CONTENTS

e IMPORTANCE AND USE OF DRY-STRENGTH RESINS 1448

ACRYLAMIDE-BASED DRY STRENGTH RESINS

Preparation of Acrylamide Resins Anionic Acrylamide Resins

; Application of Anionic Dry-Strength Resins ? Amount o f Resin I Pulp Furnish

Alum and Stock pH I. Point o f Resin Addition

Surface Application 6 Couse with Other Chemical Additives

Clay Filler Wet-Strength Resins Gums and Cationic Starch Miscellaneous Additives Polyamide-Amine Wet-Strength Resins

Anionic Acrylamide Resins Used with Cationic Resins Cationic Acrylamide Resins

. Types of Cationic Acrylamide Resin Commercial Cationic Acrylamide Dry-Strength Resins

Dry-Strength Performance Method o f Application

OTHER SYNTHETIC DRY-STRENGTH RESINS I

I CHAPTER 14-NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION

STARCH FOR WET-END ADDITION

Properties of Starch Chemical and Physical Properties of Starch

xvii

xviii CONTENTS

History of Starch in Wet-End Addition Starch Modifications and Methods o f Application Starch Dispersion Properties

Factors That Influence Starch Effectiveness in Wet-End Addition Effect of Starch Dispersion Effect of Starch Film Strength and Adhesion Effect of Starch Adsorption Use of Uncooked or Partially Cooked Starches Use of Pregelatinized Starch

Use of Starch Derivatives for Wet-End Addition Cationic Starches Anionic Starches Ampholytic Starches Miscellaneous Starch Derivatives

Effect of Starch on Mill Effluent Cooking of Starch for Wet-End Addition Grades of Paper Using Starch

VEGETABLE GUMS FOR WET-END ADDITION

Properties of Gums Application of Gums

WATER-SOLUBLE CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES FOR WET-END ADDITION

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION

CHAPTER 15-FILLING AND LOADING

TYPES OF FILLER

Clay Titanium Dioxide Calcium Carbonate Talc Other Pigments

AMOUNT OF FILLER USED

PREPARATION OF FILLERS

EFFECTS O F FILLERS

Effect of Fillers on the Optical Properties Effect-of Fillers on Brightness

Effect of Fillers on Properties

Effect of Fillers on Effect of Fillers on Other Effects of F

RETENTION OF FI MEASUREMENT RETENTION

THEORIES OF FIL

CONDITIONS TH

ADDITION OF R

EFFECTOFRET

DISTRIBUTION 0

HAPTER 16-INTERN

FACTORS THAT

METHODS OF ME

Carson Curl Test . Dry Indicator Tes Fluorescence-Dye Stockigt Test Conductivity Meth Ink ~lotatioh Ink Penetration Penescope Wet-Break Test Cobb Test Immersion Tests Edge-Wick Tests Con tact Angle Drop Test Feathering Tests for Absorbe

SIZING WITH R O S ~

Types of Rosin Si Amount of Rosin

CONTENTS X ~ X

Effect of Fillers on Surface Smoothness and Printing Properties 1527

Effect of Fillers on Strength 1528 Effect of Fillers on Bulk and Stiffness 1530 Other Effects of Fillers 1532

RETENTION OF FILLERS 1532

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF FILLER RETENTION

THEORIES OF FILLER RETENTION

CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT FILLER RETENTION

ADDITION OF RETENTION AIDS

EFFECT OF RETENTION AID ON PAPER PROPERTIES

DISTRIBUTION OF FILLERS IN THE SHEET

CHAPTER 16-INTERNAL SIZING

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SIZING

METHODS OF MEASURING SIZING

Carson Curl Test Dry Indicator Test Fluorescence-Dye Method Stockigt Test Conductivity Methods Ink Flotation Ink Penetration Penescope Wet-Break Test Cobb Test Immersion Tests Edge-Wick Tests Contact Angle Drop Test Feathering Tests for Absorbency

SIZING WITH ROSIN

Types of Rosin Size Amount of Rosin Size Required

CONTENTS

Precipitation of Rosin Size with Alum Wet-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Dry-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Other Effects of Rosin Size Rosin Size Fundamentals

SIZING WITH REACTIVE OR SYNTHETIC SIZES

Differences Between Rosin Size and Synthetic Size Applications for Synthetic Sizes Conditions for Use of Synthetic Size Types of Synthetic Size

Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Stearic Anhydride Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)

SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS AND ROSIN WAX EMULSIONS

MISCELLANEOUS SIZING AGENTS

Sodium Stearate Bituminous (Asphalt) Emulsions Petroleum Resins Fluorocarb ons

PITCH DEPOSITS

Effect of Type of Pulp on Pitch Effect of Cooking, Bleaching, and Washing on Pitch Effect of Machine Conditions on Pitch Control of Pitch on the Paper Machine

IAPTER 17-RETENTION CHEMISTRY

TYPES OF ADDITIVE

RETENTION OF THE FINES FRACTION

COLLOIDAL MECHANISMS

Microelectrophoresis Streaming Potential Electrophoretic Mass- Transport Analysis (EM TA)

FLOCCULATION AND COAGULATION

Coagulation Flocculation

APPLICATION OF ZETA-POTENTIAL MEASUREMEN

EFFECT OF RET

ZHAPTER 1 &WET S

CHAPTER 19-DYEIN

Visible Light

CONTENTS xxi

RETENTION MEASUREMENT 1599

Overall Retention 1600 One-Pass Solids 1600 One-Pass Fines 1600 Retention Calculations 1600 Fines Determination 1600 Laboratory Retention Tests 1601 On-Machine Retention Measurement 1601

RETENTION ADDITIVES 1602

Inorganic Salts 1602 Nonionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Anionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Cationic Poly electroly tes 1603 Amphoteric Polyelectrolytes 1604

EFFECT OF RETENTION ON PAPER PROPERTIES 1604

I CHAPTER 18-WET STRENGTH 1609

Definition of Wet-Strength Paper Wet-Strength Processes

Urea-Formaldehy de Resins Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins Poly amide-Poly am ine-Epichlorohydrin (PPE) Resins

Wet-Strength Mechanisms Water-Insoluble Adhesives

1 Vegetable Gums Increased Interatomic Attraction Dialdehyde Starch

I Polyethy leneimine (PEI)

I Covalent Chemical Bonding I Heat Treatment I Summary of Wet-Strength Methods

Testing of Wet-Strength Paper i Testing of Wet-Strength Additives

Application and Control of Wet-Strength Resins Uses for Wet-Strength Paper

CHAPTER 19-DYEING 1627

1 NATURE OF COLOR AND LIGHT 1627

Visible Light

xxii CONTENTS

Ultraviolet Light 1628 DYE RETENTION Infrared Light 1628 MATCHING SHAD Colored Materials 1629

COLOR MEASUREMENT Equilibration

1631

Color Difference Meters COMMON DYEING

1633 Brightness 1636 1 TWO-Sidedness

COLOR TERMINOLOGY Artificial Light

1636 t Granite Fibers Color Strength Brightness Hue (Shade)

COMPARISON O F COLORS

Tinting White Papers The Color Circle (Color Orientation) Color Perception and Metamerism

COLORING MATERIALS

White Pigments Colored Pigments Basic Dyes Acid Dyes Direct Dyes Fluorescent Brightening Agents Other Classes of Dyes

MANUFACTURE O F DYES

CLASSIFICATION O F DYES

Color Index Nomenclature Liquid Dyes

VARIABLES IN DYEING

Effect of Fiber Furnish Effect of Fillers Effect of Refining and Stock Preparation

METHODS FOR DYEING

Internal Coloring Continuous Coloring Stock Dyeing Plus Continuous Coloring Size-Press Coloring Judgment of Shades

1

COATED PAPER

AUTOMATED DY

CHAPTER 20-SURFA

EFFECT OF SURF OF PAPER

Effect of Surface Effect of Surface Effect of Surface

SURFACE-SIZING 4 Surface Sizing with 1

Size-Press Types Factors in Size-&

Surface Sizing with Surface Sizing off tl Spray Application a Size Application at Ga te-Roll Size-PrW

I DYE RETENTION 1655

I MATCHING SHADES IN THE DYEING OPERATION 1656

Equilibration 1657

I COMMON DYEING PROBLEMS 1658

Two-Sidedness Artificial Light Change Granite Fibers Lightfastness Water Bleed Fastness Alkali Fastness Acid Fastness Chlorine Fastness Standard Sample Environmental Protection Chemical Composition o f Dyes Food- Wrap Papers

COATED PAPER

AUTOMATED DYEING

CHAPTER 20-SURFACE SIZING

EFFECT OF SURFACE SIZING ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Types of Surface-Sizing Agent Used Effect of Surface Sizing on Water Resistance as Measured

by Internal Sizing Effect of Surface Sizing on Penetration of Oils Effect of Surface Sizing on Writing Qualities Effect of Surface Sizing on Erasability Effect of Surface Sizing on Physical Properties

SURFACE-SIZING PROCESSES

Surface Sizing with Size Press Size-Press Types Factors in Size-Press Operation

Surface Sizing with Size Tub Surface Sizing off the Machine Spray Application of Sizing Size Application at Smoothing Press Gate-Roll Size-Press Application

X X ~ V CONTENTS

Special Equipment for Surface Sizing Calender Sizing

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE SIZING

Effect of Sheet Moisture Content Effect of Internal Sizing Effect of Basis Weight Effect of Sheet Density and Smoothness Effect of Viscosity, Solids Content, and Temperature

of the Size Effect of Drying and Calendering

SURFACE SIZING WITH STARCH

General Properties of Starch for Surface Sizing Chemically Modified Starches Enzy me-Converted Starch Thermal-Converted Starches

Sizing with Starch in Size Press or Size Tub Calender Sizing with Starch

SURFACE SIZING WITH ANIMAL GLUE

SURFACE SIZING WITH OTHER FILM-FORMING MATERIALS

Use of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Use of Methyl Cellulose Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol Use of Alginate

SURFACE SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS

SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OTHER MATERIALS

Sizing with Stearato Chromic Chloride Complex Sizing with Chromium-Fluor Compounds Sizing with Ketene Dimers Sizing with Silicone Resin Surface Sizing with Styrene-Copolymer Resins Other Surface Applications

CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT O F SURFACE SIZE PICK-UP FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER 2 1 -PROPERTIES OF PAPER

INTRODUCTION TO PAPER TESTING

Tests Made on Paper

t

I

I

THE STRUCTURE OF

Functional Properties Wire and Felt Sides

I

CONTENTS XXV

Fundamental Measurements Subjective Tests Use Tests Empirical Tests Indirect Measurements On-Line Testing

Sources of Test Methods Standardization and Maintenance of Test Instruments Sampling and Conditioning Paper Reliability of Test Results

Calculation of Precision TAPPI Precision Statements Repeatability Reproducibility Comparability

Automated Testing Systems The SI System for Reporting Test Results

SI Units for Paper

THE STRUCTURE OF PAPER

Functional Properties Wire and Felt Sides of Paper

Identification of Wire Side Two-Sidedness

Machine and Cross Direction in Paper Determination of Machine Direction Degree of Fiber Orientation

Formation

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1739

Grammage (Basis Weight) Conversion to the Metric System IS0 Standard Sizes Instruments for Measuring Basis Weight Effect of Moisture on Basis Weight Importance o f Grammage Factors That Affect Grammage On-Line Measurement

Thickness Importance o f Thickness

Density Measurement of Density Factors That Affect Density Relation Between Density and Other Sheet Properties

Porosity

xxvi CONTENTS

Measurement of Porosity Relation o f Porosity to Other Paper Properties

Smoothness Measurement o f Smoothness

Optical Contact Methods The Diamond National Print Smoothness Tester Air-Leak Instruments

Factors That Affect Smoothness Importance o f Smoothness

Softness, Hardness, and Compressibility Softness Hardness and Compressibility

Testers for Hardness and Compressibility Scuff Resistarzce Relation of Hardness to Other Properties

Dimensional Stability Instruments for Measuring Dimensional Change Factors That Affect Expansion

Release o f Strains Hysteresis Effect True Expansion and Contraction

Papers That Require Dimensional Stability Fiber and Sheet Characteristics That Affect Dimensional

Instability Anistropy in Dimensional Stability Effect of Humidity Cycling on Dimensional Stability Treatment of Paper to Reduce Dimensional Change

Curl Types of Curl Factors That Affect Curl Wavy Edges Cockling Curl in Multi-Ply Cylinder Board Grades Where Curl is a Problem Tests for Measuring Curl

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Stress-Strain Relationship Instruments for Measuring Stress-Strain Factors That Affect Stress-Strain

Tensile Strength Factors That Affect Tensile Strength Importance of Tensile Strength Wet Tensile 2-Direction Tensile

Crush Properties of

Zero-Span Tensile Strength Stretch Tensile Energy Absorption

Bursting Strength Variables in Bursting-Strength Method Reporting Bursting-Strength Results Factors That Affect Bursting-Strength General Use of Bursting-Strength Test

Tearing Resistance Internal Tearing Resistance Reporting Test Results Interpretation o f Test Results Sources of Error Single-Sheet Tearing Resistance Factors That Affect Tearing Resistance Edge Tearing Resistance In-plane Tearing Resistance

Folding Endurance Instruments for Measuring Folding Endurance

Sclzopp er Fo Id MIT Fold Brecht- Wesp Fold

Reporting Results Sources o f Error Factors That Affect Fold Test Usefulness o f Fold Test Variation in Folding Endurance

Folding Qualities of Boxboard Tests for Foldability

Stiffness Principles o f Stiffness Measurements Tuber Stiffness Gurley Stiffness Clark Stiffness Lhomargy Stiffness Tinius Olsen Stiffness Other Stiffness Tests Factors That Affect Stiffness

Impact Strength Internal Bonding Strength

Surface Bonding Strength Dusting

Crush Properties of Paperboard Flat Crush Ring Crush

CONTENTS xxvii

1789 1791 1792 1792 I 792 1794 1 794 1795 1796 I 796 I 796 1797 1797 1799 1799 1801 1802 1802 1802 1802 1803 1803 1803 1804 1805 1806 1806 1807 1808 1808 1809 1810 1810 1811 1811 1811 1812 1812 1814 1815 1816 1816 I81 7 I81 7 I818

xxviii CONTENTS

Edge wise Compressive Strength

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Nature o f Light Index of Refraction Angle o f Incidence Specular Reflection o f Light Refraction o f Light Optical Contact Scattering Specular Transmission Diffuse Transmission Diffusely Reflected Light Absorption of Light Measurement o f Reflectance

Gloss of Paper Specular Gloss Sheen Contrast Gloss Measurement o f Gloss Importance o f Gloss Mottle Finish

Brightness of Paper Measurement o f Brightness Calibration o f Instruments Importance o f Brightness Measurement of Whiteness Effect of Dyes on Brightness Effect of Pigments on Brightness Brightness o f Pulp

Color of Paper Methods of Measuring Color Measurement o f Color by Eye Expressing Color in the Munsell System Measurement of Color by the L,a,b System Physical Measurement of Color

The Recording Spectroplzotometer Abridged Spectrophotometry

Color Specification by the ICI System Tristimulus System Standard Observer Chromaticity Diagram om in ant Wavelength and Purity Visual Efficiency

RESISTANCE PRO

Three-Filter Colorimetry 1851 Measurement of Fluorescence 1852

Transmittance of Light by Paper (Opacity) I853 Transparency of Paper I853 Opacity of Paper I854

Methods o f Measuring Opacity I854 Measurement o f TAPPI Opacity I855 Measurement o f Opacity with Paper Backing (Printing

Opacity) I855 Measurement of Prin ted Opacity I856 Measurement o f Opacity by Transmittance I856

Kubelka-Munk Theory 1858 Kubelka-Munk Equation I858 Calculation o f Values for sand k I859 Additive Powers o f s and k Values I865 Determination o f s Values o f Pigments I872 Calculation of Scattering Power o f Pigment Coatings 1872 Factors That Affect the Scattering Power 1873 Factors That Aifect Absorption Power I874 Uses o f the Kubelka-Munk Theory I874

Factors That Affect Opacity o f Paper I876 Effect o f Reflectivity on Opacity I877 Effect o f Wavelength o f Light on Opacity Measurement I877 Effect o f Dyes on Opacity I877 Effect o f Sheet Weight on Opacity I879 Effect o f Beating and Wet Pressing on Opacity I879 Effect o f Apparent Density on Opacity I880 Effect o f Fillers on Opacity 1881 Effect o f Waxing on Opacity I883 Effect o f Different Pulps on Opacity I884

Relationship Between Paper Reflectance and Morphologv I885

RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1886

Oil and Grease Resistance Water and Writing-Ink Resistance Water-Vapor Permeability

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1890

Grades of Paper That Require Special Chemical Properties 1890 Direct-Process Papers 1890 Antitarnish Papers 1890 Safety Papers 1891

Alpha Cellulose, Viscosity, and Copper Number of Paper I892 Alpha Cellulose 1893

xxx CONTENTS

Viscosity Copper Number

Amount of Sizing Agents in Paper Rosin Size Content Starch Content Casein Content

Moisture Content of Paper Measurement of Paper Moisture Content Indirect Measurement o f Moisture

Hart Moisture Meter Moisture Register Hygrochamp Sword Hygrometers

Effect of Relative Humidity and Temperature on Equilibrium Moisture Content

Effect of Composition on Equilibrium Moisture Content Effect of Variables on Rate o f Moisture Change Effect of Moisture on Paper Properties

Ash Content of Paper Identification o f Ash Filler Analysis by Microscopic Methods Quantitative Determination o f Pigment Content

Acidity and pH of Paper Permanence of Paper

Tests for Permanence Effect o f Pulp on Permanence Effect o f Light on Permanence Effect of Heat on Permanence Effect of Humidity on Permanence Effect o f pH on Permanence Other Factors That Affect Permanence

Odor and Taste

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Types of Electrical Paper Condenser (Capacitor) Paper Coil Paper Cable Paper Pressboard Conductive Paper

Specific Inductive Capacity (Dielectric Constant) Dielectric Strength Dielectric Loss (Power Factor) Properties of Electrical Insulating Papers '

ON-LINE M E A S U ~

Characteristics Net Properties Tested

Moisture Measu~ Grammage Coating Weig Thickness Color Opacity Gloss Ash Porosity Strength

MICROSCOPY OF P

Types of Microscop Optical Microscq Ultramicroscope Electron Microsc X-Ray Phorognyl

Fiber Analysis ; Importance of fi ~ri~arat ion Preparation Examinatio Use of Weight k Iodine Stains a

Sutermeister ". Wilson Stain a Modified Sellel

Dye-Base Stains Bright Stain Kantrowitz-Si

Other Stains I

ON-LINE MEASUREMENT OF PAPER PROPERTIES 1924

Characteristics Needed in On-Line Instruments Properties Tested On Line

Moisture Measurement Grammage Coating Weight Thickness Color Opacity Gloss Ash Porosity Strength

MICROSCOPY OF PAPER 1929

Types of Microscope Optical Microscope Ultramicroscope Electron Microscope X-Ray Photographs

Fiber Analysis Importance o f Fiber Analysis Preparation o f Specimen Preparation of Slide Examination o f Slide Use of Weight Factors Iodine Stains

Herzberg Stain Graff '%"Stain Sutermeister "A 'T ta in Wilson Stain Modified Selleger Reagent Laughlin Stain Alexander's Stain

Dye-Base Stains Brigh t Stain Kantrowitz-Simmons Stain Lo fton-Merrit t Stain Congo Red-Malachite Green Stain Cyanine-Glycerine Reagent Green- Yorston Stain DuPont Stains NCR Stain Other Stains

xxxii CONTENTS

Groundwood Stains Stains for Special Fibers

Cross Section of Paper Fiber Length

Measurement with a Microscope Measurement by Classification Projection Method Coarseness of Fibers

Fiber Structure Evaluation of Fillers and Pigments Examination of Paper Surfaces Other Uses of Microscopy

PAPER DEFECTS

Dirt in Paper Definition of Dirt Measurement o f Dirt Dirt in Pulp Source of Dirt

Speck Analysis Shives Coal Specks Iron Specks Bronze Specks Resin and Pitch Spots Alum Spots Bark Specks Color Specks Foam Spots Slime Spots Decayed Wood Calcium Carbonate and Bleach Scale Sand Wax and Grease Spots Rubber Other Specks

Pigment Coating Defects

References

Appendix

INDEX

PULP AND Third Edition, a Volume Ill