contents introduction - federal law house islamic jurisprudence contents g. ah.kam al-qur’¯ an¯...

Contents

CHAPTER I

Introduction

Section IThe Future of Islamic Law + 29

Section IIThe Study of Islamic Jurisprudence is an Obligation + 31

Section IIIThe Scope of this Book + 32

CHAPTER II

The Scope of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence

Section IThe Subject-matter of Islamic Jurisprudence + 37

A. Us. ul al-Fiqh + 37B. Fiqh + 38C. The Siyasah Shar‘iyyah: Administration of Justice According to

the Sharı‘ah + 39D. Qawa‘id Fiqhiyyah: The Principles of Fiqh + 40E. Furuq: The Science of Distinguishing Cases + 40F. Maqas. id al-Sharı‘ah: Islamic Justice Through the Purposes of

the Sharı‘ah + 41

1

2 Islamic Jurisprudence Contents

G. Ah. kam al-Qur’an and Tafsır + 41H. The Discipline of Khilaf + 42

Section IIHas a Variety of Opinions Caused Disunity Among the

Muslims? + 42

Section IIIThe Schools of Law are not Sects but Systems of

Interpretation + 44

Section IVIslam has a Fully Developed and Mature

Legal System + 44

CHAPTER III

The Meaning of Us. ul al-Fiqh and Basic Terms

Section IThe Literal Meaning of Fiqh + 48

Section IIEarlier General Meaning of Fiqh + 48

Section IIILater Shafi‘ite Definition of Fiqh + 49

Section IVDistinctions Based on the Definition + 50

A. Distinction between sharı‘ah and fiqh + 51B. Distinction between mujtahid and faqıh + 51C. Distinction between ijtihad and taqlıd + 51D. Distinction between a muqallid and a faqıh + 52

Section VThe Meaning of As.l and Us.ul al-Fiqh + 53

c⃝Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee Advanced Legal Studies Institute

Contents Islamic Jurisprudence 3

Section VIWidening the Definitions + 54

A. A Wider Definition of Fiqh + 54B. A Wider Definition of Us. ul al-Fiqh + 56

I The H. ukm Shar‘ı 59

CHAPTER IV

The H. ukm: What is Islamic Law?

Section IThe Elements of the H. ukm Shar‘ı + 61

Section IIThe Meaning of the H. ukm Shar‘ı or the Meaning

of Islamic Law + 62

Section IIIThe H. ukm Taklıfı (Obligation Creating Rules) + 65

Section IVThe H. ukm Wad. ‘ı—Declaratory Rules + 67

Section VThe Distinction Between the H. ukm Taklıfı and

the H. ukm Wad. ‘ı + 68

CHAPTER V

Classification of Islamic Law

Section IThe Meaning of Wajib (Obligatory Act) and

its Different Types + 71

A. The h. ukm or rule for the wajib + 72

Advanced Legal Studies Institute c⃝Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee


Section IIThe Classifications of the Wajib (Obligatory Act) + 73

A. Classification based on the time available for performance: wajibmut.laq and wajib muqayyad + 73

B. Classification based on the extent of the required act + 76C. Classification based on the subjects who are

required to perform + 76D. Classification based on the identification of the object of the re-

quired act + 77

Section IIIThe Meaning of Mandub (Recommended Act) and its

Different Types + 78

A. Types of Mandub + 79

Section IVThe Meaning of H. aram (Prohibited Act) and


A. The types of h. aram + 81

Section VThe Meaning of Makruh (Disapproved Act) and its

Different Types + 83

Section VIThe Meaning of Mubah. (Permitted Act) and


Section VIIThe H. ukm Wad. ‘ı or the Declaratory Rule + 85

A. Sabab, shart. and mani‘ + 85B. S. ih. h. ah, fasad and but.lan (validity, vitiation and nullity) + 87C. ‘Azımah and rukhs. ah (initial rules and exemptions) + 88



CHAPTER VI

The Lawgiver (H. akim)

Section IAllah is the True Source of all Laws + 91

Section IIThe Fundamental Norm of the Legal System + 92

Section IIIThe Law and the Interest of Man + 93

A. Is Man the sole purpose of creation? + 94B. Can we employ mas. lah. ah (interest) for new laws? + 95

Section IVAre the Sharı‘ah and Natural Law Compatible? + 95

CHAPTER VII

The Act (Mah. kum Fıh)

Section IThe Conditions for the Creation of

Obligation (Taklıf) + 100

A. The act to be performed or avoided must be known + 100B. The subject should be able to perform the act + 101

Section IIThe Nature of the Act (Mah. kum Fıh) + 101

Section IIIClassification of the H. ukm Taklıfı on the

Basis of Rights + 103

Section IVClassification of Duties: Original

and Substitutory + 105



Section VHuman Rights and Other Classifications + 106

CHAPTER VIII

The Subject (Mah. kum ‘Alayh)

Section IAhlıyah or Legal Capacity + 110

Section IIThe Underlying Bases of Legal Capacity + 111

Section IIIComplete Capacity + 112

A. The stages leading to complete legal capacity + 114

Section IVDeficient and Imperfect Capacity + 114

A. Cases of deficient legal capacity + 115B. Cases of Imperfect Capacity + 119

CHAPTER IX

Causes of Defective Legal Capacity

Section INatural causes of defective capacity + 124

A. Minority (s. ighar) + 124B. Insanity (junun) + 125C. Idiocy (‘atah) + 125D. Sleep and fits of fainting (nawm, ighma’) + 126E. Forgetfulness (nisyan) + 126F. Death-illness (marad. al-mawt) + 126



Section IIAcquired Causes of Defective Capacity + 129

A. Intoxication (sukr) + 129B. Jest (hazl) + 131C. Indiscretion (safah) + 132D. Coercion and duress (ikrah) + 132E. Mistake and ignorance (khat.a’, shubhah, and jahl) + 135

II The Sources of Islamic Law 139

CHAPTER X

The Primary Sources of Islamic Law

Section IThe Distinction Between Primary and

Secondary Sources + 141

Section IIGrades of the Sources + 142

Section IIIThe Qur’an + 146

A. The Recording and Revelation of the Qur’an + 147B. The Ah. kam in the Qur’an + 148

Section IVThe Sunnah + 150

A. Kinds of Sunnah + 151B. Conditions imposed by jurists for acting upon the

muttas. il h. adıth + 155

Section VStatus of the Sunnah With Respect to the Qur’an + 156



Section VIConsensus of Legal Opinion (Ijma‘) + 159

A. Conditions for the Validity of Ijma‘ + 159B. Types of ijma‘ + 161C. The legal force of ijma‘ as a source + 161D. Role of ijma‘ in the modern world + 162

CHAPTER XI

Secondary Sources

Section IQiyas (Analogy) + 165

A. Elements of qiyas + 166B. Examples of qiyas + 166C. Qiyas jalı and qiyas khafı or manifest and concealed

analogy + 168

Section IIIstih. san (Juristic Preference) + 169

A. Examples of istih. san + 170

Section IIIIstis.h. ab (Presumption of Continuity) + 171

A. Istis. h. ab al-h. al and the Islamization of laws + 173

Section IVMas.lah. ah Mursalah (Extended Analogy) + 173

A. Illustrations of mas. lah. ah mursalah + 174

Section VSadd al-Dharı‘ah (Blocking the Lawful Means to an

Unlawful End) + 175

Section VIOpinion of a Companion (Qawl al-S. ah. abı) + 176



Section VIIEarlier Scriptures (Shar‘ Man Qablana) + 177

A. Types of earlier laws + 177

Section VIIICustom (‘Urf) + 178

A. Types of ‘urf + 179B. Can the Western laws prevalent in Pakistan be treated

as custom? + 180

Section IXIslamic Law and Roman Law + 181

CHAPTER XII

Mas. lah. ah and the Maqas. id al-Sharı‘ah

Section IThe Meaning of Mas.lah. ah (Interest) + 183

Section IIMaqas.id al-Sharı‘ah or the Purposes

of Islamic Law + 184

Section IIIWhat is Beyond the Purposes? + 185

Section IVMaqas.id al-Sharı‘ah and the Texts + 186

Section VThe Nature and Structure of the Maqas.id + 186

A. Primary purposes in the service of the Hereafter + 186B. The two faces of the maqas. id + 188C. Primary and secondary purposes + 189D. Priorities within the maqas. id + 191



III Ijtihad and Taqlıd 195

CHAPTER XIII

The Meaning of Ijtihad and its Modes

Section IThe Meaning of Ijtihad + 197

Section IIThe Task of the Mujtahid + 198

Section IIIThe Modes of Ijtihad + 198

Section IVThe Complete Process of Ijtihad + 199

Section VThe Qualifications of the Mujtahid + 200

Section VIWho is a mujtahid today? + 201

Section VIIAbrogation (Naskh) + 202

Section VIIIThe Rules of Preference (Tarjıh. ) + 203

CHAPTER XIV

Taqlıd or Juristic Method

Section ITaqlıd in the Pakistani Legal System + 206



IV Islamic Business Law and Property 209

CHAPTER XV

Property and Ownership

Section IThe Nature of Property and Ownership + 211

A. Ownership (milkıyah) and possession (milk al-yad) + 211B. Types of ownership + 212C. Possession + 213

Section IIThe concepts of property (mal) and

ownership (milk) + 214

Section IIIThe different classifications of mal + 216

CHAPTER XVI

General Principles of Contract

Section IFunction of Contracts in Islamic Law + 219

Section IIThe Meaning of ‘Aqd + 220

Section IIIAgreement and its Form (S. ıghah) + 220

A. The meaning of ıjab (offer) and qabul (acceptance) + 221B. The conditions of offer and acceptance (s. ıghah) + 222C. Termination of the offer (ıjab) + 224

Section IVConsideration and Islamic law of contracts + 225

A. The mah. all (subject-matter) and legality + 225



Section VLegality of Contracts in Islamic Law + 226

A. Contracts contrary to Islamic law (shar‘) + 227B. Contracts contrary to public policy + 228C. The effect of illegality + 229

Section VIContractual Capacity + 230

Section VIIGenuineness of Assent + 230

A. Mistake (khat.a’ or shubhah not ghalat.) + 231B. Khilabah, taghrır, tadlıs, ghabn—fraudulent misrepresentation

+ 233C. Undue influence and marad. al-mawt + 234D. Coercion and duress (ikrah) + 235

Section VIIITypes of Contracts and Their Effects + 235

A. S. ah. ıh. , bat.il and fasid contracts + 235B. Immediate and suspended contracts or nafidh and mawquf

contracts + 237C. Binding and terminable contracts or the lazim and ghayr lazim

(or ja’iz) contracts + 238D. Bilateral contracts versus unilateral contracts (wa‘d) + 238E. Valid, void, voidable and unenforceable contracts + 239F. Executed and executory contracts + 239

Section IXOption (Khiyar) and the Effects of Contracts + 240

A. Khiyar al-Shart. or the Option to Revoke the Contract + 240B. Khiyar al-Ta‘yın or the Option to Ascertain the

Subject-matter + 241C. Khiyar al-Ru’yah or the Option of Examination + 241D. Khiyar al-‘Ayb or the Option of Defects + 241



Section XThird Party Rights and Discharge of Contract + 242

A. Assignments and delegations + 242B. Conditions of performance + 243C. Discharge of contract + 244

Section XIBreach and Remedies + 247

A. Specific performance—ijbar + 247B. Rescission and Restitution (faskh and irja’) + 247C. Reformation + 247D. Recovery based on quasi contracts + 248E. Principles of compensation and damages + 248

CHAPTER XVII

Delegated Authority

Section IGuardianship (Wilayah) + 251

A. Types of Wilayah + 251B. Grades of the awliya’ + 252C. The extent of the walı’s authority + 253

Section IIAgency (Wakalah) + 254

A. The elements of wakalah + 254B. Types of agency + 255C. The ah. kam of wakalah + 256D. H. ukm of the contract and its h. uquq + 256E. Termination of agency + 257

Section IIIRatification and the Acts of the Fud. ulı + 257

A. The h. ukm of the acts of a fud. ulı + 258



B. Conditions for ratification + 258

CHAPTER XVIII

Commercial Transactions

Section IThe Meaning of Bay‘ and its Types + 261

A. The basic types of bay‘ + 261

Section IIGeneral Conditions for Commercial Transactions + 262

A. It must be mal + 263B. The subject-matter must be in existence at the time of the

contract + 266C. The seller must have the capacity to deliver the

subject-matter + 267D. The parties must have knowledge of the subject-matter + 268

Section IIISale of Goods for Cash + 270

A. The spot sale + 270B. Credit sale (bay‘ al-nası’ah) + 271C. Advance payment (salam) + 271D. Goods made to order (istis. na’) + 272E. Sale with earnest money (‘arbun) + 272F. Contract for supplies (tawrıd) + 273G. Sale with stated profit (murabah. ah) + 273H. Sale at cost price (tawlıyah) + 274I. Sale at less than cost price (wad. ı‘ah) + 274

Section IVLoans and Exchange of Currencies (S. arf) + 274

Section VThe Prohibition of Riba and Commercial



Transactions + 276

A. The four rules of riba + 276

Section VITransactions Prohibited (or Vitiated) for

Various Reasons + 279

Section VIIThe Contract of Hire (ijarah) + 279

A. The conditions of ijarah + 280B. Types of ijarah + 281

Section VIIIGeneral Offers (Ju‘alah) + 281

CHAPTER XIX

Security of Debts, Insolvency and Interdiction

Section IThe Meaning of Debt: ‘Ayn, Dayn, and Istiqrad. + 283

Section IIAssignment and Negotiation + 286

Section IIIH. awalah and Muqas.s.ah (Assignment,

Transfer of Debt) + 286

A. H. awalah and negotiable instrument + 286B. Muqas. s. ah (Claim-swapping) + 287

Section IVKafalah (Surety) + 287

Section VRahn (Pledge, Mortgage, Collateral) + 288



Section VIBay‘ al-Wafa’ + 289

Section VIIExtinction of Rights (Ibra’) + 290

Section VIIITaflıs (Insolvency, Bankruptcy) + 290

Section IXInterdiction (H. ajr) + 292

A. Types of h. ajr + 292

CHAPTER XX

Acquisition of Property and Liens

Section IAcquisition and Disposal of Property + 295

Section IIModes of acquisition of property + 296

A. Contracts and declarations + 296B. Claim as a third party (Istih. qaq) and restitution + 297C. Pre-emption (Shuf‘ah) + 297D. Revival of Barren Land (Ih. ya’ al-Mawat) + 298E. H. ima and Iqt.a‘ (Estates) + 299F. Ma‘adin (Minerals) + 299G. Found Property (Luqt.ah) + 300H. Prizes or Prize Money (Sabq) + 301I. Property of the mafqud (missing person) + 301

Section IIILiens + 302

A. Leaseholds (ijarah, kira’) + 302B. Wadı‘ah (deposit, bailment) + 302



C. Rights in the property of others: easements and servitudes(irtifaq) + 302

Section IVPartitioning of Property (Qismah) + 303

CHAPTER XXI

Enterprise Organization

Section IDefinition of Partnership + 307

Section IITypes of Partnerships + 307

A. Types of partnership according to the majority + 308B. Types of partnership according to the H. anafıs + 308

Section IIIThe ‘Inan Partnership + 309

Section IVThe Mufawad. ah Partnership + 310

Section VMud. arabah + 311

A. The Conditions of Mud. arabah + 312

Section VIMuzara‘ah (Share-cropping) + 313

Section VIIMusaqah or Mu‘amalah + 314

Section VIIICorporations and Islamic Law + 315



V The Islamic Law of Persons 317

CHAPTER XXII

Marriage

Section IThe h. ukm of marriage + 319

Section IILooking at the Would be Spouse Before Proposal + 320

Section IIIThe Formation of the Contract + 320

A. Consent in marriage (legal capacity) + 320B. Whose consent? Guardian’s? + 321C. Is Guardianship a Condition for the Validity of the Contract of

Marriage? + 322D. Stipulating an option (khiyar) + 324

Section IVWitnesses (Shahadah) + 324

Section VDower (S. ad. aq) + 325

A. Dower amount + 325B. Species and void dowers + 326C. Deferred and prompt dower + 326D. Dower and divorce prior to consummation + 327

Section VIImpediments to Marriage + 328

A. Lineage + 329B. Relationship Through Marriage + 329C. Fosterage (Suckling; Wet-nursing) + 330D. Unlawful Intercourse (Zina) + 330



E. Number of Marriages + 331F. Combination + 331G. Disbelief (Kufr) + 331H. The Ritual State of Ih. ram + 332I. Illness + 332J. ‘Iddah (Waiting Period) + 333

Section VIIThe Requisites of Option in Marriage + 333

A. The Option of Defects + 333B. Option on Inability to Pay Dower and Maintenance + 334C. Option Upon Absence + 334

Section VIIIMarital Rights and the Restitution

of Conjugal Rights + 335

A. Maintenance + 335B. Polygamous marriage + 336C. Nursing and taking care of the house + 336

Section IXH. id. anah (H. izanat in Urdu) + 337

Section XMarriages Prohibited by Law and Void marriages + 338

CHAPTER XXIII

Divorce and Separation

Section IThe Kinds of Divorce (T. alaq) + 341

A. Ba’in and Raj‘ı Divorces + 341B. Sunnah and Bid‘ah Forms of Divorce + 342C. Khul‘ (Redemption) + 343



Section IITafwıd. , Takhyır and Tamlık + 344

Section IIIRetraction after Divorce + 345

Section IVWaiting Period (‘Iddah) + 346

Section VGift of Consolation Paid to a Divorced

Woman (Mut‘ah) + 348

Section VIAppointment of Arbitrators + 349

Section VIIMourning (Ih. dad) + 350

Section VIIIVow of Continence (Ila’) + 350

Section IXInjurious Assimilation (Z. ihar) + 351

Section XImprecation (Li‘an) + 352

CHAPTER XXIV

Inheritance, Bequests and Trusts

Section IInheritance + 355

A. The as. h. ab al-fara’id. or sharers + 356B. The as. abat or residuaries + 357C. The dhawu’l-arh. am or distant kindred + 357



D. The doctrine of h. ajb or exclusion + 358

Section IIWas. ıyah (Bequest) + 359

Section IIIGift (Hibah) + 360

Section IV‘Arıyah (commodate loan) and qard. (cash loan) + 362

Section VWaqf (Charitable Trust) + 363

A. The Meaning and Rules of Waqf + 363B. The destruction of awqaf in the modern times + 364

VI The Islamic State and Public Law 367

CHAPTER XXV

The Islamic State and its Duties

Section ISingle state and multiple states + 369

Section IIThe duties of the rulers in an Islamic state + 374

Section IIIAmr bi al-Ma‘ruf wa Nahy ‘an al-Munkar—The Call

for Justice + 375

Section IVThe Islamic state and democracy + 377



Section VDemocracy and the concept of Shura + 377

A. The Verses and Meaning of Shura + 378B. Is Shura a Binding Rule? + 379C. Is the Recommendation of the Shura Binding? + 379D. Is it a Pillar and Does it Imply Democratic Principles? + 379E. At What Levels Can it be Applied? + 380F. Does it Imply an Absolute Benevolent Ruler? + 380

Section VIThe Islamic state and the economic system + 380

CHAPTER XXVI

Crimes and Torts

Section IThe aims of the criminal law + 384

Section IIClassification of Crimes in Islamic Law + 384

A. Classification on the basis of the right affected: h. add, ta‘zır andsiyasah + 385

B. Differences between ta‘zır and siyasah + 387

Section IIIOffences and their penalties + 389

A. H. add Penalties + 389B. J. inayat (bodily injuries) and qis. as. + 392C. Ta‘zır or penalties imposed by the state + 395D. Siyasah shar‘ıyah or the administration of justice + 397E. Ghas.b (Usurpation, Misappropriation) + 398F. Destruction of Property (Itlaf ) + 399



CHAPTER XXVII

War and Fiscal Laws

Section IJihad and Truce + 401

Section IIThe Ah. kam of Enemy Property + 404

A. The fifth of the spoils (khums) + 404B. The four-fifths of the spoils + 405C. The anfal (rewards) + 406D. Muslim property recovered from disbelievers + 407E. Land conquered by the use of force (‘anwatan) + 408F. Fay’ (booty) + 409G. Jizyah (poll-tax) + 409

Section IIIZakat and ‘Ushr + 410

A. Wealth of minors + 410B. Those under debt + 411C. Wealth liable to zakat + 411D. Holding period for wealth + 412E. Those entitled to zakat + 413

CHAPTER XXVIII

Courts, Procedure and Evidence

Section ICourts + 415

A. Maz. alim Courts + 415B. Court of the Qad. ı + 416C. Court of the Muh. tasib + 416



Section IIAdab al-qad. ı: + 416

A. Qualifications of the qad. ı: + 417B. Jurisdiction + 418C. Procedure + 418D. Evidence + 420E. Qualifications of a Competent Witnesses + 424F. Women as Competent Witnesses + 425

CHAPTER XXIX

Islamic Law and Human Rights

VII History of Islamic Law and its Schools 433

CHAPTER XXX

The Islamic Legal Heritage

Section INature of Pre-Islamic Law + 435

Section IIThe First Period + 436

A. The Qur’an + 436B. The Sunnah + 436C. Fiqh + 437D. Changes in society + 437E. Compilation + 437

Section IIIThe Second Period: al-Khulafa’ al-Rashidun + 438

A. Sources of law + 438



Section IVThe Third Period: Tabi‘un (Followers) + 438

A. Sources of fiqh + 438B. Narration of Traditions + 439C. The Rise of the Early Schools + 439

Section VThe Fourth Period: Growth + 440

A. Growth and compilation of fiqh + 440B. Compilation of the Sunnah + 441C. Compilation of tafsır + 442

Section VIThe Fifth Period: The Maturing of the

Legal System + 443

Section VIIThe Sixth Period: The Age of Qanun

and Codification + 443

A. The Ottoman Qanun + 444B. The Mughal Empire + 444

Section VIIIThe Seventh Period: Colonization and After + 445

Section IXThe Age We Live in Today + 446

CHAPTER XXXI

The Schools of Islamic Law

Section IThe H. anafı School + 449

A. Abu H. anıfah: The Founder + 450B. Jurists of the School + 450



C. Early works of the School + 450D. Influence of the School + 451E. The H. anafı School and legal theory + 451

Section IIThe Malikı School + 452

A. Malik ibn Anas: The Founder + 452B. Jurists of the School + 453C. Malikı School and legal theory + 454

Section IIIThe Shafi‘ı School + 455

A. Muh.ammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘ı: The Founder + 455B. Jurists of the School + 456C. Shafi‘ı School and legal theory + 456

Section IVThe H. anbalı School + 457

A. Ah.mad ibn H. anbal ibn Asad al-Shaybanı: The Founder + 457B. Jurists of the School + 458C. H. anbalı School and legal theory + 458

Section VThe Extinct Schools + 459

A. The Awza‘ı School + 459B. The Z. ahirı School + 459C. The T. abarı School + 460

CHAPTER XXXIIThe Function of a School of Law and the

Hierarchies

Section IThe Primary Function of a School of Law + 461



Section IIThe Resources of the School: Jurists, Issues

and Texts + 462

A. The Hierarchy of Jurists Within a School + 462B. The Hierarchy of Issues Within a School + 465C. The Hierarchy of Texts Within a School + 467

CHAPTER XXXIIIGeographical Distribution of Schools and the

Bond Between Them

Section IGeographical Distribution of Schools + 473

Section IIThe Integral Bond Between the Four

Sunni Schools + 474

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