See L6T2,L8T1) (Kaddari: p.118)

1)2)3)4)5)6)



oi ¥A ...oi ¥A (See L9T1) i ¦ x ©A: begins conditional clause (See L4T2, L8T1) (Kaddari: p.73,133) xEnB : adj. complete, completely Di¥li ¦C Ei §k©f §aE : Ei §k©f - n. virtue, righteousness [Neologism; see L3T1,L5T1] (Kaddari: p.57)

¨lEB ¦r §A a ©x Di ¥g §v ¦nEdi ¦ : to emphasize the predicate, the place of the copula is sometimes deferred to the end of the clause (after the predicate) (Kaddari: p.116) (A copula links other words. See L6T1)ox §Y©e: adj. generous, indulgent cf. plene spelling (Kaddari: p.19) : `p ©M §q ©n i ¥A©Bl ox §Yee - generous to the poor I.109a i ¥x£r ©W §C ExeE ¦g Di¥l zi ¦ : Di¥l zi ¦ : Dative Predicative Possessive Construction: the main predication is existential (zi ¦ ) and the subject of this predication is the possessed. The possessor is the object of the dative preposition -l. (See L5T1) (Siegal: 4.6.2) ExeE ¦g - n. white [Could translate phrase as: “he had white hair...’]

oi ¦zi¦p §z ©n : poss.1st pl. of n. `zi¦p §z ©n - Mishnah *Name of anonymous sections scattered throughout the Zohar. (Giller: p.76-7, 203 n.62; Liebes, Hebrew: p.45; Matt, Z: v.1: p.358 n.123; p.438 n.727; v.7: p.495 n.449; Scholem, Kabbalah: p.216; MTJM: p.161,387 n.23; Tishby, Wisdom: v.1 p.3.) Epz§l §kq - n.f. understanding; Epz§l §kq §C oFdi ¥x`n is a term for the mystics oi¦pi§i ©r oi ¦gi ¦w §R: t.t. for the mystics i ¦C: relative pronoun; begins relative clause (Kaddari: p.34-35,128-129) `xeE ¦g: Qital / lhi ¦w paradigm of adj. to express a ceaseless quality only (Kaddari: p.61) W ©hA: here, ‘struck’ Ehi ¦W §R - n. extension`xPi ¦h ...`xp ¦h - n. rock, stone (plene spelling of `xPi ¦h (Kaddari: p.19 and n.4) )mg §Y §z ¦ : Itpa’al pf. of mgY - form a border`hq : P’al pf. of ihq - mislead, seduce, stray, slander li¦lM: P’al pass.prtcpl. of llM xFW - n.m. ox, bull `C §xe©e - n.m. rose (plene spelling) cf. `C §x©e §M `w §nEq - red as a rose III.180b [Marg.] `vFp - n.m. feather on£g ©Y ¦n: Pa’el pf. 3rd m.pl. of mgY L10 Text 2: II.88b-89a/ v.4: p.503

d ¤WŸn wN ©Y §q ¦ oŸevx i` ©d §aE : oŸevx - n.m. will



1- Verbal clause (See L9T2) (Kaddari: p.110) 2- usual word order: predicate-subject (See L10T1) 3- cf. the word order at the start of a story, is usually reversed: subject-predicate (Kaddari: p.116) Eti¦l §B §z ¦ Di ¥A oi¦pee §b ¦C - in whom colors are engraved II.90b similarly at the start of a new idea, even in the middle of a discussion: `zee §c ¤g §A oi ¦g §M ©Y §W ¦n oi ¦ Y ©z §e oi ¦ N ¦r lk §e - and all above and below are in joy II.89b `zee §c ¤g - n. joy d''aw §C `n §W ¦A x ¥T ©W §n - is false to the name of the blessed Holy One II.90a x ¥T ©W §n: Pa’el act.prtcpl. of xwW - falsify, betray z ©xi ¦d§p §z ¦ `x£di ¦q §e - and the moon is illumined II.90b `n§lr ¥n `Wi ¦C ©w `pni ¥d §n d ¨ i ¦a§p d ¤WŸn wN ©Y §q ¦ : 1- `Wi ¦C ©w `pni ¥d §n d ¨ i ¦a§p: the clause is an example of asyndeton: an absence of expected conjunctions (Ges. 120 g,h; 154 a (N) a; Kaddari: p.124) 2- a supplementary clause: it helps to define the subject 3- can translate with dashes or commas: ‘Moses -- the holy, faithful prophet -- departed from the world’ - §C ...oi ¦b §A (See L5T1) (Kaddari: p.73,136)sE` ...dn : comparative clause (See L6T2) (Kaddari: p.137-9) dg§p ¦n - n.f. afternoon prayer; Min¦hah (Tishby, Wisdom: v.3: p.963-4)

L10



Index

Adjective: Hebrew with Aramaic ending L10T1Adjective: Qatil / li ¦h ©w paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1Asyndeton L10T2Asyndeton: in supplementary clause L10T2Comparative clause L10T2Compound sentence L10T1Conditional clause L10T1Copula: defined L10T1Copula: place of sometimes deferred to end of clause L10T1Dative Predicative Possessive Construction L10T1Dative preposition: -l L10T1Hebrew adjective with Aramaic ending L10T1Lamed / -l: as preposition to express purpose L10T1Neologism L10T1Nominative absolute L10T1Noun clause: word order in L10T1Participle: word order in noun clause when it is the predicate L10T1Participle-subject: usual word order in verbal clause L10T1Plene spelling L10T1 Predicate: word order in noun clause when it is a participle L10T1Qatil / li ¦h ©w : paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1Qital / lhi ¦w paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1Relative pronoun: i ¦C L10T1Spelling: plene L10T1Story: word order at start of L10T2Subject-participle: usual word order in verbal clause L10T1Supplementary clause L10T2Supplementary clause: asyndeton in L10T2Verbal clause: word order in L10T1,L10T2Word order in noun clause L10T1Word order in noun clause: when the predicate is a participle L10T1Word order in story/at start of new idea L10T2Word order in verbal clause L10T1

AramaicDi¥l zi ¦ L10T1'x Di¥l x ©n ¨ L10T1h ¥xg §z ¦ L10T1mg §Y §z ¦ L10T1- §C ...oi ¦b §A L10T2 L10oi ¥A ...oi ¥A L10T1



Di ¥n §W ji ¦x §A `Ed ji ¦x §A L10T1 `zE`B L10T1xEnB L10T1`a §wEp §e x ©k §c ¦A `x §w fi¦pb §C L10T1i ¦C L10T1`C §xe©e L10T1ox §Ye©e L10T1`C §x©e L10T1ox §Y©e L10T1Ei §k©f L10T1`zee §c ¤g L10T2`xee ¦g L10T1hxg L10T1`xPi ¦h L10T1`xp ¦h L10T1`pi ¦n§i L10T1 -l L10T1`Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l L10T1Epz§l §kq §C oFdi ¥x`n L10T1dg§p ¦n L10T2x ¥T ©W §n L10T2on£g ©Y ¦n L10T1`zi¦p §z ©n L10T1oi ¦zi¦p §z ©n L10T1`vFp L10T1`hq L10T1ihq L10T1`pni ¦q L10T1oi¦pni ¦q L10T1Epz§l §kq L10T1

¨lEB ¦r L10T1oi¦lEB ¦r L10T1oi¦pi§i ©r oi ¦gi ¦w §R L10T1Ehi ¦W §R L10T1,L10T2dhh §w L10T1oi ¦hh §w L10T1`nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw L10T1

¨lEw§l ¦w L10T1Di¥lEw§l ¦w L10T1 L10 i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x §e L7T1



oŸevx L10T2 `pFr §b ¦W L10T1xFW L10T1`wii §xEW L10T1i ¥wii §xEW L10T1©ri ¦r §W L10T1oi ¦ri ¦r §W L10T1xwW L10T2mgY L10T1

Zohar

I.109a L10T1II.70b L10T1 II.72a RdR L10T1II.74a L10T2 II.74b RdR L10T1II.89a L10T2II.89b L10T2II.90a L10T2II.90b L10T2III.180b [Marg.] L10T1

References

Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. ed. E. Kautsch and A. Cowley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, . L10T2Giller, Pinchas. Reading the Zohar: the sacred text of the Kabbalah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. L10T1Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971. Liebes, Yehuda. ”Hebrew and Aramaic as Languages of the Zohar”. Aramaic Studies 4.1 (2006): 35-52. L10T1-- Perakim be-Millon Sefer ha-Zohar [Chapters in the Lexicon of the Zohar] . Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1977. L10T1 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/prakim.docMatt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1-9. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2016.Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013.Tishby, Isaiah. The Wisdom of the Zohar : an anthology of texts. v.1-3. Trans. David Goldstein. Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1989. L10T1,L10T2

L10



LESSON ELEVENText 1

g ©xŸ ¥n d ¨ h §q © §l zi¥l §C zEì `w §c §M hŸeW §w Ed§Nªk §e `pCi ¦ d c ©r oEN©B §z ¦ ¨l §C `kd oi ¦wi ¦Y ©r oi¦lEB§l ¦B dO ©M `ni¦p Ÿl §n ¦M ENi ¦t£ hŸeW §w[...]

l ©r oi ¦r §n ¦C `cyŸe`§l Kl zi ¦ i` ©C©e §A ,i ¥M §a ¦n§l Kl zi ¦ i` ©C©e §A àq àq Di ¥W §t©p§l x ©n ¨ §e oi ¦n §C ©w§N ¦n §M dkAoŸed§l ¦C `pg§lEt §aE À¦l §C Er §x ¦A `p£ §C `Wi ¦C ©w Di ¥Y§pi ¦k §WE Èd d''aw i ¥nw i¥N©B `d §C dN ¦nE dN ¦n lM

.Ed §A ox §H ©r §z ¦ §e dN ¦n lk §C eilr §A oEPi ¦ §C oi ¦b §A `pi ¥n`w`Wp i ¦p §a¦l Ed §A oEfg §z ¦ §C Edi§i ©Y §kEC l ©r i ¥x §W ¦n§l oi ¦b §A `n§lr i` ©d§l i ¥Y §g©p c ©M ,oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w oi ¦zn §W¦p oEPi ¦ lM

i ¥ni§i ©w `C `WEA§l ©n §aE `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x©f §a oi¦l`r i ¦kd §e oxn`w §C oi ¦zn §W¦p oEPi ¦ §A oW §A©l §z ¦n i ¥Y §g©p Ed§NªMoŸedi ¥WEa§l ŸeB ¦n Egi ¦x£ `w §C `gi ¥x ¥n oP£d §Y ¦ oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w oi ¦zn §W¦p oEPi ¦ ,`n§lr i` ©d §A Edi§i©P ¦n `c §A §r ©Y §W ¦ §l

.oi¥N ¦oOY g ©k §Y §W ¦ ¨NŸk §e `Wi ¦C ©w `zi§i ©xŸe` §A oŸel li ¦r ¨ ci ¦ar Edi ¦ §C oi ¦ni ¦z §q oi¦N ¦n lM d''aw dN ¦n Èd ©d §e

oii§l ©n oEPi ¦ §C oi ¦ni ¦M ©g §e ,i¥l §B ¨l §e oO ©Y x ©Oh §z ¦ §e `x£g © `WEa§l ¦A WA©l §z ¦ cI ¦nE `zi§i ©xŸe` Dl i¥N©B `ni ¦z §qdN ¦n Èd ©d i¥l §b §z ¦ §C `z£r ©W §aE Di ¥WEa§l ŸeB ¦n Dl o`ng oOY Di ¥WEa§l ¦A mi ¦Y §q © dN ¦n Èd ©d §C b''r` oi¦pi§i ©r

.Edi§i©pi ¥r ¥n ci ¦a£ §z ¦ ¨l mi ¦Y §q © cI ¦n §C b''r` §e `pi ¥r §C Egi ¦w §R DA o`nx Di ¥WEa§l ¦A lEri ¥Y ¨l c ©r

Text 2

(26:ì ilyn) ,x ©n ¨ §e g ©zRxi ¦A §W ©n W Ÿx§l dkx §aE mŸe`§l Ed ªa §T ¦i xA ©r¥pŸenopi¥pY la£ .Ÿern §W ©n §M `x §w i` ©d .`x §a©B Èd ©d§l dx ¥ §n Ÿaz §e Di¥l oi ¦k §xa §n Ÿep §A Ÿe` Di ¥z §Y ¦ r ©ci ¨l i ¦ §e .oŸefO ©d z ©k §x ¦a §A aiI ©g Wp x ©A lM

.Di¥l oEk §xa¦i §C iŸep §a¦l §e Di ¥z §Y ¦ §l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ §C c ©r `k §xa§l r ©ci ¨l §C K¥P ©g §z¦i ¨l §C ,Di¥l r©pn §C o` ©nE .`k §xa§l `Q ©M Di¥l a ©d ¥n§lE Di ¥x §a¦l `k§p ©g§l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ r ©ci de£d i ¦ §eEdEa §T ¦i

mŸe`§l.

L11



NOTES ON LESSON ELEVEN1) Verb-stems and the binyanim: Afel with the meaning of P’al

P’al with the meaning of AfelP’al forms for the root llrDistributive pluralNoun used as a participle

6) Purpose clause

Text 1: II.98b SdM / v.5: p.29,30-31

dO ©M : adv. ‘how many’: here used as exclamatory word in sentence of exclamation (Kaddari: p.122) `pCi ¦ d - adv. now, but now, yet now (Kaddari: p.66) zE`i `w §c ¦M - fittingly; properly (Kaddari: p.64) (Note the suffix `w-, the untranslated proclitic particle. See L5T1,L8T1) `ni¦p Ÿl §n ¦M - a hairsbreadth Ÿl §n - adj.m. full, fullness `ni¦p - n.f. hair, fibre, strand, lock hŸeW §w g ©xŸ ¥n d ¨ h §q © §l zi¥l §C : Afel with the meaning of P’al (Rapoport-Adler: p.15-16) . (We would expect the P’al infinitive here, as the simple active idea of the verb.) “The fact, however, is that several verb-stems may convey the same meaning in all dialects of Aramaic” (Rapoport-Adler: p.15; cf. Kaddari: p.78). - cmp. ¨lEB§l ¦b §A `z£g © §l aiI ©g §z ¦ C b''r`C - although he is obliged to descend in a cycle II.94b [Marg.] `az © §l o ¨ rA ¨l §C - for they do not want to repent II.106b SdM (This is common with the root aEY) (Kaddari: p.78 and n.8)Di ¥W §t©p§l x ©n ¨ : n.f. `W §t©p - soul; when inclined has the sense of ‘self’, comparable to the inclined reflexive pronoun m ©x §B (Kaddari: p.35) `cyŸe`§l: Afel infin. of icW Kl zi ¦ - you should (Kaddari: p.70) dN ¦nE dN ¦n lM - ‘every single word’; repetition of the noun expresses the distributive plural, including after the word lM (See L1T2) (Kaddari: p.91; Siegal 7.6) cmp. `nFi §e `nFi lM - each day I.5b c ©g §e c ©g lM - every one I.8a h¤a §W©l cg ¤ Wi ¦ cg ¤ Wi ¦ - Numbers 13:2; 34:18`d §C : -C: conj. ‘for’; `d is an interjection meaning ‘look!, you see, behold, indeed’ = an expression of amazement in a sentence of exclamation : such a sentence expresses emotion and opens with an exclamatory word or with an interrogative word (Kaddari: p. 73,122) L11

2)3)4)5)



`pi ¥n`w ...`p£: prefixed untranslated particle -`w + P’al act.prtc. 1st s. of xn` (Kaddari: p.40-1) oŸed§l ¦C `pg§lEt §aE À¦l §C Er §x ¦A: 1- relative clause (See L6T1) (Kaddari: p.128) 2- coordinated by -C of `p£ §C 3- a relative clause fills the functions of the adjective as an attributive of the description in a sentence À¦l §C Er §x ¦A - ‘with a willing heart’ (Tishby: v.1: p.194); ‘with fervor’ (Matt: v.5 p.31) - the -C of À¦l §C is a genitive of limitation: the dependent noun functions as an adj., and the genetive expresses the relation between the possessor of the attribute and the conditions under which it occurs (Kaddari: p.90) - cmp. À¦l §C `zEr §x ¦A - with a willing heart I.6b oŸed§l ¦C `pg§lEt §aE: Can be understood in two ways. 1- the noun is used as a participle and perceived as a present tense (Kaddari: p.84) : ‘worshiping them’ (MmD and Matt); 2- Er §x ¦A modifies both À¦l and `pg§lEt: ‘and with a desire to worship them’ (lit.: ‘and with a desire for worship of them’) (Tishby: v.1: p.195) dN ¦n lk §C eilr §A: l ©rA - n.m. husband, master, owner, possessor oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w oi ¦zn §W¦p oEPi ¦ lM: The entire excerpt has been authoritatively described as “a difficult passage” (Matt, Z: v.5: p.31 n.90). Here there is surely a compound sentence; caveat lector! (See L1T1, L3T1,L10T1,Appendix) `n§lr i` ©d§l i ¥Y §g©p c ©M: 1st subordinate clause; vb. is act.prtcpl. Edi§i ©Y §kEC l ©r i ¥x §W ¦n§l oi ¦b §A: oi ¦b §A as conjunction of process: ‘to’; ‘in order to’ (Kaddari: p.123) ; of range of meanings for vb. ixW, consider ‘dwell, settle’ `Wp i ¦p §a¦l Ed §A oEfg §z ¦ §C: subordinate clause within 1st subordinate clause Ed §A seems to refer to the ‘places’ in which or where the holy souls settle - it is possible to treat from here back to i ¥Y §g©p c ©M as asyndetic (See L10T2), although c©M usually begins a temporal clause (and is so understood by MmD) (Kaddari: p.130) oW §A©l §z ¦n i ¥Y §g©p Ed§NªM: either 1- this begins a new thought/sentence, or 2- resumes the first subordinate clause and is a 2nd surbordinate clause oxn`w §C oi ¦zn §W¦p oEPi ¦ §A: oxn`w §C: a causal clause (Kaddari: p.136) which may be taken to complete the thought/sentence. N.B.: -w prefix `C `WEA§l ©n §aE `Wi ¦C ©w `r §x©f §a oi¦l`r i ¦kd §e: explanatory vav (Kaddari: p.126) i ¦kd: the adv. is used as a predicate (See L9T1) (Kaddari: p.100) i ¥ni§i ©w `C `WEA§l ©n §aE: connective vav (See L2T1) (Kaddari: p.73,122) Some possibilities: i ¥ni§i ©w 1- they (the souls) ‘stand’ (MmD); 2- they ‘remain’ (Tishby: v.3: p.195); 3- ignore it in translation (Matt, Z: v.5: p.31) . The root mEw is enormously facile, as its range of meanings attest. (Liebes, Perakim: p.392-422) Sometimes it refers to a physical act; sometimes to a state or condition; sometimes it just functions as L11



a form of helping verb (glimpses of which are seen in the particle `w). (Kaddari: p.42) `c §A §r ©Y §W ¦ §l: Ishtafel infin. of car: ‘to be subjugated’ (Matt); ‘to become subservient’ (MmD) (See L6T1); Tishby reads it as à£ ©Y §W ¦ §l - Itpa’al infin. of a`W - draw (water), absorb: ‘to draw upon’ (and see next clause) `n§lr i` ©d §C oi¦N ¦O ¦n oi ¦WEA§l ©n oEPi ¦ oa£ ©Y §W ¦ c ©k §e: c©M begins temporal clause oa£ ©Y §W ¦ : can translate as the past continuous of the participle (See L2T2, L4T2) (Kaddari: p.85): ‘have drawn upon’ (Tishby); or as an act.prtcpl. (Matt; MmD) `gi ¥x - n.m. odor, scent, aromaci ¦ar Edi ¦ §C oi ¦ni ¦z §q oi¦N ¦n lM : relative clause (See L6T1) (Kaddari: p.128) `Wi ¦C ©w `zi§i ©xŸe` §A oŸel li ¦r ¨ : 1- object clause with accusative marker -l (Kaddari: p.127-8) 2- Here, Matt’s corrected Aramaic text properly has the Afel of llr. But in the standard edition of Margaliot, the text reads l`r: P’al with the meaning of Afel (Rapoport-Adler: p.15-16; cf. Kaddari: p.77) - cmp. `cFB §x ©R FB Di¥l oi¦l`r §e - and bring him through the curtain II.109b SdM - With the root llr, the forms of P’al become fixed replacements for Afel (even though the standard forms sometimes occur) (Kaddari: p.77 and n.3; Rapoport-Adler: p.15-16)dN ¦n Èd ©d §e : the vav may be taken as disjunctive (See L6T1) `zi§i ©xŸe` Dl i¥N©B: vb. can be taken as act.prtcpl. (MmD; Tishby) or pass. prtcpl. (Matt)oi ¦ni ¦M ©g §e : the vav may be taken as disjunctive oi¦pi§i ©r oii§l ©n: t.t. for the mystics oii§l ©n: pl. of adj. Ÿl §n - full (See infra)`z£r ©W §aE : the vav may be taken as disjunctive

Text 2: III.191a Yan / v.9: p.290

Frn §W ©n §M `x §w i` ©d : Frn §W ©n is poss.3rd m.s. of n.m. rn §W ©n - meaning Frn §W ©n §M: ‘literally’; ‘this verse is to be understood literally’Wp x ©A lM : Wp x ©A as special term for indefiniteness (See L2T1) (Kaddari: p.114) oŸefO ©d z ©k §x ¦A - [h] Grace after Meals; lit. ‘the blessing of food’ (Matt, Z: v.5: p.476 n.815)Di ¥z §Y ¦ : poss.3rd m.s. of n.f. `z §Y ¦ - woman, wife (Liebes, Shimushan: p.4)`x §a©B Èd ©d§l dx ¥ §n Ÿaz §e : the vav may be taken as disjunctive ŸaY: P’al fut. 3rd f.s. of `FA - come, enter, bring dx ¥ §n - n.f. curseDi¥l oEk §xa¦i §C iŸep §aE Di ¥z §Y ¦ §l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ §C c ©r : Purpose clause (Kaddari: p.135) . 1- a clause which relates the purpose of another clause (comparable to Latin ut) (Gildersleeve: sec.552) 2- -C c ©r here can be translated as ‘then’ L11



3- dependent clause (the obligation) with predicate in the future (Kaddari: p.135) cmp. oEW§©r §z¦i ¨l §C oi ¦b §A i ¦C ¦n oi ¦x §n ¨ ¨l §e - they say nothing so they won’t be punished I.33aDi ¥x §a¦l `k§p ©g§l Ki ¦x §h §v ¦ r ©ci de£d i ¦ §e: In a positive hypothetical condition: here, the tense of the verb in the first clause is the participle with ded, and in the final clause is the infinitive (cf. Kaddari: p.133-4) `k§p ©g§l: P’al infin. of jpg - train, invent, dedicate `k §x §A - n.f. blessing o` ©n: indefinite prn. as subject expresses indefiniteness (See L2T1) (Kaddari: p.114) K¥P ©g §z¦i: Itpa’al fut. of jpg

L11



Index Adverb used as a predicate: i ¦kdAfel with the meaning of P’al L11T1Causal clause L11T1Compound sentence L11T1Conjunction of process: oi ¦b §A L11T1Dalet / -C as a sign of the relative in a relative clause L11T1Dependent clause of obligation: usually has predicate in the future L11T2Distributive plural L11T1Distributive plural: after lM L11T1Exclamatory word: dO ©M L11T1Explanatory vav L11T1Expression of amazement: `d L11T1Future: dependent clause of obligation usually has predicate in L11T2Genitive of limitation: definition L11T1Indefiniteness: with indefinite pronoun o` ©n as subject L11T2Ishtafel: of car L11T1Nouns: repetition of L11T1Noun used as a participle L11T1P’al forms for the root llr L11T1P’al with the meaning of Afel L11T1Participle: noun used as L11T1Past continuous L11T1Positive hypothetical condition: tense of verbs L11T2Predicate: adverb i ¦kd used as Predicate: usually in the future in dependent clause of obligation L11T2Pronoun, Reflexive: `W §t©p has sense of ‘self’ when inclined L11T1 (Kaddari: p.35)Purpose clause L11T2Reflexive pronoun `W §t©p : when inclined has sense of ‘self’ L11T1 (Kaddari: p.35)Relative clause: as coordinated by -C L11T1Repetition of the noun L11T1Sentence of exclamation L11T1Temporal clause: with c©M L11T1Vav / -e : as explanatory L11T1Verb-stems and the binyanim: Afel with the meaning of P’al L11T1Verb-stems and the binyanim: P’al forms for the root llr L11T1Verb-stems and the binyanim: P’al with the meaning of Afel L11T1

Aramaic

Kl zi ¦ L11T1 L11



`z §Y ¦ L11T2Di ¥z §Y ¦ L11T2oi ¦b §A L11T1 `FA L11T2 l ©rA L11T1 eilr §A L11T1`k §x §A L11T2m ©x §B L11T1-C L11T1

¨lEB§l ¦b §A `z£g © §l aiI ©g §z ¦ C b''r`C L11T1àz © § §l o ¨ rA ¨l §C L11T1`d L11T1`pCi ¦ d L11T1i ¦kd L11T1oEW§©r §z¦i ¨l §C oi ¦b §A i ¦C ¦n oi ¦x §n ¨ ¨l §e L11T2`cFB §x ©R FB Di¥l oi¦l`r §e L11T1jpg L11T2K¥P ©g §z¦i L11T2c©M L11T1zEì `w §c §M L11T1 lM L11T1c ©g §e c ©g lM L11T1`nFi §e `nFi lk L11T1dN ¦nE dN ¦n lM L11T1dO ©M L11T1`ni¦p Ÿl §n ¦M L11T1Ÿern §W ©n §M L11T2`cyŸe`§l L11T1d ¨ h §q © §l L11T1à£ ©Y §W ¦ §l L11T1`c §A §r ©Y §W ¦ §l L11T1`k§p ©g§l L11T2o` ©n L11T2dx ¥ §n L11T2

Ÿl §n L11T1dN ¦nE dN ¦n L11T1oii§l ©n L11T1oi¦pi§i ©r oii§l ©n L11T1rn §W ©n L11T2 Ÿern §W ©n L11T2 L11



`ni¦p L11T1`W §t©p L11T1llr L11T1 `pi ¥n`w L11T1mEw L11T1 i ¥ni§i ©w L11T1`gi ¥x L11T1a`W L11T1

ŸaY L11T2aEY L11T1

Biblical Hebrew

h¤a §W©l cg ¤ Wi ¦ cg ¤ Wi ¦ L11T1

Hebrew

oŸefO ©d z ©k §x ¦A L11T2

Biblical VersesNum 13:2 L11T1Num 34:18 L11T1

Zohar

I.5b L11T1I.6b L11T1I.8a L11T1I.33a L11T2II.94b [Marg.] L11T1II.106b SdM L11T1II.109b SdM L11T1

References

Frisch, Daniel, trans. and ed. Sefer ha-Zohar... Peirush Matoq mi-Devash. 19 vols. Jerusalem: Mekhon Daat Yosef, 1993-99. L11T1Gildersleeve, Basil and Lodge, Gonzalez. Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar. New York: University Publishing Company, 1905. L11T2Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971.Liebes, Yehuda. Perakim be-Millon Sefer ha-Zohar [Chapters in the Lexicon of the Zohar] . Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1977. L11T1 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/prakim.doc L11



-- ''Shimushan shel Millim be-Sefer ha-Zohar.'' In R. Efraim Gottlieb z''l: Hartsa'ah le-Zikro..., 17-19 [=1-5]. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1974. L11T2 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/shimushan.doc Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1-9. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2016. L11T1 Rapoport-Albert, Ada and Kwasman, Theodore. ''Late Aramaic: the literary and linguistic context of the Zohar''. Aramaic Studies 4.1 (2006): 5-19. L11T1Tishby, Isaiah, trans. and ed. The Wisdom of the Zohar : an anthology of texts. v.1-3. Trans. David Goldstein. Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1989.

L11



LESSON TWELVE

TEXT 1:

i ¥kd §C © ìI ¦g i ¦A ©x §e aŸwri 'x §A i ¥qFi i ¦A ©x §e dcEd§i i ¦A ©x §e À © i ¦A ©x §e Di ¥x §A xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ©x Ex£Y §W ¦ §e EdNªM Ew §tpi ¦A ©x ai ¦zi `nFi i` ©d ¦A Jl sqFY ¦ §l i ¥rA Eci ¥g dO ©M JwlEg zEì dO ©M oFrn ¦W 'x l''` wg §v¦i i ¦A ©x l`r`pi ¥rA `p£ ©e Èd `zEr §x ¦C `Y §r ©W `Y §r ©W `d oFr §n ¦W 'x x ©n ¨ .Di ¥O ©w xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ©x §e iFt §z ¦M x ©zA À ©

i ¥O ©w d ¨ N©b§l `pi ¥rA `Y §X ©d c ©r `pi¦lB ¨l §C oi ¦Wi ¦C ©w oi¦N ¦n `d §e .i ¥z ¨ §C `n§lr§l `tEQ ¦M ¨l §A l ©ri ¥n§l`n§lr§l Ed §A l ©ri ¥n§l i ¦ A¦l §A Fe£d oi ¦xi ¦n §h i` ©d l ©r §e .`pw©N ©Y §q ¦ `zEri ¦x §b ¦A `d §C oEx §ni¥i ¨l c ©r `Y§pi ¦k §W'x mw .Edi§i ©A¦l §A oEW£g ©x§i ìI ©x §a ©g x ¨ §WE i ¥r§l¦i ¦x §A xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ©x §e aFY §k¦i À © i ¦A ©x Ek§l `p §x ©C §q © Jk §e i ¥z ¨ §C

.xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ©x mw .x ©z£ Èd ©d §A ai ¦z§i `x£g © `d §C i ¦x §A mEw l''` .Di ¥x §A xfr§l ¤ 'x a ©zi §e iFR §z ©M x ©zA ¦n À ¨ (18-17:115 milidz) x ©n ¨ §e g ©zR .ai ¦zi §e oFr §n ¦W i ¦A ©x sH ©r §z ¦lM Ÿ l §e d''i El§l£d §i mi ¦z ¥O ©d Ÿ li i ¥cxF

'ebe dY ©r ¥n Di j ¥xa §p Ep §g©p £ §e dnEC oEx §w ¦ §C oEPi ¦ i` ©C©e Èd i ¦kd . mi ¦z ¥OÈd §e i ¥x §w ¦ i ©g d''aw `d §C oEx §w ¦ §C oEPi ¦ m ¦r ¨l §e mi¦I ©g oEx §w ¦ C oEPi ¦ oi ¥A i ¥x`Wmi ¦z ¥n ai ¦z §M `x §w ¦C Di ¥tFq §e .lM Ÿ l §ei dnEC i ¥cxF

.oFdi ¥xwi ¦A i ¥rA d''aw `d §C mi¦I ©g oEx §w ¦ §C oEPi ¦ i¥p`W .oEa£Y §W¦i mP ¦di¥b ©A dnEc§l oi ¦z£gp §C oEPi ¦ lk §e

TEXT 2:

li ¦f ¨ d''aw §C wg §v¦i §e mdx §a © `zd §a£ oi ¦r §nW §C oi ¦b §aE d''aw li ¦f ¨ `Y §r ©W ì ¦d ©d §A i` ©M©f o ¤A opgFi oAx x ©n ¨ ai ¦z §k ¦C i` ©O ¦n Di¥Elr oi ¦ni§iw oEP ¦ §e ml §W Di¥l `nC §w © §lE oFd §O ¦r l©fi ¥n§l aŸw£r©i o ¦n oi ¦r §aY Di ¥A©b§l

(2 : gi ziy`xa)Ù ¦i ©e eilr mi ¦aS ¦p mi ¦Wp £ dWŸl §W d¥P ¦d §e `x ©I ©e eipi ¥r mi ¦Wp £ dWŸl §Woi¥N ¦ oi ¦ni§iw §C .c ©a£r §C oi ¦a ©h oi ¦c §aFr Eng §e i ¦dFl£r oi ¦ni§iw §C aŸw£r©i §e wg §v¦i mdx §a © `zd §a£

,dv §x ¨ Eg ©Y §W ¦I ©e l ¤dŸ `d g ©z ¤R ¦n mz`x §w¦l uxI ©e ` §x ©I ©e oFd §O ¦r `xw§i z©pi ¦k §W i ¥n ©g §C mEW ¦n (Ibid.) (3 : ` xiy) c''dd JEa ¥d£ zFnl£r [...]

de£d §e Di ¥x §A qEpw §xFd Di¥pi ¦ni¦l ai ¦zF` §e de£d zA ©W a ¤x¤r `nFi Èd ©d lFcb ©d x¤f ¤ri¦l ¤ i ¦Ax dlg ¤W §M x''z.de£d Di ¥Y §r ©c §A sxFh §n ¦M ai ¦W£g §C ìI©N ¦n Di ¥Y §r ©c §A l¥A ©w §n de£d ¨l Èd §e `zx §Y ©q §nE `zwi ¦n£r Di¥l i¥N©b §n

i¥p §a © §l `hn c ©M .oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦fx drW ¦z §e oi ¦pn §zE d ¨ §n Di¥P ¦n li ¥A ©w iFl£r à §W©i §z ¦n iFa£ ©C `Y §r ©c §C `ng §C oei ¥Mx ©n ¨ dnl À © l''` i ¦x §A mzd mEw x ©n ¨ x ©ni ¥nl w ©qtE x¤f ¤ri¦l ¤ i ¦A ©x dkA d ¨ N ¦r Ì ©n §A i ¥a §xr §z ¦n §C W¦i ©Wo ¦n w¥N ©Y §q ¦ §C x ©zaE d ¨ N ¦r x ©z£ ©A i`©N ¦t §Y §C JO ¦ §l `ni ¥ §e li ¦f l''` .`n§lr o ¦n s¥l£g §Y i ¦gEx §C `pi ¦fg Di¥l

r ©ci ¨l W©p x ©a §C `Y §r ©c §e oi ¦ Y ©z ¨l §e oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦ai ¦xw oEP ¦ §C i ¥M §a ¦Y ¨l oFd§l i ¥n¡g ¤n§l `kd i ¥z§i © §e `n§lr .Ed §A

L12



NOTES ON LESSON TWELVE1) Noun formation: affixed nouns2) Infinitive as the predicate

Future used as perfectQetol / lFh §w : a paradigm for P’al imperative

5) Infinitive as extension of the verb/object

Text 1: III.287b IZ/ v.9: p.769

i ¥kd §C © : adv. of time (Kaddari: p.67,131) in temporal clause answering the question ‘when?’Eci ¥g dO ©M JwlEg zEì dO ©M : Expressions of amazement in sentence of exclamation (See L11T1) (Kaddari: p.122) zEì: affixed noun with addition of zE- suffix (Kaddari: p.55,64) Eci ¥g - n. joy, rejoicing (affixed noun with addition of E- suffix) sqFY ¦ §l i ¥rA: the infinitive as the predicate of the sentence (Siegal: 11.1.2.3) sqFY ¦ §l: root is sqi `nFi i` ©d ¦A: logically concludes the sentence of exclamation, so can add a periodiFt §z ©M : poss. 3rd m.s. of `t §z ©M - n.m. shoulder, back, clusterÈd `zEr §x ¦C `Y §r ©W : lack of agreement in gender (See L5T1) (Kaddari: p.114)`pi¥rA `p£ ©e : the subject pronoun occurs near the conjugated verb for emphasis (Kaddari: p.96)`d §e - inter. here; look! (In this instance, an initial interjection of paying attention) (Kaddari: p.73) `Y §X ©d c ©r `pi¦lB ¨l §C : oEx §ni¥i ¨l c ©r: usually, the future is used as a perfect after ¨l c ©r and ¨l §C (Kaddari: p.82); but here could also be a simple future cf. lFri¥i ¨l c ©r Ò©i §A h ¥hFWi ¦e - and will sail the sea, before he began II.100b SdM `zEri ¦x §B - n.f. lesser degree, want, absence, deficiency; `zEri ¦x §b ¦A- deficientlyi` ©d l ©r §e : ‘because of this’, ’on account of this’ - a causal clause (See L11T1) (Kaddari: p.136) 1- The prep. l ©r has a wide range of meanings: on, upon, over, above, to, concerning, because, on behalf of, added to, together (Kaddari: p.106-7) cmp. `g §n ¦C àFg Èd ©d l ©r - because of the sin of striking I.6b oi ¦pEp l ©r d ¨ n §c ©w dwi ¦W§p - the first kiss is on account of the fish III.188a Yan 2- here, the vav can be translated or not Fe£d oi ¦xi ¦n §h: the adj. as predicate (Kaddari: p.109) L12Jk §e - adv. so, like this, thus

3)4)



`p §x ©C §q © : P’al fut. 1st s. of xcq - arrange, set in order, offer Edi§i ©A¦l §A oEW£g ©x§i - ‘will meditate silently’ (Tishby: v.1: p.162); lit. ‘will meditate in their hearts’ (Matt; MmD)a ©zi §e: past continuous : ‘stayed sitting’ (See L2T2,L4T2,L11T1) (Kaddari: p.80,85) mEw : P’al 2nd s. imperative 1- as an instruction (Siegal:7.3.2) 2- as such, the imp. form of the verb comes at the start of the sentence (Kaddari: p.100) 3- in P’al it can follow the qetol paradigm (Kaddari: p.45) cmp. (L ) lFa §q - endure! II.109b SdMsH ©r §z ¦ : Itpa’al pf. of shr - wrap, cover, envelopi` ©C©e Èd i ¦kd - ‘this is certainly so’ - i` ©C©e: adv. used as adverbial conjunction (Kaddari: p.64,65,100) - possibilities: 1- clause is asyndetic and a colon can be added 2- can insert ‘for’ before oEx §w ¦ §C oEPi ¦ (Either is a way of setting up the contrast between the Psalm, and d''aw and those among whom He dwells.) ai ¦z §M `x §w ¦C Di ¥tFq §e : a __ dnEC: n. silence pr.n.m. Dumah (name of angel overseeing Hell) (Matt, Z: v.9: p.770 n.13)i¥p`W: P’al act.prtcpl. of ipW - teach, study, differ, change (Here: ‘it is different’) cmp. I.91b; III.58b,63a

Text 2: I.98a MhN / v.10: p.319,321-2

`zd §a£ : pl. of n.m. À © cf. oda£ I.1b (See L2T1); ozda£ I.2b ml §W Di¥l `nC §w © §lE ...l©fi ¥n§l ...oi ¦r §aY: infinitive as an extension of the verb, alongside a helping verb (Kaddari: p.83) (See infra) ml §W Di¥l `nC §w © §l - ‘to greet him’; lit. “to extend peace to him’ Di¥Elr oi ¦ni§iw oEP ¦ §e: 1- subject is the Patriarchs; 2- oi ¦ni§iw: ‘stand’; 3- Di¥Elr - poss. 3rd m.s. of l ©r cmp. Di¥El ¦r i ¥x`W `xee ¦g Èd ©d §e - and that white light rests upon it I.51a cf. iFl£r I.7b Di¥l£r I.4b ai ¦z §k ¦C i` ©O ¦n : -n - adv. since adj. more than prep. from, of (Kaddari: p.105-6)dlg ¤W §M:1- -WM: Hebrew prefix: ‘when’ (v. Aramaic prep. c©M) 2- P’al pf. of ilg - be sick, be ill (an intransitive vb.: an action vb. with no direct object) - seems to be the only use of this root; normally the Zohar uses Wlg cf. Wlg i`c §R §qEx §M 'x - R. Kruspedai was sick ZH 80b [Marg.] i ¥r §x ©n i ¥a §A `pi¥e£d c ©M - when I was sick III.287b IZ L12 - `pi¥e£d is a Zoharic innovation: a compound verb form is used for



the 1st pf. (v. usual zi-) (Kaddari: p.41) lFcb ©d - - ©d is the Hebrew prefixed definite article: ‘the Great’ de£d zA ©W a ¤x¤r `nFi Èd ©d - ‘on the eve of the Sabbath’ ai ¦zF`: Afel pf. of azi qEpw §xFd - proper n.m. Hyrcanus `zx §Y ©q §nE `zwi ¦n£r: 1- `zwi ¦n£r: if usage is a n.f., it conveys ‘depth’; if a pl.n.: ‘depths’; if adj.: ‘profound’ `zx §Y ©q §n - n.m. secret, mystery cmp. `zx §z ©q §n FB ¦n `zwi ¦n£r d ¨ N©b§l - to reveal the depths within mysteries III.80b ìI©N ¦n Di ¥Y §r ©c §A l¥A ©w §n de£d ¨l: 1- negative clause (See L4T2,L5T2) (Kaddari: p.118-120) 2- l¥A ©w §n de£d: active participle with ied as expressing simple past (See L2T1,L4T1) (Kaddari: p.87) 3- `Y §r ©C - n.f. idea, mind, knowledge, opinion t.t. Daat 4- Di ¥Y §r ©c §A l¥A ©w §n: an idiomatic usage 5- ìI©N ¦n: pl. of ¨N ¦n: refers to the `zx §z ©q §n FB ¦n `zwi ¦n£r 6- clause can be understood as: ‘he paid no attention to the words’; ‘he paid the words no mind’ de£d Di ¥Y §r ©c §A sxFh §n ¦M ai ¦W£g §C: 1- -C of 2- ¦M - Hebrew prefixed conjunction ( i ¦M): ‘that’ 3- sxFh §n - adj. addled 4- de£d ...sxFh §n: adj. with verb as a description of state (cf. Kaddari: p.112)iFl£r à §W©i §z ¦n iFa£ ©C `Y §r ©c §C `ng §C oei ¥M : - iFl£r à §W©i §z ¦n ...`Y §r ©c §C - lit. ‘that his mind was settled’ drW ¦z §e oi ¦pn §zE d ¨ §n: numbers joined with connective vav, with large units preceding smaller (Kaddari: p.94) W¦i ©W i¥p §a © §l `hn c ©M : 1- W¦i ©W - n.m. marble 2- W¦i ©W i¥p §a © - ‘the marble stones’: a reference to Hag 14b and the story of four who entered Pardes. There the stones are described as “of pure (or: ‘clear’) marble”; they are thought to have constituted a floor (Rashi), or pavers (Arukh), or the wall of the palace of Shekhinah (Hananel). In the story, R. Akiba says: “When you reach the stones of pure marble, do not say ‘Water, water’ “. (For Rashi, the ‘pure marble’ looked like water - perhaps just as ice can look like a sheet of glass.) i ¥a §xr §z ¦n: Itpa’al act.prtcpl. 3rd m.pl. of axr - mix, mingle, confuse, vouch for 1- ‘marble stones mingled with celestial water’ (Tishby: v.1: p.224) doesn’t make much sense as an image 2- if i ¥a §xr §z ¦n is understood as ‘confused’, as it is at I.249b [Marg.], then the phrase follows Rashi L12x ©ni ¥nl w ©qtE : infinitive as an extension of the verb/object, alongside a helping verb (Kaddari: p.83) (See supra)



dnl `A © l''`: begins new sentence zi ¦gF` : P’al (?) fut. 1st s. of zgp sl£g - adv. soon

The following passage is “obscure both in syntax and content” (Tishby: v.1: p.224 n.574)`ni ¥ §e li ¦f: P’al imperatives 2nd m.s. of lf` and xn` d ¨ N ¦r x ©z£ ©A i`©N ¦t §Y w©N ©Y §q ¦ §C: 1- w©N ©Y §q ¦ : Itpa’al fut. 3rd f.s.: ‘will remove’ (Tishby: v.1: p.224); cf. ‘will lift up’ (MmD) 2- i`©N ¦t §Y: this is understood as the poss.1st of the pl.f.n. oi¦N ¦t §Y ,i¥N ¦t §Y (Tishby; MmD)w¥N ©Y §q ¦ : fut. 1st s. i ¥z§i © : P’al fut. 1st s. of iz` oFd§l i ¥n¡g ¤n§l: the direct object is i`©N ¦t §Y i ¥M §a ¦Y: P’al fut. 3rd f.s.; it refers to the unnamed wife of R. Eliezer the Great oEP ¦ §C: refers to i`©N ¦t §Y

L12

•



Index

Active participle with ied : as expressing simple past L12T2Adjective as predicate L12T1Adjective with verb as a description of state L12T2 Adverb: i` ©C©e as adverbial conjunction L12T1Adverb of time: i ¥kd §C © L12T1Adverbial conjunction: i` ©C©e as L12T1Affixed noun with addition of E- suffix L12T1Affixed noun with addition of zE- suffix L12T1Emphasis: shown by subject pronoun near conjugated verb L12T1Expression of amazement L12T1Expression of amazement: Eci ¥g dO ©M L12T1Expression of amazement: zE`i dO ©M L12T1Future is used as a perfect: after ¨l §C L12T1Future is used as a perfect: after ¨l c ©r L12T1Hebrew prefix: -WM L12T2Hebrew prefixed conjunction: - ¦M L12T2Hebrew prefixed definite article: - ©d L12T2Imperative: as an instruction L12T1Imperative: in P’al follows qetol / lFh §w paradigm L12T1Imperative: verb comes at start of sentence L12T1Infinitive as an extension of the verb: alongside a helping verb L12T1,T2Initial interjection of paying attention: `d §e L12T1Innovation: compound verb form of 1st pf. L12 T2 Interjection: `d §e L12T1Intransitive verb: definition L12T2Lack of agreement in gender L12T1Negative clause L12T2Noun affix: E- suffix L12T1Noun affix: zE- suffix L12T1Numbers: joined with connective vav L12T2 Numbers: large units precede smaller L12T2P’al: qetol / lFh §w paradigm of imperative L12T1Past continuous L12T1Predicate: adjective as L12T1Qetol / lFh §w: a paradigm of imperative in P’al L12T1Sentence of exclamation L12T1 L12Subject pronoun: near the conjugated verb for emphasis L12T1Suffix: E- L12T1



Suffix: zE- L12T1 Temporal clause: with i ¥kd §C © L12T1Zoharic innovation: compound verb form of 1st pf. L12T2

Aramaic

À © L12T2oda£ L12T2`zd §a£ L12T2ozda£ L12T2W¦i ©W i¥p §a © L12T2i ¥kd §C © L12T1zi ¦gF` L12T2ai ¦zF` L12T2`ni ¥ L12T2`p §x ©C §q © L12T1w©N ©Y §q ¦ L12T2w¥N ©Y §q ¦ L12T2sH ©r §z ¦ L12T2`zEri ¦x §b ¦A L12T1`zEri ¦x §B L12T1iFl£r à §W©i §z ¦n iFa£ ©C `Y §r ©c §C L12T2dnEC L12T1

¨l §C L12T1`Y §r ©C L12T2Di ¥Y §r ©C L12T2qEpw §xFd L12T2`pi¥e£d L12T2r ©x §n de£d §C iFp §aE L12T2i` ©C©e Èd i ¦kd L12T1i` ©C©e L12T1 `d §e L12T1Di¥El ¦r i ¥x`W `xee ¦g Èd ©d §e L12T2lFri¥i ¨l c ©r Ò©i §A h ¥hFWi ¦e L12T1Jk §e L12T1ai ¦z §M `x §w ¦C Di ¥tFq §e L12T1li ¦f L12T2Eci ¥g L12T1ilg L12T2 L12 sl£g L12T2Wlg L12T2



zEì L12T1sqi L12T1azi L12T2i ¥r §x ©n i ¥a §A `pi¥e£d c ©M L12T2 Eci ¥g dO ©M L12T1zEì dO ©M L12T1`t §z ©M L12T1iFt §z ©M L12T1ml §W Di¥l `nC §w © §l L12T2sqFY ¦ §l L12T1`zx §z ©q §n FB ¦n `zwi ¦n£r d ¨ N©b§l L12T2-n L12T2 sxFh §n L12T2Di ¥Y §r ©c §A l¥A ©w §n L12T2i ¥a §xr §z ¦n L12T2oi¦pEp l ©r d ¨ n §c ©w dwi ¦W§p L12T1lFa §q L12T1xcq L12T1

¨l c ©r L12T1shr L12T1l ©r L12T1,L12T2`g §n ¦C àFg Èd ©d l ©r L12T1iFl£r L12T2Di¥Elr L12T2Di¥l£r L12T2`zwi ¦n£r L12T2`zx §Y ©q §nE `zwi ¦n£r L12T2mEw L12T1 Wlg i`c §R §qEx §M 'x L12T2i¥p`W L12T1W¦i ©W L12T2ipW L12T1i`©N ¦t §Y L12T2i¥N ¦t §Y L12T2oi¦N ¦t §Y L12T2

HebrewlFcB ©d L12T2- ¦M L12T2 L12-WM L12T2



Zohar

I.1b L12T2I.2b L12T2I.4b L12T2I.6b L12T1I.7b L12T2I.51a L12T2I.91b L12T1I.249b [Marg.] L12T2II.100b SdM L12T1II.109b SdM L12T1III.51a L12T2III.58b L12T1III.63a L12T1III.80b L12T2III.188a Yan L12T1III.287b IZ L12T2ZH 80b [Marg.] L12T2

Talmud

Hag 14b L12T2

References

Frisch, Daniel, trans. and ed. Sefer ha-Zohar... Peirush Matoq mi-Devash. 19 vols. Jerusalem: Mekhon Daat Yosef, 1993-99.Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971.Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1-9. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2016Siegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013.Tishby, Isaiah, trans. and ed. The Wisdom of the Zohar : an anthology of texts. v.1-3. Trans. David Goldstein. Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1989

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APPENDIXSyntax of the Sentence: Subordinate Clauses

Introduction

General Terms Grammar is the set of rules for how words are put together (e.g., plural forms;possessive forms). Syntax is the set of rules for how words relate to each other in asentence. A clause is one of the main divisions in any sentence. An independent clausehas a subject and predicate2 and forms a complete thought; it can stand by itself. Asubordinate/ dependent clause begins with a subordinate conjunction or a relativepronoun and contains a subject and predicate. Such clauses do not form a completesentence and cannot logically stand alone.

Special TermsThere are three main types of sentences in the Zohar. A simple sentence has

only one clause: an independent clause. A compound sentence has at least twoindependent clauses. A complex sentence has an independent/main clause and one ormore subordinate/ dependent clauses.

Examples

Simple sentence: .dkx §A l ¤W qŸeM i ¦di ¦ `c dP ©WŸeW §e - This rose is the cup of blessing. I.1a .xfr§l ¤ i ¦A ¦x wi ¦zW - Rabbi El’azar was silent. I.2a .z ©w §tp cI ¦n - She immediately departed. I.2b .'i z ¨ z©l § r - The letter yod entered. I.3b .x ©S¤p §c ©kEa§p ¦n - From Nebuchadnezzar. I.13b

Compound sentence: (Note how a connective vav joins the independent clauses)

2. A predicate tells us something about (modifies) the subject. As such, it must have a verb, but can alsocontain other elements, such as a noun, direct object, adjective or preposition.

a) E.g., in the famous Talmudic phrase - `pi ¦C `zEk§ln §C `pi ¦C the law of the land is the law (Ned. 28a; Git.10b; BK 113a; BB 54b,55a): "the law" is a noun phrase modifying the subject ("the law of the land")and is the predicate. This is called a predicative nominal. In the Zohar, a counterpart is: `A§l ©k §C iŸeg §xŸe` - it is the nature of a dog (II.45b/v.2: p.210): "a dog" is the subject, and "the nature of" is the predicate.

b) In the Zohar, si ¦T ©Y `zExi ¥W lM - “every beginning is harsh" (I.174b/v.3: p.52): `zExi ¥W lM is the subjectand si ¦T ©Y (“harsh") is the predicate: a predicative adjective.In the Zohar, `xFbi¥P ©q Ed§l ci ¦a£r §z ¦ §e - becoming their accuser (I.174b/ v.3: p.55): "accuser" is the objectpredicate.

c)



¨li ¥r§N ¦n oee §z ¨ §e .`Y ©Y ¦n oee §z ¨ - Letters above and letters below. I.3b . ìi ¦g i ¦A ©x mw§ei ¥kA de£d - Rabbi Hiyya stood and [he] was crying. I.4a Ea §ziE Eka§e.`c§l `C ¨lN ©n§l Eli ¦ki ¨l - They sat and wept and could not speak to one another. I.7a

Complex sentence: (Examples are given in the discussion of subordinate clausesunder: Syntax of the Sentence (II) and (III) ).

II. The Position of Subordinate Clauses

The style of the Zohar regularly employs complex sentences, and makes great use ofsubordinate clauses: clauses that begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relativepronoun and contain a subject and predicate.3 Such clauses do not form a completethought and cannot function apart from the main (the independent) clause.

MAIN CLAUSE: subject + verb (+ d.o)SUBORDINATE CLAUSES: / / / / / / / / / /

The diagram illustrates an often confounding feature of Zoharic Aramaic: a subordinateclause can occur anywhere in a sentence.

They can come before the subject:

`W §C §w ©n i ¥A a ©xg §z ¦ c ©M w ©tp ¨lwx ©n£ ©e - When the Temple was destroyed, a voice cried out I.1b `n§lr i ¥x §a ¦ D ©A z''i ¥a z ¨ §C b''r` §Y ©oee §z ¨ lk§l Wi ¥x ` ¥d §Y - Although I will create the world with the letter bet, you will be the first of all letters I.3b

Between the subject and the verb:

lk §edN ¦n `z§i ©xŸe` §A l ©C ©Y §W ¦ §C Èd ©d §c `c§i l ©r `zi§i ©xŸe` §A WC ©g §z ¦ §c ci ¦ar`cg `ri ¦w §x - and every word innovated in Torah by one engaged in Torah fashions one heaven I.4b Between parts of the verb:

opi ¦pz §C dN ©k §C ¨lki ¥d i¥p §a ¦C ì ©x §a ©g oEP ¦ lM Eki ¦x §h §v ¦ ì§li¥l ì ¦d ©d §A `nŸei§l i¥e¡d ¤n§l z©p §n ©C §f ¦ dN ©k §CDl£r ©a §A dREg ŸeB `x£g © i¥ed ¤n§lì§li¥l Èd ©d lM DO ¦r - For we have learned: All those

Companions initiated into the bridal palace need -- on that night when the Bride is

3. The use of subordinate conjunctions and relative pronouns will be examined in Syntax of theSentence (III).



destined the next day to be under the canopy with Her Husband -- to be with herall night I.8a

After the verb:

Ed§lªMoii§l ©Y Fe£d mdx §a © §C Di ¥n §W i ¥x §A §z ¦ §C c ©r - All remained suspended until the name of Abraham was created I.4a À © i ¦A ¦x x ©n ¨g ©Y §t¦p `zi§i ©xŸe` §C oi ¦g §z ¦R og §x ¨ §a `pT ©Y §z ¦ §l Èd `pC ¦r §e `z£r ©W `d §C - Rabbi Abba said, “Let us open openings of Torah, for the time is ripe to adorn ourselves on our way.” I.5b

After the direct object:

i ¦C oŸek§p ¦n o`n`kŸeW£g `xŸed§p¦l ok §R ©d §n `xi ¦x §n oi ¦n£rh §e `w §z ¦n§l `kd oŸezi¥i ¨l c ©r - Who among you turns darkness into light, bitter into sweet before arriving here? I.4a §l oi ¦b §A `Y§l ©rŸez c''dd d ¨ N ¦r u ¤x ¨ cŸeqi¦l §e m ¦i ©nW ©rŸeh §p¦l xn §Y ¦ §C dn §M - For the sake of supernal value, as is written: “to plant heavens and establish earth”, as already explained I.5a

In various combinations of positions:

d ¨ ri ¦a §x `nŸei `z£ §C oei ¥M wi ¦R © ,Ed§lEk §C ¨li ¥g §e `Y §ci ¦a£r oEP ¦ §C b''r` `gEx §e ì ©nE `W ¤ `d §C z©l §YoŸed§l ¦c `Y §ci ¦a£r i¦l §B §z ¦ ¨l §e ,oii§l ©Y Ed§lªM oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦cŸeq§i oŸel i¥lB `r §x © §C c ©r - When the fourth

day arrived, it generated the work and power of them all, since fire, water, and air -- although they are three ethereal elements -- were all suspended, their work unrevealed until earth revealed them. I.5b



IIIa. Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns

The key to identifying the subordinate clause(s) is knowing their markers: thesubordinating conjunctions and the relative pronouns. Here are listed a) the relativepronouns, and b) the subordinating conjunctions. Part IIIb will review each examplesentence from part II, this time with the markers in bold.

Relative Pronouns -W ,i ¦C ,-C that -W ,i ¦C ,-C who -W ,i ¦C whichB. Subordinate conjunctions:

while -C i ¦kd §c ©

if i ¦

whether ...i ¦ ...i ¦

unless ¨l i ¦

if not, unless e ¨l i ¦

if ENi ¦

unless i ¦ ¨N ¤

if not ¥ln§l ¦

although a©B l ©r s © ,-C b''r`

because, so that -C oi ¦b §A

while -W o ©n §f ¦A

while -C `p §n ¦f §A

wherever xz£ lk §A

while, as long as -C cFr §A

while -W cFr §A

when `Y §r ©W §A

when -C `Y §r ©W §A

for, as -C

for `d §C

A.




if... not, so...not ¨l §C

because -C li ¦ Fd

since -e li ¦ Fd

whereas ENi ¦ §e

as -M

as if EN ¦ §M

as if lŸeki §a ¦M

just as -C `pe §e©b §M

as - §c ¦M

when, while c©M

in order that i ¥c §M

then oi ¥c §M

because, once, then - §C oei ¥M

in order that, so that -C i ¦ki ¥d i ¦M

so long as -C `p §n ¦f lM

whatever - ¤W zFn §M

according to ...mEt §M

where x ©z£ §l

after x ©za§l

because -C FB ¦n

since, once -c ¦n

just as [sF`]...dn

since -C `nFi ¦n

when i ¦k ¦n

since -c i ¥O ©w ¦n

for -C mEW ¦n




before, until, while -C c ©r

before ¨l §C c ©r

until -C `p §n ¦f c ©r

before ¨l c ©r

because l ©r

because l ©r mEW

because -C m ¥W l ©r

until -C mcŸw



IIIb. Identifying Subordinate Clauses

With the lists from IIIa before you, note where the markers of a subordinate clause arehighlighted in bold:

c©M`W §C §w ©n i ¥A a ©xg §z ¦ w ©tp ¨lwx ©n£ ©e - When the Temple was destroyed, a voice cried out I.1b

§C b''r``n§lr i ¥x §a ¦ D ©A z''i ¥a z ¨ §Y ©oee §z ¨ lk§l Wi ¥x ` ¥d §Y - Although I will create the world with the letter bet, you will be the first of all letters I.3b

lk §edN ¦n §c Èd ©d §c `c§i l ©r `zi§i ©xŸe` §A WC ©g §z ¦§C`z§i ©xŸe` §A l ©C ©Y §W ¦ ci ¦ar`cg `ri ¦w §x - and every word innovated in Torah by one engaged in Torah fashions one heaven I.4b

§Copi ¦pz dN ©k §C ¨lki ¥d i¥p §a ¦C ì ©x §a ©g oEP ¦ lM Eki ¦x §h §v ¦ ì§li¥l ì ¦d ©d §A §C`nŸei§l i¥e¡d ¤n§l z©p §n ©C §f ¦ dN ©kDl£r ©a §A dREg ŸeB `x£g © i¥ed ¤n§lì§li¥l Èd ©d lM DO ¦r - For we have learned: All those

Companions initiated into the bridal palace need -- on that night when the Bride isdestined the next day to be under the canopy with Her Husband -- to be with her

all night I.8a

Ed§lªMoii§l ©Y Fe£d §C c©rmdx §a © §C Di ¥n §W i ¥x §A §z ¦ - All remained suspended until the name of Abraham was created I.4a

À © i ¦A ¦x x ©n ¨g ©Y §t¦p `zi§i ©xŸe` §C oi ¦g §z ¦R `d §Cog §x ¨ §a `pT ©Y §z ¦ §l Èd `pC ¦r §e `z£r ©W - Rabbi Abba said, “Let us open openings of Torah, for the time is ripe to adorn ourselves on our way.” I.5b

i ¦C oŸek§p ¦n o`n`kŸeW£g `xŸed§p¦l ok §R ©d §n `xi ¦x §n oi ¦n£rh §e `w §z ¦n§l `l c©r`kd oŸezi¥i - Who among you turns darkness into light, bitter into sweet before arriving here? I.4a §l oi ¦b §A `Y§l ©rŸez c''dd d ¨ N ¦r u ¤x ¨ cŸeqi¦l §e m ¦i ©nW ©rŸeh §p¦l §Mxn §Y ¦ §C dn - For the sake of supernal value, as is written: “to plant heavens and establish earth”, as already explained I.5a

§C oei ¥Md ¨ ri ¦a §x `nŸei `z£ wi ¦R © ,Ed§lEk §C ¨li ¥g §e `Y §ci ¦a£r `d §C `gEx §e ì ©nE `W ¤ §C b''ròEP ¦ z©l §YoŸed§l ¦c `Y §ci ¦a£r i¦l §B §z ¦ ¨l §e ,oii§l ©Y Ed§lªM oi ¦ N ¦r oi ¦cŸeq§i §C c©roŸel i¥lB `r §x © - When the fourth

day arrived, it generated the work and power of them all, since fire, water, and air -- although they are three ethereal elements -- were all suspended, their work unrevealed until earth revealed them. I.5b



Index to Selected Passages

Lesson OneText 1 II.8b/ v.4: p.31Text 2 II.53b/ v.4: p.275Lesson TwoText 1 II.45a/ v.4: p.208-9Text 2 II.22b/ v.4: p.75Lesson ThreeText 1 II.22b/ v.4: p.75Text 2 II.45b/ v.4: p.210Text 3 II.44b/ v.4: p.204Lesson FourText 1 II.35a/ v.4: p.154Text 2 II.47a/ v.4: p.223Lesson FiveText 1 II.203a-b/ v.6: p.158-9Text 2 II.208a/ v.6: p.186Lesson SixText 1 II.208a-b/ v.6: p.187-8Text 2 I.171b/ v.3: p.35Lesson SevenText 1 II.97b SdM / v.5: p.20-22Text 2 II.100a-b SdM / v.5: p.42-3Lesson EightText 1 III.186b Yan / v.9: p.251-2Text 2 II.122a / v.5: p.146-8Lesson NineText 1 III.131b IR / v.8: p.352Text 2 I.83a/ v.2: p.29Lesson TenText 1 II.74a RdR [Marg.]Text 2 II.88b-89a / v.4: p.503 Lesson ElevenText 1 II.98b SdM / v.5: p.29,30-31Text 2 III.191a / v.9: p.290Lesson TwelveText 1 III.287b IZ / v.9: p.769Text 2 I.98a MhN / v.10: p.319,321-2



MASTER INDEX

SUBJECT

Abbreviation L2T1,L6T1,L8T2 (Kaddari: p.22)Acronym L1T1,L2T1 (Kaddari: p.22)Accusative marker: -l L4T2 (Kaddari: p.104,111)Accusative pronoun L2T1 (Kaddari: p.32-3)Accusative pronominal suffix L1T2,L2T2 (Kaddari: p.32-3)Active participle L1T1 (Kaddari: p.47-50)Active participle with ied L2T1 (Kaddari: p.86-7)Active participle in P’al: qatil / li ¦hw paradigm L5T1,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.47)Active participle with ied: as expressing the past continuous L4T1 (Kaddari: p.86)Active participle with ied: as expressing simple past L2T1,L4T1,L12T2 (Kaddari: p.87)Adjective: Hebrew with Aramaic ending L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Adjective: Qatal / lh ©w paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L4T2 (Kaddari: p.61)Adjective: Qatil / li ¦h ©w paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Adjective: Qital / lhi ¦w paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Adjective: Qutal / lh ªw paradigm to express a ceaseless quality only L1T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Adjective as predicate L12T1 (Kaddari: p.109)Adjective with verb as a description of state L12T2 (cf. Kaddari: p.112)Adjunct L1T1Adverb: i` ©C©e as adverbial conjunction L12T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Adverb: can be used as a predicate L9T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Adverb: no set order for its placement L6T1, L9T1 (Kaddari: p.117)Adverb: repetition of ¨Ni ¥r§l L4T2Adverb of cause: K©M oi ¦b §A L6T1 (Kaddari: p.71)Adverb of cause: `d §C L5T1,L6T1,L7T2 (Kaddari: p.71,136)Adverb of cause: `C l ©r L5T1 (Kaddari: p.71,106)Adverb of contradiction: la£ L5T1 (Kaddari: p.72,102)Adverb of contradiction: ¨N ¤ L2T2,L8 (Kaddari: p.72,102,119-120)Adverb of mood or circumstance: i` ©C©e L7T1 (Kaddari: p.64)Adverb of place: `kd L6T2 (Kaddari: p.70)Adverb of place: mzd L6T2 (Kaddari: p.70)Adverb of place: ¨Ni ¥r§l L2T2,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.69)



Adverb of time: i ¥kd §C © L12T1 (Kaddari: p.67,131)Adverb of time: c©M L1T1 (Kaddari: p. 73, 82,130)Adverb of time: oi ¥c §M L1T1 (Kaddari: p.65,67,133)Adverb used as a predicate: i ¦kd (Kaddari: p.100)Adverbial conjunction: i` ©C©e as L12T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Adverbial phrase L1T1Afel with the meaning of P’al L11T1 (cf. Kaddari: p.48,78-9)Affixed noun with addition of E- suffix L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Affixed noun with addition of zE- suffix L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Agent Noun: definition L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)Agreement: between subject and predicate L2T1Agreement in number: between noun and adjective L1T1Agreement: lack of in gender L5T1 (Kaddari: p.114)Agreement: lack of in number L7T1 (Kaddari: p.114)‘al / l ©r: as giving the reason L2T1 (Kaddari: p.106)Alef / -`: as prefixed marker of passive participle in Itpa’al L1T1 (Kaddari: p.49)Antecedent: subject as in relative clause L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Anticipatory pronominal suffix: sign of direct object L1T1, L2T1,L6T1Appellation L4T2Aramaism of Biblical Hebrew L1T1 (Kaddari: p.143)Asyndeton: definition L10T2 Asyndeton: in supplementary clause L10T2 (Kaddari: p.124)Attribute L4T1Attribute: adjective as L6T1 (Kaddari: p.37)Attribute: adverb as L4T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Attribute: comes prior to what is defined L1T1, L7T1 (Kaddari: p.116)Attribute: numeral as L1T1 (Kaddari: p.116)Auxilary verb: ied with participle L2T1 (Kaddari: p.86)Auxiliary verb: modal: lki L2T1Ayin-Vav / e''r verbs L1T1 (Kaddari: p.155)Bet / -A of means or instrument L1T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p. 101)Bet / -A: required: used with certain verbs (Kaddari: p. 101)Bet / -A that indicates aspect L7T1 (Kaddari: p.101)Cardinal number: `c£g L1T1 (Kaddari: p.62)Cardinal numbers L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)Casus pendens L6T2 (Kaddari: p.118 n.30)Causal clause L9T1, L11T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Circumstantial clause L1T2,L2T2 (Kaddari: p.129)Clause: causal L9T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Clause: circumstantial L1T2,L2T2 (Kaddari: p.129)Clause: comparative L6T2,L10T2 (Kaddari: p.137-9)Clause: conditional L4T2, L8T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.133)Clause: dependent AppendixClause: dependent, of obligation L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)



Clause: independent AppendixClause: negative L4T2,L5T2 (Kaddari: p.118-120)Clause: noun L3T2,L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.109-110,115)Clause: object L2T2,L8T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.117,127-8)Clause: purpose L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)Clause: relative L1T1, L2T1,L3T1,L6T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.128-9)Clause: subordinate L1T1, L4T2,Appendix (Kaddari: p.129-140)Clause: supplementary L10T2 (Kaddari: p.124-125)Clause: temporal L1T1,L1T2, L2T2,L3T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.130-133)Clause: verbal L9T2,L10T1, L10T2 (Kaddari: p.110,116)Clauses: coordination of L3T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.124-126)Cleft sentence L6T2Clitic possessive pronoun: when possessor is plural L4T2 (Kaddari: p.30)Clitic pronoun: `d- as usual ending for 3rd f. plural possessives L2T2 (Kaddari: p.29-30)Clitic pronoun: with 3rd f. ending `d- L3T1 (Kaddari: p.29)Clitics: definition L3T1Cognate accusative/ Internal object L6T1,L6T2,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.112)Collective Nouns L2T1 (Kaddari: p.91,115)Comparison by means of kal ve-homer: W''k L6T2 (Kaddari: p.139)Comparative clause L6T2,L10T2 (Kaddari: p.137-9)Complex sentence: definition Appendix Complex sentence: nominative absolute a type of L6T2 (Kaddari: p.117-8)Compound sentence L11T1, Appendix (Kaddari: p.139) Compound sentence: definition AppendixCompound verb form for 1st pf.: `pi ¥n£ L7T2 (Kaddari: p.40-41 and n.19)Conditional clause L4T2, L7T1,L7T2,L8T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.133)Conditional clause: Counterfactual L4T2 (Kaddari: p.133)Conditional clause: Volitional mood of future L7T1 (Kaddari: p.46,133)Conditional clauses: agreement between clauses L9T1 (Kaddari: p.133)Conditional mood: can be expressed by future L9T1 (Kaddari: p.46)Conflation of rabbinic techniques L5T1Conjunction: -C L2T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Conjunction of cause: -C L9T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Conjunction of cause: -C mEX ¦n L9T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Conjunction of cause: -C l ©r L6T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Conjunction of comparison: p''d / i ¥np i ¦kd L7T1 (Kaddari: p.138)Conjunction of comparison: sF`...dn L6T2 (Kaddari: p.138)Conjunction of comparison: i ¥np...sF`...dn L6T2 (Kaddari: p.138)Conjunction of concession: b''r` L5T1 (Kaddari: p.73,137)Conjuntion of conditional clause: i ¦ L8T1 (Kaddari: p.133)Conjunction of contrast: -e as L6T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Conjunction of process: oi ¦b §A L11T1 (Kaddari: p.123)Conjunctional clause: definition L3T2Conjunctions of comparison: sF` ... dn L6T2 (Kaddari: p.138)



Conjunctive vav / -e : L2T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Connective vav / -e : L2T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.73,122)Construct state of noun L6T1 (Kaddari: p.90)Coordination of clauses L3T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.124-126)Copula: defined L6T1,L10T1Copula: place of deferred to end of clause to emphasize predicate (Kaddari: p.116)Copula: pronoun Edi ¦ as L6T1 (Kaddari: p.109,116)Dalet / -C as conjunction of bringing the content of things L6T2 (Kaddari: p.73)Dalet / -C as a sign of the relative in a relative clause L11T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Dalet / -C as relative pronoun in relative clause L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Dalet / -C as relative pronoun marking subordinate clause L4T2,L5T2,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.129,138)Dalet / -C in temporal clause: usually with preposition or adverb L1T2 (Kaddari: p.130)Dalet / -C: of the genitive possessive L1T2,L2T2,L9T1 (Kaddari: p.90)Dative Predicative Possessive Construction L5T1,L10T1Dative preposition: -l L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.104)Demonstrative pronoun: as adjective before the described L2T1,L7T1 (Kaddari:p.31,97aqa)Demonstrative pronoun: for emphasis L2T1 (Kaddari: p.33-4 ,97-8)Demonstrative pronoun: may occur before or after the described L6T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Demonstrative pronoun `C: can occur without emphasis or allusion L5T1 (Kaddari: p.98)Demonstrative pronoun Èd ©d: can occur without emphasis or allusion L6T2 (Kaddari:98) Demonstrative pronoun of distant reference: oEpi ¦ L1T1 (Kaddari: p.28,34,96)Demonstrative pronoun of distant reference: Èd ©d L1T1 (Kaddari: p.34,97-98)Dependent clause AppendixDependent clause of obligation: often has predicate in the future L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)Determined form: ¨lŸM L6T1 (Kaddari: p.92)Didactic expression L2T2 (Kaddari: p.113)Didactic expression: `ni ¥Y i ¦ L8T1 (Kaddari: p.133)Didactic expression: -l as opening to a parable L2T2,L4T2 (Kaddari: p.113)Direct Object: z©i L1T1 (Kaddari: p.72,103)Direct Object: -l L1T1,L4T2,L5T2 (Kaddari: p.104)Direct object: indicated by object pronoun Èd ©d L2T2 (Kaddari: p.34)Direct Object: joined with predicate L5T2,L8T2 (Kaddari: p.111)Direct Object joined with predicate: with the connective object suffix L8T2 (Kaddari: p.111)Direct Object: place of not fixed in Aramaic L9T1 (Kaddari: p.117)Direct Object: with anticipatory pronominal suffix L1T1 (Kaddari: p.111)Disjunction: -e as L6T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Distributive plural L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)Distributive plural: after lM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91,92)Dual: form of number L1T2 (Kaddari: p.58,62)Emphasis: shown by subject pronoun near conjugated verb L12T1 (Kaddari: p.96)



Exclamatory word: dO ©M L11T1 (Kaddari: p.122)Explanatory vav L11T1 (Kaddari: p.126)Expression of amazement L12T1 (Kaddari: p.122)Expression of amazement: `d L11T1 (Kaddari: p.122)Expression of amazement: Eci ¥g dO ©M L12T1Expression of amazement: zE`i dO ©M L12T1Expression of contrast: ¨N ¤ .. ¨l L5T2 (Kaddari: p.125)Expression of qualification: ¨N ¤ .. ¨l L9T1 (Kaddari: 72,100)Existential particle zi ¦ L5T1 (Kaddari: p.70)Fulfillment of condition L7T2 (Kaddari: p.133)Future tense L3T1 (Kaddari: p.43-45) Future used as a perfect: after ¨l §C L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)Future used as a perfect: after ¨l c ©r L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)Future: usual tense of dependent clause of obligation L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)Geminate roots L1T1Gender: lack of agreement in L6T1 (Kaddari: p.114)Genitive L1T1 (Kaddari: p.27,29)Genitive of limitation: definition L11T1 (Kaddari: p.90)Genitive possessive L1T2,L2T2,L9T1 (Kaddari: p.90)Hebraism: -l as opening to a parable L1T1,L2T2,L4T2 (Kaddari: p.113 n.14)Hebraism: x ©za§l L3T3 (Kaddari: p.69 and n.25,73)Hebrew adjective with Aramaic ending L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Hebrew prefix: -WM L12T2Hebrew prefixed conjunction: - ¦M L12T2Hebrew prefixed definite article: - ©d L12T2Hendiadys L1T1,L2T1,L9T2Hendiadys: two nouns L2T1Imperative: as an instruction L12T1Imperative: in P’al can follow qetol / lFh §w paradigm L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45)Imperative: verb comes at start of sentence L12T1 (Kaddari: p.100)Indefinite pronoun o` ©n: as subject L8T2,L11T2 (Kaddari: p.114)Indefinite sentence L8T1 (Kaddari: p.113-4)Indefiniteness L2T1 (Kaddari: p.113-4)Indefiniteness: W©p x ©A special term for L2T1,L11T2 (Kaddari: p.114)Indefiniteness: `z§l ¦n special term for L2T1 (Kaddari: p.114)Indefiniteness: with indefinite pronoun o` ©n as subject L8T2,L11T2 (Kaddari: p.114)Indefiniteness expressed by means of the predicate L8T2 (Kaddari: p.113)Independent clause AppendixIndependent object pronoun L2T1 (Kaddari: p.32-3)Independent possessive pronoun: -ci ¦C L3T1 (Kaddari: p.31)Independent possessive pronoun: -li ¦C L3T1 (Kaddari: p.31)Infinitive: subject of L2T2Infinitive as an extension of the verb: alongside a helping verb L12T1,T2 (Kaddari: p.83)



Infinitive with verb of desire: irA L2T2Initial interjection of paying attention: `d §e L12T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Innovation: compound verb form of 1st pf. L12T2 (Kaddari: p.41)Instruction to reader: g''Y L4T2Interjection: `d §e L12T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Internal object/ Cognate accusative L6T1,L6T2,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.112)Interrogative sentence: as question about facts L2T2 (Kaddari: p.120-1)Intransitive verb: definition L12T2Ishtafel: of rci L6T1 (Kaddari: p.37)Ishtafel: of car L11T1 (Kaddari: p.37 n.2)Kal ve-homer: comparison by means of L6T2 (Kaddari: p.139)Kol / lM as dependent of a plural noun: ‘every’, ‘all’ L1T2,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.92)Lack of agreement in gender L6T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.114)Lack of agreement in number L7T1 (Kaddari: p.114)Lamed / -§l: as accusative marker L1T1,L4T2,L5T2 (Kaddari: p.104,111)Lamed / -l: as dative preposition indicating the possessor L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.104)Lamed/ -§l: as opening to a parable L2T2,L4T2 (Kaddari: p.113 and n.14)Lamed / -l: as preferred case sign for the direct object L1T1,L4T2,L5T2 (Kaddari:p.104)Lamed / -l: as preposition to express purpose L10T1 (Kaddari: p.72,104)Lamed / -l: in expression of separation with oi ¥A L5T1 (Kaddari: p.102,105)Lamed-Guttural / b''l verbs L5T1Lav / e ¨l negates the noun clause L8T1 (Kaddari: p.119)Letters: numerical value of L1T1 (Kaddari: p.21,63)Locative demonstrative adverb: `kd L2T2 (Kaddari: p.70)Locative demonstrative adverb : mzd L2T2Manuscripts: punctuation in L5T2 (Kaddari: p.22)Marker of specificity L1T1Marker of subordinate clause: -C `z£r ©W §A L5T2 (Kaddari: p.131 and n.16)Marker of subordinate clause: -C L5T2, L6T1 (Kaddari: p.129,138)Marker of subordinate clause: `d §C L6T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Marker of subordinate clause: c©M L5T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.130)Marker of subordinate clause: - §C oe §i ¥M L5T1 (Kaddari: p.132)Marker of subordinate clause: -C l ©r L6T1 (Kaddari: p.136)Marker of the accusative/ direct object: -l L4T2 (Kaddari: p.111)Markers of subordinate clause Appendix (Kaddari: p.130-9)Mem/ -n: as adverb L1T1 (Kaddari: p.105)Mem / -n: as describing origin or source L2T1 (Kaddari: p.105)Mem/ -n: as preposition L1T1 (Kaddari: p.105-6)Mem/ -n: as prefixed marker of active participle L1T1 (Kaddari: p.48)Mem/ -n: as prefixed marker of reflexive participle in Itpa’al L1T1 (Kaddari: p.49)Merism L2T1Mnemonic L5T1



Modal auxiliary verb L2T1,L5T1,L6T1Negation of noun clause by e ¨l L8T1 (Kaddari: p.119)Negative clause L4T2,L5T2,L12T2 (Kaddari: p.118-120)Negative emphatic expression (Kaddari: p.119)Negator: ¨l L2T1 (Kaddari: p.71,118-120)Negator before the predicate verb L2T2, L8T1 (Kaddari: p.117)Neologism L3T1,L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.56-58)Nomen agentis: definition L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)Nominative absolute L6T2,L7T2,L8T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.118)Noun: construct state L1T1 (Kaddari: p.59-60)Noun affix: E- suffix L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Noun affix: zE- suffix L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Noun clause L3T2,L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.109-110)Noun clause: negation of by e ¨l L8T1 (Kaddari: p.119)Noun clause: word order in L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Noun used as a participle L11T1 (Kaddari: p.84)Nouns: repetition of L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)Number: dual form L1T2 (Kaddari: p.58,62)Numbers L1T1 (Kaddari: p.62-4,93-4)Numbers: joined with connective vav L12T2 (Kaddari: p.94)Numbers: large units precede smaller L12T2 (Kaddari: p.94)Numeral: as attribute is prior to the defined L1T1 (Kaddari: p.116)Numerical value of letters L1T1 (Kaddari: p.21,62)Object: direct L1T1,L4T2,L5T2 (Kaddari: p.72,103,111 and n.8)Object: internal L6T1 (Kaddari: p.112)Object clause L2T2,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.117,127-8)Object clause: can precede the main clause L8T1 (Kaddari: p.117,127)Object predicate Appendix n.1 (Kaddari: p.112)Object pronoun: `Ed ©d L2T2 (Kaddari: p.34,97-8)P’al: qatil / li ¦hw paradigm of active participle L5T1, L7T1 (Kaddari: p.47)P’al: qetol / lFh §w paradigm of imperative L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45)P’al forms for the root llr L11T1 (Kaddari: p.77 and n.3)P’al with the meaning of Afel L11T1 (cf. Kaddari: p.77)Parable: opening to: Lamed/ -§l L1T1,L2T2, L4T2 (Kaddari: p.113 and n.14)Participle: Active L1T1, L2T1,L4T1 (Kaddari: p.50)Participle: noun used as L11T1 (Kaddari: p.84)Participle: Passive L1T1,L6T2 (Kaddari: p.50,87)Particle: -w ,`w L5T1,L5T2,L6T2,L7T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.42,86)Participle: substantival L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)Participle: word order in noun clause when it is the predicate L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Participle-subject: usual word order in verbal clause L10T1 (Kaddari: p.116)Passive participle L1T1,L6T2 (Kaddari: p.50,87)Past continuous L2T2,L4T2,L11T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.80,85)Past perfect L4T2 L5T1,L8T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.81)Perfect in place of the future L7T2 (Kaddari: p.81)



Perfect tense L2T1 (Kaddari: p.80-81)Periphrastis L1T1,L2T1Place of the direct object: not fixed in Aramaic L9T1 (Kaddari: p.117)Plene spelling L10T1 (Kaddari: p.19,45)Pluperfect: of subject verb in subordinate clause L4T2 (Kaddari: p.81)Plural: feminine ending with masculine noun L2T2 (Kaddari: p.58)Plural: formed by repetition of noun after lM L1T2,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)Positive hypothetical condition: tense of verbs L11T2 (Kaddari: p.133-4)Possessive: with -C (Kaddari: p.90)Possessive: Predicative Construction L5T1Possessive pronoun L3T1 (Kaddari: p.31)Predicate: adjective as L12T1 (Kaddari: p.109)Predicate: adverb i ¦kd used as (Kaddari: p.100)Predicate: definition L3T2, Appendix n.1Predicate: joined with direct object L5T2 (Kaddari: p.111)Predicate: usually in the future in dependent clause of obligation L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)Predicate: word order in noun clause when it is a participle L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Predicate denial L4T2,L6T2Predicate-subject: usual word order in verbal clause L10T1 (Kaddari: p.116)Predicative adjective Appendix n.1Predicative nominal Appendix n.1Predicative possessive construction L2T2Proclitic particle: -w ,`w L5T1,L5T2,L6T2,L7T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.42)Pronominal suffix: accusative L1T2 (Kaddari: p.108)Pronominal suffix: anticipatory L1T2 (Kaddari: p.31-2)Pronominal suffixes: zee §M used only with L9T1 (Kaddari: p.74,104)Pronoun: Accusative L2T1 (Kaddari: p.32-3)Pronoun: as copulative L6T1,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.109)Pronoun: as predicate in noun clause L5T1 (Kaddari: p.109)Pronoun: clitic: `d- usual ending for 3rd f. plural possessives L2T2 (Kaddari: p.29-30)Pronoun: clitic: with 3rd f. ending `d- L3T1 (Kaddari: p.29)Pronoun: clitic possessive: when possessor is plural L4T2 (Kaddari: p.30)Pronoun: Demonstrative: for emphasis L2T1 (Kaddari: p.33-4 ,97-8)Pronoun: Possessive L1T2 (Kaddari: p.31)Pronoun: Relative: L1T1, -c L2T2 (Kaddari: p.34-5)Pronoun: Resumptive L6T2Pronoun: Subject L2T1 (Kaddari: p.27-8)Proper names L1T1Proper nouns L1T1Punctuation L5T2 (Kaddari: p.22)Purpose clause L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)Qa / `w before the verb L5T1,L7T2,L8T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.42-3,86)Qatal / lh ©w: paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L4T2 (Kaddari: p.61)Qatil / li ¦hw : paradigm of active participle in P’al L5T1,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.47)



Qatil / li ¦h ©w : paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Qatol / lFhw : paradigm of the nomen agentis L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)Qetol / lFh §w: a paradigm of imperative in P’al L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45)Qital / lhi ¦w paradigm of adjective to express a ceaseless quality only L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)Quadrilateral roots L1T1,L4T1 (Kaddari: p.55)Rabbinic principle of interpretation: analogy from another verse L5T1,L6T2Relative clause L1T1, L3T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128-9)Relative clause: definition L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Relative clause: subject as antecedent L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Relative clause: with -C L2T1, L6T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.128) Relative pronoun: -C L1T1,L2T2, L6T1 (Kaddari: p.34-5)Relative pronoun: i ¦C L10T1 (Kaddari: p.34-35)Repetition of adverb ¨Ni ¥r§l L4T2Repetition of noun: forms plural after lM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)Required Bet/-A : used with certain verbs (Kaddari: p.101)Resumptive pronoun L6T2Roots-- Geminate L1T1-- Of four distinct consonants in verbs L1T1 (Kaddari: p.37)-- Quadrilateral L1T1, L4T1 (Kaddari: p.37,55)-- Reduplication of L1T1 (Kaddari: p.54)Sentence of exclamation L11T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.122)Separation: expression of with -l...oi ¥A L5T1 (Kaddari: p.102,105)Simple Past L2T1,L4T1 (Kaddari: p.87)Simple sentence: definition Appendix (Kaddari: p.109-115)Spelling: plene L10T1 (Kaddari: p.19,45)Subject: as antecedent in relative clause: L6T1 (Kaddari: p.128)Subject of the infinitive L2T2Subject-predicate: word order in noun clause L7T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Subject pronoun L2T1 (Kaddari: p.27-8)Subordinate clause L1T1, L4T2, Appendix (Kaddari: p.129-140)Subordinate clause: definition L3T1, Appendix Subordinate clause: place in sentence not fixed Appendix (Kaddari: p.139)Superlative L4T2 (Kaddari: p.92)Subject pronoun: near the conjugated verb for emphasis L12T1 (Kaddari: p.96)Substantival participle L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51a)Suffix: E- L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Suffix: zE- L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Superlative degree: combining words with a similar meaning L9T1 (Kaddari: p.93)Supplementary clause L10T2 (Kaddari: p.124-125)Supplementary clause: asyndeton in L10T2 (Kaddari: p.124)Temporal clause L1T2, L2T2,L3T1 (Kaddari: p.130-133)



Temporal clause: with i ¥kd §C © L12T1 (Kaddari: p.67,131)Temporal clause: with c©M L1T1,L2T2,L3T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.130)Vav/ -e: as coordinating a circumstantial clause L3T1 (Kaddari: p.129)Vav / -e : as conjunction of contrast L5T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Vav / -e : conjunctive L1T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Vav / -e : connective L1T1,L2T2 (Kaddari: p.73,122)Vav / -e : disjunctive L6T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Vav / -e : explanatory L11T1 (Kaddari: p.126)Verb-stems and the binyanim: Afel with the meaning of P’al L11T1 (Kaddari: p.77-8)Verb-stems and the binyanim: P’al forms for the root llr L11T1 (Kaddari: p.77 and n.3)Verb-stems and the binyanim: P’al with the meaning of Afel L11T1 (Kaddari: p.77)Verbal clause: definition L9T2 (Kaddari: p.110)Verbal clause: subject is not mentioned with inclined verb L9T2 (Kaddari: p.110)Verbal clause: word order in L10T1, L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)Verbs, b''l : i missing in active participle of P’al L5T1 (Kaddari: p.47 n.42)Word order L1T1,L2T1,L4T2,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.115-7)Word order: object + verb + subject / O-V-S L9T1 (Kaddari: p.117)Word order: verb + subject + direct object / V-S-O L1T1,L1T2 (Kaddari: p.117)Word order in noun clause L7T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Word order in noun clause: when the predicate is a participle L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)Word order in verbal clause L10T1,L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)Zoharic innovation: compound verb form of 1st pf. L12T2 (Kaddari: p.41)

Aramaic

`d- L3T1 (Kaddari: p.29)iF- L4T2 (Kaddari: p.30)`A © L12T2oda£ L2T1,L12T2`zd §a£ L12T2 (Kaddari: p.58)ozda£ L12T2la£ L5T1 (Kaddari: p.72,102)W¦i ©W i¥p §a © L12T2mx §a © L9T2i ¥kd §C © L12T1 (Kaddari: p.67,131)dnc£ L7T2`p §cE` L9T1iFp §cE` L9T1oi¦p §cE` L9T1zi ¦gF` L12T2- §C iŸeg §xŸe` L3T1



ai ¦zF` L12T2h`W §e li ¦f ¨ L4T2i ¦ L4T2,L8T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.73,133)`ni ¥Y i ¦ L8T1 (Kaddari: p.46,133)Edi ¦ L2T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.28,34,109,116)Ji ¥ L9T1 `ni ¥ L3T1,L12T2 (Kaddari: p.45)oEpi ¦ L1T1,L2T1 (Kaddari: p.34,96)zi ¦ L5T1 (Kaddari: p.83)Di¥l zi ¦ L5T1,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.104)Kl zi ¦ L11T1 (Kaddari: p.104)

¨N ¤ L2T2,L5T2,L8T1 (Kaddari: p.72,102,119-120)KM ¨N ¤ L7T2oi¥N ¦ §A oi¥N ¦ L9T1

¥ln§l ¦ L4T2 (Kaddari: p.73,134)i` ©n£ L2T2 (Kaddari: p.35,71)`pi ¥n£ L7T2 (Kaddari: p.40-1 and n.19)'x Di¥l x ©n ¨ L10T1 (Kaddari: p.116)`p §x ©C §q © L12T1 iq` L2T1w©N ©Y §q ¦ L12T2w¥N ©Y §q ¦ L12T2`fFxM x ©a£r © L7T2b''r` L5T1 Di¥l£r © L1T2a©B l ©r s © L5T1 (Kaddari: p.73,137)ji ¦x §h §v ¦ _ (Kaddari: p.81)x''` L8T2r ©A §x © L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)ji ¦x © L9T1oi ¦ki ¦x © L9T1`w §x © L7T2o` ©r §cŸen §Y §W ¦ L6T1 (Kaddari: p.37 n.2)r ©W£r ©Y §W ¦ L7T1 (Kaddari: p.37)Epi ¦¦q£g §z ¦ L9T1`z §Y ¦ h ¥xg §z ¦ L11T2q ©R §Y ¦ L8T2`Y ©R §z ¦ L9T2Di ¥z §Y ¦ L11T2 L10T1mg §Y §z ¦ L10T1



oe §qY ¦ L2T1sH ©r §z ¦ L12T2Ea §xr §z ¦ L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)-A L1T1, L6T1, L7T1 (Kaddari: p.72,100-1)Fb §A L2T1 (Kaddari: p.72,103)oi ¦b §A L11T1 (Kaddari: p.123)- §C oi ¦b §A L5T1,L10T2 (Kaddari: p.73,136)KM oi ¦b §A L5T1,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.71) `zEri ¦x §b ¦A L12T1Èd ©d §A L1T1-c `z£r ©W ì ¦d ©d §A L1T2 (Kaddari: p.69 and n.23)`FA L11T2`n §qFA L1T2oi ¦n §qFA L1T2oi ¥A ...oi ¥A L9T1,L10T1-l...oi ¥A L5T1 (Kaddari: p.105)oi ¦ x §h §q¦N ©A L4T2Di¥A zi¥l §C dn §A L8T2-C cFr §A L3T1 (Kaddari: p.73,131)irA L2T2,L8T1 (Kaddari: p._)opi ¥rA L8T1l ©rA L11T1eilr §A L11T1x ©ni ¥n§l i ¦kd i ¥rA L9T1 `ni ¦t §A L8T1x ©A L5T1 (Kaddari: p.102)Ki ¦x §A L6T2Di ¥n §W ji ¦x §A Èd ji ¦x §A L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)`k §x §A L11T2`zk §x ¦A L8T1-C `z£r ©W §A L5T2 (Kaddari: p.131 and n.16)Wp x ©A L2T1 (Kaddari: p.114)`zE`B L10T1 (Kaddari: p.144)`xEa §B L7T2oxEa §B L7T2` ¦r §f ¦B L8T2oi ¦r §f ¦B L8T2`x §f ¦B L1T2`ti¦l §B L1T14 (Kaddari: p.55)xEnB L10T1



iPB L8T2i¥Pb L8T2`zEri ¦x §B L12T1m ©x §B L11T1 (Kaddari: p.35)`n §x©B L2T1-c L1T1,L1T2, L2T1,L3T1,L4T2,L5T2,L6T2,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.90,128)`''c L5T1`C L5T1 (Kaddari: p.33,98,137)`nFi Èd ©d ¦C L8T2 (Kaddari: p.97)

¨lEB§l ¦b §A `z£g © §l aiI ©g §z ¦ C b''r`C L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78)x ¥g ¨ xaC L5T1 (Kaddari: p.22)à §wEp §e x ©k §c ¦A `x §w fi¦pb §C L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115)iFl£r à §W©i §z ¦n iFa£ ©C `Y §r ©c §C L12T2`d §C L5T1,L6T1,L7T2 (Kaddari: p.71,136)dnEC L12T1igC L5T1i ¦C L10T1 (Kaddari: p.34-35)-ci ¦C L3T1 (Kaddari: p.31)ii ©C L8T2-li ¦C L3T1 (Kaddari: p.31)oiC L4T2`p §wi ¦C L9T1`zi§i ©xF` §A l ¥C ©Y §W ¦ §C o` ©n lk §C L8T2 (Kaddari: p.114)

¨NŸk §C L4T2 (Kaddari: p.92)¨l §C L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)

àz © § §l o ¨ rA ¨l §C L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78)`ki ¦n §C L7T2`Y §r ©C L12T2Di ¥Y §r ©C L12T2mFxc L9T2WxC L6T2`d L11T1 (Kaddari: p.73,122)DEn §wF` `x §w i` ©d L7T1`pCi ¦ d L11T1 (Kaddari: p.66)c''dd L2T1 (Kaddari: p.22)Èd ©d L1T1,L2T2, L6T2 (Kaddari: p. 34,97-8)dP ©WFW §A l`r §C Èd ©d L6T2ied L1T1,L2T1,L4T1`pi¥e£d L12T2 (Kaddari: p.41)qEpw §xFd L12T2



`pn §f ©d L8T1dpn §f ©d L8T1`kd L6T2 (Kaddari: p.70)i ¦kd L11T1 (Kaddari: p.65,100,137)i` ©C©e Èd i ¦kd L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45,)p''d / i ¥np i ¦kd L7T1 (Kaddari: p.138)JM i¥pi ¦b §aE L9T1c ©g L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)dW ¥ng L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)`ti ¦v£g L8T2oi ¦ti ¦v£g L8T2mzd L6T2 (Kaddari: p.70)e L1T1,L2T1,L2T2,L3T1,L5T1 (Kaddari: p.73)E- L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)Di ¥z §Y ¦ ¦l Dl j ¥xz §n Edi ¦ i ¦ §e L8T2r ©x §n de£d §C iFp §aE L12T2i` ©C©e L7T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.64,65,100)`d §e L7T2,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.73)Di¥El ¦r i ¥x`W `xee ¦g Èd ©d §e L12T2`C §xe©e L10T1ox §Ye©e L10T1 ie- L4T2 (Kaddari: p.30)lFri¥i ¨l c ©r Ò©i §A h ¥hFWi ¦e L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)Jk §e L12T1o¥k §e L2T1,L8T1oEW§©r §z¦i ¨l §C oi ¦b §A i ¦C ¦n oi ¦x §n ¨ ¨l §e L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)`kd ¥nE L8T2ai ¦z §M `x §w ¦C Di ¥tFq §e L12T1`cFB §x ©R FB Di¥l oi¦l`r §e L11T1 (Kaddari: p.77)`C §x©e L10T1zE- L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)ox §Y©e L10T1rEf L1T1li ¦f L12T2d ¨ M©f L4T2 (Kaddari: p.61)Ei §k©f L10T1 (Kaddari: p.57)-l onf L1T1rfrf L1T1 (Kaddari: p.37)Eti ¦w §f L6T1x ©q c ©g L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)



`c£g L1T1 (Kaddari: p.62)icg L1T1`zee §c ¤g L10T2`xee ¦g L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)dx §c ¦W §C `hEg L9T1Di¥A §c ©r w©lEg L9T2ÀxEg L5T1Eci ¥g L12T1ilg L12T2sl£g L12T2Wlg L12T2ing L7T1jpg L11T2oqg L9T1hxg L10T1x ©zg dxi ¦z£g L6T1`x §tEh L6T1i ¥x §tEh L6T1`xPi ¦h L10T1`xp ¦h L10T1zEì L12T1 (Kaddari: p.55,64)rci L5T1,L6T1i ¦ cEi L1T1oi ¦ah oi ¦nŸei L7T2-l lki L2T1,L5T1`pi ¦n§i L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)`wFPi L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)a ©x i ¥a §C i ¥wEpi L7T2wpi L7T2sqi L12T1l ¥ x §U¦i L2T1 (Kaddari: p.91)z©i L1T1 (Kaddari: p.72,103)azi L12T2K¥P ©g §z¦i L11T2c©M L1T1,L2T2,L3T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p. 73,82,130)i ¥r §x ©n i ¥a §A `pi¥e£d c ©M L12T2`''cM L6T2 (Kaddari: p.22)oi ¥c §M L1T1 (Kaddari: p. 65,67,133)zEì `w §c §M L11T1 (Kaddari: p.64)È ©M L7T2



zee §M L9T1 (Kaddari: p.74,104)Edi§i ¥zee §M L9T1oi ¦E ©M L7T2oei ¥M L1T1- §C oe §i ¥M L5T1 (Kaddari: p.73,132,136)lM L2T1, L7T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.92)c ©g §e c ©g lM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)`nFi §e `nFi lM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)dN ¦nE dN ¦n lM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)`x §h ¦r §e `x §h ¦r lM L1T2

¨lŸM L6T1 (Kaddari: p.92)dO ©M L11T1 (Kaddari: p.122)x ©n §z ¦ §C dn §M L6T2 Eci ¥g dO ©M L12T1zEì dO ©M L12T1`ni¦p Ÿl §n ¦M L11T1o£r©p §M L9T2`fFxM L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)fxM L7T2Frn §W ©n §M L11T2W''k L6T2 (Kaddari: p.139)mzd ai ¦z §kE ...`kd ai ¦z §M L5T1,L6T2`t §z ©M L7T2,L12T1iFt §z ©M L7T2,L12T1`x §z ¦M L1T1-l L1T1,L2T2,L4T2,L5T1,L5T2,L10T1 (Kaddari: p.72,104-5)

¨l L2T1 (Kaddari: p.71,85,119-20)¨N ¤ .. ¨l L5T2, L9T1 (Kaddari: p.119-120)

l©l §M ... ¨l L6T1 (Kaddari: p.119)Di ¥ni ¦t §A `x §M §c © §l L8T1e ¨l L8T1 (Kaddari: p.71,119,121)`cyŸe`§l L11T1oi ¦q£g © §l L9T1`pl §w Di ¥A `bd§p © §l L5T1d ¨ h §q © §l L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78)ml §W Di¥l `nC §w © §l L12T2à£ ©Y §W ¦ §l L11T1`c §A §r ©Y §W ¦ §l L11T1 (Kaddari: p.37 n.2)sqFY ¦ §l L12T1à §xr §z ¦ §l L9T1



x ©za§l L3T3 (Kaddari: p.69 and n.25,73)`zx §z ©q §n FB ¦n `zwi ¦n£r d ¨ N©b§l L12T2oN ©d§N L6T2oFl L2T1 (Kaddari: p.32-3,96)`ii §g ©c§l L5T1`k§p ©g§l L11T2-l Di¥l L1T1`Wi ¦A `p §Wi¦l L10T1 (Kaddari: p.54)-l zi¥l L4T2,L6T2 (Kaddari: p.70,120)oi ¦n §wEp l ©hi ¥n§l L1T1oi ¦n §wEp c ©A §r ¤n§l L1T1 (Kaddari: p.147 and n.28)i ¥Yt ¦n§l L5T1

¨Ni ¥r§l L2T2,L6T1 (Kaddari: p.69)oi ¦n§lr§l L5T1 (Kaddari: p.68)-n L1T1,L2T1,L6T2,L12T2 (Kaddari: p.105-6)i` ©n L7T1Eki ¦ §n L6T1o` ©n L11T2 (Kaddari: p.36,114)dx ¥ §n L11T2Epz§l §kq §C oFdi ¥x`n L10T1oz`n L1T2 (Kaddari: p.58,62)sF`...dn L (Kaddari: p.138)i ¥np...sF`...dn L6T2 (Kaddari: p.138)zEn L3T3zi ¦n L3T3`w §T ªg §n L1T1`p §n ¦f `hn L1T2sxFh §n L12T2lM ¦n L4T2

¨NŸM ¦n L4T2 (Kaddari: p.92)Ÿl §n L11T1

dN ¦n L8T1dN ¦nE dN ¦n L11T1 (Kaddari: p.91)oii§l ©n L11T1oi¦pi§i ©r oii§l ©n L11T1Eli¦N ©n L3T1`p§li¥N ©n L3T1z©li¦N ©n L3T1`z§l ¦n L2T1 (Kaddari: p.114)dg§p ¦n L10T2



`v§p §v©p §n L4T1x ¥C ©q §n L9T1rQ ©n L7T1zFrQ ©n L7T1Di ¥Y §r ©c §A l¥A ©w §n L12T2bi ¦x §h ©w §C `b ¥x §h ©w §n L6T1-C mEX ¦n L9T1 (Kaddari: p.136)rn §W ©n L11T2 (Kaddari: p.128)Ÿern §W ©n L11T2x ¥T ©W §n L10T2zi ¦W` ¥x §A i ¥n§i z ¤W ¥W ¦n L1T1on£g ©Y ¦n L10T1`zi¦p §z ©n L10T1oi ¦zi¦p §z ©n L10T1op §Y ©n L1T1`dx §h£r §A `x §h ©r §z ¦n L3T2,L6T1i ¥a §xr §z ¦n L12T2i ¥w ©W §z ¦n L9T1of §A §f ¦a§p L1T1`vFp L10T1mP ¦gi¥B©l Di¥l oi ¦Y §g©p L8T2 (Kaddari: p.113)`xFh§p L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)xhp L7T2`ni¦p L11T1i ¥np L6T2 (Kaddari: p.72)rEp L1T1wqp L9T1rprp L1T1`W §t©p L11T1 (Kaddari: p.35)Evi ¦v§p L7T1 (Kaddari: p.57,145)ji ¦Wp L3T2oi¦pEp l ©r d ¨ n §c ©w dwi ¦W§p L12T1 (Kaddari: p.106)jWp L3T2oi ¦aq §C `aq L9T1 (Kaddari: p.93)lFa §q L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45)xcq L12T1`wnEq L1T1 (Kaddari: p.61)`zi ¦t §qEq L5T1`hq L10T1ihq L10T1



`pni ¦q L10T1oi¦pni ¦q L10T1K§pni ¦q L5T1Epz§l §kq L10T1Ewi¦l §q L6T1 (cmp. Kaddari: p.55,145)wl §q © §C Ewi¦l §q L6T1Ki ¦nq L7T2àh o ¤a ¤ §C Exi ¦R ©q L1T2wq L9T1car L11T1 (Kaddari: p.37 n.2)

¨lEB ¦r L10T1oi¦lEB ¦r L10T1 (Kaddari: p.61)`z §W ©d c ©r L3T1 (Kaddari: p.66)

¨l c ©r L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)À §c ©r L9T2Di¥A §c ©r L9T2e''r L1T1 (Kaddari: p.155)shr L12T1`x §h£r L1T1l ©r L2T1,L12T1,L12T2 (Kaddari: p.72,106-7)i ¥A©B l ©r L4T1-C l ©r L6T1 (Kaddari: p.73,136)`C l ©r L5T1 (Kaddari: p.71,106)`g §n ¦C àFg Èd ©d l ©r L12T1ci l ©r L3T1 (Kaddari: p.72,107)jM l ©r L9T1`C `fx l ©r L8T2 (Kaddari: p.97)d ¨ N ¦r L6T1iFl£r L12T2Di¥Elr L12T2Di¥l£r L12T2llr L5T2 (Kaddari: p.77 and n.3, 80)`n§lr L2T1`r§l ¦r L8T2iFr§l¦¦r L8T2`zwi ¦n£r L12T2`zx §Y ©q §nE `zwi ¦n£r L12T2axr L9T1dx §U£r L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)`xi ¦t §xER L1T1



`ni ¦R L8T1d ¨ ni¦p §R L6T1i`ni¦p §R L6T1oi¦pi§i ©r oi ¦gi ¦w §R L10T1`wFxR L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)gxt L5T1wxR L7T2hWR L7T1Ehi ¦W §R L10T1,L10T2 izR L5T1,L9T2-l jxv L6T1-w L5T1 `w L5T1,L7T2,L8T1,L11T1 (Kaddari: p.42-3, 86)`pi ¥n`w L11T1 (Kaddari: p.40-1)d''aw L2T1 (Kaddari: p.22)m ¤cŸew L8T1 (Kaddari: p.107)mEw L2T1,L11T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.42,100)dhh §w L10T1oi ¦hh §w L10T1iFg¢ §l Di¥l li ¦hw L8T2bxhw L1T1i ¥ni§i ©w L11T1Di ¥nw Di ¥ni§i ©w L1T2`nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw L10T1mi¦l §W `nEi ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw L10T1Edi§i ©nEI ¦w §A oi ¦ni§iw L10T1`pl §w L5T2

¨lEw§l ¦w L10T1Di¥lEw§l ¦w L10T1i ¥O ©w L6T1 (Kaddari: p.108)`pi ¦tF §qFx §w L3T1`Wi ¦W §w L9T1i ¥Wi ¦W §w L9T1Wlg i`c §R §qEx §M 'x L12T2`gi ¥x L11T1 i ¥g §x©i i ¥Wi ¥x L7T1fnx L6T1f ¤n ¤x L6T1Wnx L5T2oŸevx L10T2



a`W L11T1dr §a ¦W L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)`pFr §b ¦W L10T1rEU L1T1xFW L10T1`wii §xEW L10T1i ¥wii §xEW L10T1afiW L1T1Eki ¦k §W L7T2rnW L5T1iEp ¦W L8T1©ri ¦r §W L10T1oi ¦ri ¦r §W L10T1rUrU L1T1,L7T1 (Kaddari: p.37)Di¥li ¦C oe ©et ¦U L3T2iwW L9T1xwW L10T2izW L8T1i ¥zW L8T1

ŸaY L11T2Exia §Y L2T1aEY L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78 and n.8)oi ¦xi ¦W §e og §A §WEY L2T1g''z L2T1,L4T2 (Kaddari: p.22,45)mgY L10T1`B§l ©Y L9T1x ©qi¥l §Y L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)z©l §Y L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)`i§p ©n §Y L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)oi¦P ©Y L4T1oi ¦ti ¦T ©z §c `ti ¦T ©Y L9T1mbxY L1T1x ©qi ¥x §YL9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)dr §W ¦Y L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)

Biblical HebrewK¤l ¤ni ¦a£ L2T1xtr z ©n §c © L7T2h¤a §W©l cg ¤ Wi ¦ cg ¤ Wi ¦ L11T1z ¤ L1T1 (Kaddari: p.103)u ¤x ¨ d z ¥ §e m¦i ©nX ©d z ¥ L2T1



m¦ix §v ¦O ¦n l ¥ x §U¦i z`¥v §A L2T1Di ¥Wi ¥x Di ¥tFq ¨l `x §w i` ©d L6T2x ¤n Ÿi §e...x ¥A ©c§i ©e L1T1 mi ¦dŸl¡ ©d `Ed ded§i L6T2dl§iN ©A ©g ¥xi §e dM ¤M©i- Ÿl W ¤n ¤X ©d mnŸei L2T1dnw§p zFU£r©l L1T1 (Kaddari: p.147 and n.28)l ©c §b ¦nE xi ¦r L1T1mi ¦Y §W¦l §R L2T1dŸr §x ©R L2T1zi ¦W L9T1 (Kaddari: p.62)i ©xU Dn §W z ¤ `x §w ¦z Ÿl L §Y §W ¦ i ©xU L6T2 (Kaddari: p.118)l¥a ¥Y L7T2EdŸa©e EdŸz L1T1qtY L8T2

Hebrew

o ¤t¤Bd i ¦x §R ` ¥xFA L8T1oEO ¦f z ©M §x ¦A L8T1oŸefO ©d z ©k §x ¦A L11T2Ki ¦x §a¦p §e a ©d L8T1lFcB ©d L12T2xvi L5T2- ¦M L12T2x ¥g` mFwn ¦n `¥vFi ©M L5T1-WM L12T2b''l L5T1mi ¦Y §W¦l §R L2T1lFhw L7T2 (Kaddari: p.51)li ¦hw L5T1

Biblical Verses

Gen 1:1 L2T1Gen 1:2 L1T1Gen 11:4 L1T1Gen 17:15 L6T2 (Kaddari: p.118)Ex 6:2 L1T1Num 13:2 L11T1Num 34:18 L11T11 Kgs 18:39 L6T2Isaiah 27:9 L4T2



Psalm 18:31Psalm 114:1 L2T1Psalm 121:6 L2T1Psalm 149:7 L1T1Daniel 12:2 L7T2

Zohar

I.1a L2T2,L6T2I.1b L12T2I.2b L12T2I.4b L10T1,L12T2I.5a L1T1I.5b L7T2,L11T1I.6b L11T1,L12T1I.7b L12T2I.8b L7T2I.10a L2T1I.11a L8T2I.30a L5T1I.33a L11T2 (Kaddari: p.135)I.51a L12T2I.54a L8T2 (Kaddari: p.111)I.63b L1T1I.91b L12T1I.96b L6T2I.132a L1T1I.137a L6T1I.174b L6T1I.197b L1T1I.200b L5T1I.249b [Marg.] L12T2II.13a L1T1II.24b L5T1II.70b L10T1II.72a RdR L10T1 (Kaddari: p.116)II.74a RdR L3T2 (Kaddari: p.116)II.74b RdR L10T1 (Kaddari: p.115-116)II.79a L2T1II.89a L5T1,L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)II.89b L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)II.90a L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)II.90b L10T2 (Kaddari: p.116)II.94b [Marg.] L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78)II.95b SdM L2T1,L8T2II.96b SdM L3T1II.97a SdM L1T1II.97b SdM L5T1



II.100b SdM L12T1 (Kaddari: p.82)II.102a SdM L2T2II.106b SdM L11T1 (Kaddari: p.78 n.8)II.109b SdM L11T1,L12T1 (Kaddari: p.45,77)II.122a L8T2 (Kaddari: p.113)II.132b L5T1II.133a L6T1II.144b L8T2 (Kaddari: p.113)II.150a L8T1 (Kaddari: p.111)II.157a L5T1II.176b L4T2II.198a L6T2III.51a L12T2III.51b L8T1III.52a L7T2III.58b L12T1III.61a L4T2III.63a L12T1III.67a L10T1 III.70b L4T2III.80b L12T2III.128a IR L6T1III.128b IR L9T1III.180b [Marg.] L10T1III.188a Yan L12T1 (Kaddari: p.106)III.287b IZ L12T2III.288b IZ L9T1ZH 48b L9T1ZH 80b L12T2ZH 109c L9T1

Talmud

Hag 14b L12T2

References

Becking, Bob. “God-Talk for a Disillusioned Pilgrim in Psalm 121”. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 9 (2009): 2-10. Online at: www.jhsonline.org L2T1Blass, F., Debrunner, A. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Trans. and rev. R. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. L6T2Bravmann, M. "The Aramaic nomen agentis qatol and some similar phenomena of Arabic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 34 (1971): 1-4. L7T2“Derek Emet”. In Sefer ha-Zohar, edited by Reuven Margaliot. 4th ed. 3 vols.



Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1964. L5T1Frisch, Daniel, trans. and ed. Sefer ha-Zohar... Peirush Matoq mi-Devash. 19 vols. Jerusalem: Mekhon Daat Yosef, 1993-99. L2T1,L3T1Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. ed. E. Kautsch and A. Cowley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. L3T1,L6T2,L10T2 Gildersleeve, Basil and Lodge, Gonzalez. Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar. New York: University Publishing Company, 1905. L6T2,L11T2Giller, Pinchas. Reading the Zohar: the sacred text of the Kabbalah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. L10T1Halivni, David Weiss. The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. L5T1Jaffee, Martin. "Writing and Rabbinic Oral Tradition". Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 4 (1994): 123-146. L5T1Kaddari, Menahem. Dikduk ha-Lashon ha-Aramit shel ha-Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiriat Sefer, 1971. Liebes, Yehuda. ”Hebrew and Aramaic as Languages of the Zohar”. Aramaic Studies 4.1 (2006): 35-52. L2T1,L10T1-- “Midrash Halakhah Misti ha-Meyuhas le-Shimon ben Shetah”, p.[1-26]. L10T1 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/benshetah-- Perakim be-Millon Sefer ha-Zohar [Chapters in the Lexicon of the Zohar] . Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1977. L5T1,L10T1,L11T1 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/prakim.doc-- ''Shimushan shel Millim be-Sefer ha-Zohar.'' In R. Efraim Gottlieb z”l: Hartsa’ah le-Zikro..., 17-19 [=1-5]. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1974. L11T2 Online at: http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~liebes/zohar/shimushan.docLuria, David. “Ve-Ye’esof David.” Addendum to Ma’amar Qadmut Sefer ha-Zohar by David Luria, 76-85. Warsaw: Meir Yehiel Halter, 1887. L3T1 Online at: http://www.hebrewbooks.org/34758Matt, Daniel. trans. and ed. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. v.1-9. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2016. Rapoport-Albert, Ada and Kwasman, Theodore. “Late Aramaic: the literary and linguistic context of the Zohar”. Aramaic Studies 4.1 (2006): 5-19. L2T1,L11T1Rosenthal, Franz. A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1961. L6T2Scholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. Jerusalem: Keter, 1974. L5T1,L10T1-- Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. NY: Schocken, 1974. L2T1,L4T2,L5T1,L10T1Sefer ha-Zohar. Edited by Reuven Margaliot. 4th ed. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1964. L3T1Segal, Eliezer. “Thanks for the Mnemonics”. L5T1 Online at: https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/040401_Mnemories.htmlSiegal, Elitzur. Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish-Babylonian Aramaic. Munich: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013.Sokoloff, Michael. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1990; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. L2T1Speiser, Ephraim. Anchor Bible: Genesis. New York: Doubleday, 1964. L1T1Tishby, Isaiah, trans. and ed. The Wisdom of the Zohar : an anthology of texts. v.1-3.



Trans. David Goldstein. Portland: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1989. L6T1,L10T1,L10T2Waltke, Brian and O’Connor, Michael. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. L1T1, L6T2,L7T2Wheelock, Frederic. Rev. by Richard LaFleur. Wheelock’s Latin Grammar. 6th ed. New York: HarperResource, 2000. L6T2Williams, Ronald. Hebrew Syntax. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976. L1T1


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