4 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

ContentsLESSON 1

LESSON 2

LESSON 3

LESSON 4

LESSON 5

LESSON 6

LESSON 7

LESSON 8

LESSON 9

LESSON 10

LESSON 11

LESSON 12

LESSON 13

LESSON 14

LESSON 15

LESSON 16

LESSON 17

LESSON 18

LESSON 19

LESSON 20

LESSON 21

LESSON 22

LESSON 23

LESSON 24

LESSON 25

LESSON 26

LESSON 27

LESSON 28

LESSON 29

LESSON 30

page 6

page 10

page 14

page 18

page 22

page 24

page 28

page 32

page 36

page 40

page 42

page 46

page 50

page 54

page 58

page 60

page 64

page 68

page 72

page 76

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page 90

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page 100

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page 112

Adjectives, Participles and Adverbs (1)

Non-continuous Verbs

Definite and Indefinite Articles (1)

Definite and Indefinite Articles (2)

REVISION

Present tenses

Past Tenses

Future Tenses and Forms (1)

Future Tenses (2)

REVISION

Consolidation of tenses and association of time words and phrases

Adjectives, Participles and Adverbs (2)

Uncountable Nouns

Quantifiers with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

REVISION

The bare and full Infinitive

The Gerund

Active and Passive forms of the Infinitive and Gerund

The Subjunctive

REVISION

Prepositions - Phrasal verbs

Modal verbs (1)

Modal verbs (2)

Reported Speech and Modal verbs

REVISION

Reported Speech

The Passive Voice

The Causative Form

Consolidation of the Passive Voice and Causative form

REVISION

ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 5

LESSON 31

LESSON 32

LESSON 33

LESSON 34

LESSON 35

LESSON 36

LESSON 37

LESSON 38

LESSON 39

LESSON 40

LESSON 41

LESSON 42

LESSON 43

LESSON 44

LESSON 45

LESSON 46

LESSON 47

LESSON 48

LESSON 49

LESSON 50

page 114

page 118

page 122

page 126

page 130

page 132

page 136

page 140

page 144

page 148

page 150

page 154

page 158

page 162

page 166

page 168

page 172

page 176

page 180

page 184

Unreal Situations (1) - Conditionals & Inverted Conditionals

Unreal Situations (2)

Words and phrases related to Unreal Situations and Conditions

Consolidation of Unreal Situations, Conditions and Preference

REVISION

Questions and Answers (1)

Questions and Answers (2)

Clauses (1) - Relative Clauses

Clauses (2) - Clauses of Reason & Clauses of Result

REVISION

Clauses (3) - Clauses of Purpose

Clauses (4) - Clauses of Concession

Clauses (5) - Clauses of Manner

Emphasis (1)

REVISION

Emphasis (2)

Inversion (1)

Inversion (2)

Prepositions Revision

REVISION

6 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

VTOPIC VOCABULARY AStudy the words in the table.

VREADINGRead through the passage carefully and choose the correct alternative.

VVOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Complete the cloze passage below using words from TOPICVOCABULARY A. One word needs to be used twice and you may need to change their forms.

complex (adj) ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ˜ essentially ‚·ÛÈο/Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο continuation Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·

within ÂÓÙfi˜ chamber ı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ instrument (n) fiÚÁ·ÓÔ

belief ›ÛÙË/ÂÔ›ıËÛË preoccupy ··Û¯ÔÏÒ destroy ηٷÛÙڤʈ

deadline ÚÔıÂÛÌ›· ceremony ÙÂÏÂÙ‹ however ˆÛÙfiÛÔ/fï˜

return (v) ÂÈÛÙڤʈ remain ·Ú·Ì¤Óˆ rites ÙÂÏÂÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜

seal (v) ÛÊÚ·Á›˙ˆ tradition ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË preserve (v) ‰È·ÙËÚÒ

The Egyptian tradition of mummifying most likely began around 2,600B.C. and continued for well over 2,000 years, into the Roman Period(30 B.C. - A.D. 364). Within any one specific period the quality of themummification varied, depending on the price paid for it. The bestprepared and preserved mummies are from the Eighteenth through theTwentieth Dynasties of the New Kingdom (1570 - 1075 B.C.) andinclude those of Tutankhamen and other well-known pharaohs.

The priests preparing the mummywere not the only ones busy duringthe mummification process. Eventhough the tomb preparation hadusually begun long before the person'sactual death, there was now a strictdeadline, and craftsmen, workers, andartists worked quickly. There wasmuch to be placed in the tomb that aperson would need in the Afterlife.Furniture and statuettes werereadied; wall paintings of religious ordaily scenes were prepared; lists offood or prayers were finished.Through a magical process, these

models, pictures, and lists would become the real thing when needed inthe Afterlife.

As part of the funeral, priests performed special religious rites at thetomb's entrance. The most important part of the ceremony was calledthe "Opening of the Mouth". A priest touched various parts of themummy with a special instrument to "open" those parts of the body tothe senses enjoyed in life and needed in the Afterlife. By applying it tothe mouth, the dead person could now speak and eat. He was nowready for his journey to the Afterlife. The mummy was placed in itscoffin in the burial chamber and the entrance sealed up.

The Egyptians' complex burial practices might suggest that they were (1) with thoughts of death. This is,(2) , not true, as Egyptologists have proven that they began to make plans for their death early becauseof their great love of life. They could think of no life better than the present and they wanted to be sure it would(3) after death.

But why preserve the body? The Egyptians (4) that the mummified body was the home for the soul orspirit. If the body was (5) , p g p ( ) , involving(7) three spirits: the ka, ba, and akh. The ka, a "double" of the person, would (8) in thetomb and needed the offerings and objects there. The ba, or "soul", was free to fly out of the tomb and (9)to it. And it was the akh, perhaps translated as "spirit", which had to travel through the Underworld to the Final Judgmentand entrance to the Afterlife. To the Egyptian, all three were (10) .

preoccupied p phowever

ti

believeddestroyed complex, the spirit might be lost. The idea of "spirit" was (6)y p

essentiallyy remainreturn

essential

1. A mummy of superior craftsmanshipwould...

a. most probably be from theRoman period.

b. be one that was greatly invested in.g yc. not necessarily be very costly.d. have been one of the earliest

mummies made.

2. The tomb a mummy was placed in....a. resembled a normal dwelling of that

time.b. included pictures for aesthetic

pleasure.c. was usually constructed in a short

time.d. contained objects that were

believed to be transformed.

3. Lists were made...a. of things that were needed in the

tomb before mummification.b. in order for workers not to forget

anything in the process.c. of things that would be useful for

the deceased.d. of prayers to be read at the funeral

ceremony before burial.

4. The funeral ceremony...a. took place within the tomb itself.b. included rituals in preparation for

reanimation.c. was performed before the mummy

was wrapped up.d. required the deceased to have their

mouth open.

1

3

2

4 p , p p p g

, p , gg g p

p y

pp

p g p pq y

Lesson 1

ADJECTIVESV Adjectives do not take a plural or possessive form.

- My ten-year-oldy brother is on a four-week vacation.- A hundred-dollar bill will buy you two hundred fifty-centy

stamps.V Adjectives express fact or opinion and are usually placed

directly before the noun they are describing. - A magicalg moment. (opinion)- A circular motion. (fact)V However, some adjectives are not placed before nouns.

- The man was alone in the darkness. (not the alone man)- The prince was alive after the battle. (not the alive prince)V When two or more adjectives are used to describe a noun,

it is essential that they be placed in the correct order.- The sleek red sports car overtook me on the highway.- I bought two beautiful antique Italianq statues.

PARTICIPLESV Present and past participles can also be used in the

place of adjectives, but they convey a different meaning.- The irritating child (He who irritates others) Pre.Par.- The irritated child (He who has been irritated by others) Pa.Par.- The irritable child (He who is easily and often irritated) Adj.

ADVERBSV Adverbs define verbs, but they can define adjectives too.

- Ian was frequentlyq y upset with Kay. (defines the adj. upset)- We spoke to Lenny impolitelyp y.yy (defines the verb spoke)V Some adverbs do not end in -ly.

last, late, inside, long, low, high, pretty,quite, short, further, etc.

- The arrow flew wide/short of its target.- He arrived late/last for the lesson.

VGRAMMAR Adjectives, Participles and Adverbs (1)G

RA

MM

AR

VGRAMMAR Multiple-choice

VTOPIC VOCABULARY B Match the words to their definitions.

C 1. artist A. one who works with or is skilled in using his hands

G 2. banker B. one who earns a living by doing physical or mental tasks for his/her employer

A 3. craftsman C. one who is involved in, or is skilled in painting, drawing, sculpture, etc.

E 4. customer D. one who performs religious rituals and serves as an intermediary for worshipers

H 5. franchisee E. one who purchases from a store on a regular basis

D 6. priest F. one who talks on behalf of another or a group

F 7. spokesperson G. one who owns or manages a traditional monetary institution

B 8. worker H. one who has been allowed the right to market a particular product or service

ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 7

1. The mummy was discovered under thechamber's main entrance.

a. three-thousand-year-oldb. three-thousand-years-oldc. three-thousands'-year-oldd. three-thousand-year-olds

2. The agreement that has been reached is a step towards peace.

a. signifyingb. signifiedc. signifyinglyd. significantg

3. Harry is due for a vacation at the end of theyear.

a. monthb. monthsc. monthlyd. month's

4. The expression on the Egyptologist's face showed his impatience.

a. excitableb. excitedc. excitablyd. exciting

5. The survivor of the battle returned to campon foot.

a. lonelyb. solec. aloned. solely

6. It was proposal that Jill put forward.a. quite an interestingb. a quite interestingc. quite interested ad. a quite interested

7. We must meet on if we want to complete the project on time.

a. a month's basisb. a basis monthlyc. months basisd. a monthly basisy

8. We were and we demand an immediate apology.

a. impolite spoken tob. spoken to impolitelyp p yc. speaking impolitely tod. spoken too impolitely

9. Did the girls arrive on time for theappointment?

a. two young Italian prettyb. young two pretty Italianc. two Italian pretty youngd. two pretty young Italianp y y g

10. An number of consumers are making use of credit cards nowadays.

a. increasedb. increasinglyc. increasinggd. increase

8 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

VVOCABULARY Multiple-choice

VREADINGRead through the passage carefully and choose the correct alternative.

Plastic money seems to beeverywhere these days. Itgoes hand in hand with theAmerican way of life, so it'sno surprise that McDonald'scustomers are now able to usecredit and debit cards to payfor their meals at a majority ofthe chain's U.S. restaurants.

To please its ‘plastic-loving public', the company has recentlyreached agreements to accept payments via Visa, MasterCard,American Express, Discover Card and STAR cards.

At the moment, the vast majority of cashless payments are prima-rily made using debit cards, but credit cards seem to be gettingmore and more popular, as an increasing number of Americans are“eating now and paying later”. These are already accepted at morethan 5,000 of McDonald's 13,600 U.S. restaurants. A companyspokesman stated that it intends to double that by the end of thisyear.

The credit card logos will be posted at the counters and drive-thrusat each participating McDonalds outlet. Of course, somefranchisees may refuse to adopt this new method of payment, asthey will have to pay a fee to the credit-card companies or bankersfor each transaction. However, the McDonald's franchisees, whooperate 80 percent of its U.S. outlets, are likely to pay up as theycould see an increase in sales by offering customers the cashlessoption.

1. The archaeologist discovered a secretcontaining a mummy.

a. cubicleb. chamberc. boothd. square

2. Museums have special vaults that are used to important objects.

a. conserveb. preventc. saved. preservep

3. The ancient Mesopotamians many different gods.

a. conceivedb. followedc. worshippedppd. prayed

4. Companies often have recognizable which identify them in the mind of the public.

a. postersb. signsc. designsgd. logosg

5. That clothing company has retail in seventy countries around the world.

a. employeesb. productionspc. outletsd. offices

6. Instead of a signature, kings in the past oftenstamped letters with a .

a. nameb. sealc. symbold. sign

7. My mother went to the bank to some money.a. receiveb. purchasec. removed. withdraw

8. Being a scientist goes with an interest in thenatural world.

a. out of handb. hand to mouthc. hand in handd. at hand

9. In order to keep in shape one needs exercise.a. oftenb. regulargc. convenientd. uneven

10. The high priests their rituals in the greattemple.a. playedb. performedpc. actedd. displayed

1. The writer states that plastic money ‘goeshand in hand’ with the American way of life because it is...a. compulsory to have it.b. an accompaniment to it.pc. unique to this culture.d. a reflection of Americans' individuality.

2. The difference between credit cards and debit cards is that...a. the former are far more popular.b. the latter do not postpone payment.p p p yc. the former are much cheaper to use.d. the former are less widespread.

3. It is true that...a. the credit card project has not taken off

as yet.b. franchisees have resisted the new plans

for payment.c. alarm has been widely expressed at this

new scheme.d. a store is not obligated to comply with

the new method of payment.

4. Franchisees will pay the banks a fee...a. once, only when they sign up for the new

system.b. only on certain items in the US outlets.yc. whenever something is bought in their

restaurants.d. only if a majority of outlets participate in

the program.

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ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 9

VSENTENCE COMPLETION Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.

1. I won't on our research. All I will say is that our findings are significant.

2. Shane was to Bristol University and got a full scholarship as well.

3. Statistics have shown a(n) rate of divorce over the years.

4. , the problem in their relationship is one of incompatibility.

5. Our History professor, Mr. Wiles, was known to be very and serious.

6. Our body needs a supply of vitamins for good health.

7. I waited for two hours for the dentist, who arrived at seven o'clock.

8. The library has books on the Russian revolution.

9. The project manager lied on purpose, trying to deceive me.

10. We don't accept credit cards, but I'll make an exception in your case.

11. Investigators have not yet discovered the cause of the accident.

12. The phoenix was a mythical creature that was believed to have powers.

13. This country is not very rich and its wealth comes from agriculture.

14. The most pilot of the first world war was the Red Baron.

15. This model has outsold all the others and is very among younger buyers.

primarily essentially strict eventually usuallyincreasing popular daily intentionally acceptedmagical actual various well-known elaborate (v)

l b t

t d

i i

Essentially y

t i t

d il

t ll

i

i t ti ll

ll

t l

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i il

ll k

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VGRAMMAR Complete the text using the correct form of the word in parenthesis.

A credit card allows you to buy products even though you might not have the money to pay for them (1)

( ) ( ) (finance) institution or company that gives you the card lets you

spend up to an (3) ( g ) ( ) (add) money available to

you as you pay off what you've spent. You must pay at least a minimum amount by the due date, (5)

(general) once every month. However, you will pay a small charge or interest on any amount you do not pay by the

due date.

While they can be very (6) ( ), ( ) (risk). Even people who

are (8) (usual) good with their money get into trouble with credit cards. The problem is that people

use their credit cards too (9) (frequent) and let their debts add up. As they can only pay back small

amounts at a time, it (10) (fortune) ends up costing them a lot of money in charges.

immediately financial (immediate). The (2)y

agreed additional (agree) amount and then makes (4)g

generally g y

useful risky (use), credit cards can also be (7) y

usually y

frequently q y

unfortunately y

VGRAMMAR Complete the text using the correct form of the word in parenthesis.

1. Archaeologists and other (special) are helping us understand how the pyramids were built.

2. Don't worry. Trying to get things done today will just leave you (frustrate) and upset.

3. Contrary to popular belief, heart surgery is presently a (relative) simple procedure.

4. Even if you are (extreme) busy, you can still find ways to fit exercise into your day.

5. Smokers are (know) exposing themselves to the possibilities of asthma and lung cancer.

6. In the early 1600s, Russian society was clearly divided into (define) classes.

7. The government is not taking the matter (serious) and it is up to us to apply pressure.

8. Much of what we presently know is based on the writings of early (history) such as Herodotus.

9. Believe it or not, there is a (west) style drug store opposite our branch in China.

10. Is there something that you can tell us that we would find (interest)?

specialists p

frustrated

relatively y

extremely y

knowingly g y

defined

seriously y

historians

western

interesting g

40 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

R E V I S I O N

Lesson 10VCLOZE

No complete dinosaur fossil has (1) been discoveredand inferences must be made from fragments of stomach contentsor by comparing the teeth to (2) of living animals.

Fossil remains of dinosaurs have been found in rock strata of everycontinent, indicating that they differed widely in structure, habitat,and diet. Their brain sizes (3) , with some predatorshaving brain-to-body ratios equivalent (4) those ofsome modern birds and animals. Many species even built nests andmany theories (5) dinosaurs and their behavior are

(6) debated by experts. These include the questions ofwhether non-avian dinosaurs were cold-blooded or warm-blooded,whether dinosaurs protected and cared (7) their youngin the nest (8) hatching or whether the young weremobile and self-sufficient at birth.

(9) , what is known for certain about dinosaurs is that,far from being evolutionary failures, they dominated their habitatsfor (10) of their 160 million years of existence.

VGRAMMAR

1. a. ever c. justb. already d. still

2. a. that c. theseb. those d. this

3. a. various c. varyb. varied d. variously

4. a. with c. asb. than d. to

5. a. regardingg g c. fromb. combine d. predict

6. a. hardly c. hotlyyb. lazily d. although

7. a. after c. tob. up d. for

8. a. once c. afterb. always d. of

9. a. However c. Moreoverb. Thus d. Predictably

10. a. the most c. mostb. more d. in spite

1. Daniel late on Sundays and misses breakfast.a. gets up often b. often is getting up c. often gets up d. getting up often

2. Jeremy in last year's school production of Shakespeare's Hamlet.

a. was starringb. had starredc. starredd. was starred

3. He in sunny California for almost twenty yearsnow.

a. was residingb. is residingc. has been residingd. resides

4. If you don't hurry up and get dressed, you thebus.

a. will be missingb. have missedc. will missingd. will miss

5. Next week we our relatives in Topeka Falls.a. will have visitingb. will be going to visitingc. are being visitedd. are going to visitg g

6. After dinner I a long hot bath and went to bed.a. was havingb. hadc. am havingd. have had

7. If you me that we were out of sugar, I would have got some.

a. tellingb. had been tellingc. were tellingd. had told

8. When you brushing your teeth, don't forget to comb your hair.

a. are finishingb. will finishc. have finishedd. finished

9. Hal is not here right now; he's at the garage his car serviced.

a. been gettingb. gettingg gc. will getd. is getting

10. The teacher got upset and told us not to speakunless we to.a. speakingb. had spokenc. were spokend. had been speaking

11. Sandra's about what she looks like.a. worried alwaysb. always being worriedc. always worryingy y gd. worries always

12. Rosaldo gets the ball, dribbles past the defender,runs toward the goal and !a. is scoringb. has scoringc. scoresd. scored

ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 41

VVOCABULARY1. If you don't yourself to the piano, you will

never be able to master it.a. consolidateb. dictatec. dedicated. appreciate

2. He received a large from the insurance company after the accident.

a. correspondenceb. donationc. compensationpd. grant

3. As Fred slipped and fell, he hold of the fenceand avoided getting hurt.

a. gropedb. grappledc. grabbedgd. gripped

4. There are too many books in the world to read in one .

a. lifelineb. lifelonggc. lifetimed. lifespan

5. Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart in 1967 in South Africa.

a. transplantpb. implantc. supplantd. replant

6. The bridge was too for two cars to cross at the same time.

a. steeppb. narrowc. shallowd. closed

7. Desmond pushed with all his but still couldn'tmove the trunk.

a. forceb. flairc. energyd. mightg

8. If you connect these wires, an electric will be created to light that bulb.

a. flowb. streamc. rippled. current

9. She has decorated her home very andwithout spending a fortune, either.

a. superficiallyb. tastefullyyc. flavorfullyd. emotionally

10. The soldiers dug a in order to concealthemselves from the enemy.a. caveb. trenchc. shaftd. pit

11. Oh No! An oil tanker has just run off thecoast of Spain!a. afloatb. aboutc. agroundd. aloft

12. Professional fishermen often take hours to ina large game fish.a. reelb. breakc. carryd. drag

13. The divers searched in the waters of the lakebut couldn't see very much.a. opaqueb. translucentc. obscured. murkyy

14. The evening's celebrations culminated in a(n)fireworks display.

a. elaborateb. spectacularpc. impressionabled. observable

15. When they came into power, the military dictatorship many political parties.

a. preventedb. bannedc. deprivedd. authorized

16. Terry has a bad of always arriving late to class.a. routineb. habitc. activityd. custom

17. From my , it seems as if Sam's doing theright thing.a. viewb. perspectivep pc. pointd. angle

18. According to labor law, your is obliged tocontribute to your pension.

a. employerp yb. managerc. employeed. superior

19. My father doesn't like music and only listensto the classics.a. fashionableb. originalc. contemporaryp yd. innovative

20. The time is now right to some money in either land or real estate.a. impartb. depositc. investd. loan

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Ô˘ ÂÈϤÂÈ / ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜Á‡Úˆ, ÂÚ›Ô˘ÚÔÛ·Ú¿˙ˆ„ËÏ¿, ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ

Ù˘Ï›Áˆ ÎÔ˘‚¿ÚÈ (Â‰Ò ÂÙÔÓÈ¿)Û¿˙ˆÎÔ˘‚·ÏÒÛ¤ÚÓˆ, Û‡Úˆ

·‰È¿Ê·ÓÔ˜ËÌȉȷʷӋ˜ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓfi˜, ·Û·Ê‹˜, ¿ÛËÌÔ˜ıÔÏfi˜ (ÓÂÚfi)

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Ù˘ Ìfi‰·˜, ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓԘηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ˜, ÚˆÙÔÔÚÈ·Îfi˜

ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ˆ, ÚÔÛ‰›‰ˆÎ·Ù·ı¤Ùˆ ÂÂÓ‰‡ˆ‰¿ÓÂÈÔ

150 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

Lesson 41VTOPIC VOCABULARY AStudy the words in the table.

VREADINGRead through the passage carefully and choose the correct alternative.

companion Û‡ÓÙÚÔÊÔ˜ insidiously ‡Ô˘Ï· outlook ÚÔÔÙÈ΋, Úfi‚Ï„Ë

mock (v) ¯Ï¢¿˙ˆ/ÂÚÈÁÂÏÒ lace (v) ÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ ÌÈÎÚÔÔÛfiÙËÙ· disorder ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹

entirely ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜/ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ stubborn ÂÈÛÌ·Ù҉˘ prospects ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜

bald Ê·Ï·ÎÚfi˜ suspect (v) ˘ÔÙ‡ÔÌ·È cite (v) ÂÈηÏԇ̷È

cheerless ¿ÎÂÊÔ˜/ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ voluptuous Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÈÛıËÛȷΤ˜ η̇Ϙ insulate ÌÔÓÒÓˆ

drawl Û˘ÚÙ‹ ÚÔÊÔÚ¿ bound (adj) “‰Â̤ÓÔ˜” relapse (n) Âȉ›ӈÛË

flamboyant ÂȉÂÈÎÙÈÎfi˜/Ê·ÓÙ·¯ÙÂÚfi˜ respectable ·ÍÈÔÛ¤‚·ÛÙÔ˜ benchmark ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜

mastery Ï‹Ú˘ ‹ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÁÓÒÛË reincarnation ÌÂÙÂÓÛ¿ÚΈÛË grapple (v) ηٷȿÓÔÌ·È

renowned ÊËÌÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜/‰È¿ÛËÌÔ˜ accumulate Û˘ÛÛˆÚ‡ˆ retain ‰È·ÙËÚÒ

insinuation ˘·ÈÓÈÁÌfi˜ compulsive „˘¯·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈÎfi˜/ÂıÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ retrace (v) ·Ó·ÙÚ¤¯ˆ

meticulously ÂÈÌÂÏÒ˜/Û¯ÔÏ·ÛÙÈο bluntness ÙÚ·¯‡ÙËÙ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ progression ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜

1. Hitchcock films always stuck to onedramatic form.

2. Few American directors influencedHitchcock's filmic technique.

T F N/S

T F N/S

In the opinion of many filmenthusiasts, Hitchcock's best filmswere made in the 1950s. Three of hismost popular of that decade were Ver-tigo (1958), Rear Window (1954), andthe jangling, cross-country comedy-thriller North by Northwest (1959). Ofthese, the former feels the most‘serious', yet there's still somethingboth comic and, at the same time,tragic about the way in which thestubborn, practical San Franciscodetective Scottie falls in love with thevoluptuous blonde Madeleine, who hehalf suspects to be a reincarnation.Moreover, though the film insists on

telling us that ‘this is crazy', as when Scottie's usual companion, Midge,tries to destroy his obsession with Madeleine by mocking it, she failsentirely.

Hitchcock was one of two filmmakers-along with Disney to see his namebecome synonymous with a certain type of screen-entertainment.Hitchcock's films were stylish, sophisticated suspense, laced with humorand romance. Moreover, his bald head, pear shaped body and cheerlessdrawl made him as recognizable as any star he ever directed.

Renowned for his storytelling mastery and his flamboyant technique,Hitchcock had a way of drawing the viewer into his stories and makinga participant of his audience. In the climax of Rear Window, weidentify completely with the main actor, James Stewart, and hiswheelchair-bound character's feeling of helplessness when theantagonist, Raymond Burr, comes after him. Very few directors inrecent memory have the gift of insinuating audiences into theirnarratives so meticulously and insidiously.

The London-bred Hitchcock himself pointed out that his films have theirroots in traditional melodrama, a very English form. Britain's mostfamous story teller, the 19th century novelist Charles Dickens, was amaster of melodrama. It's a well-known fact that Hitchcock studied fourDickens novels at school, and seems to have enjoyed them.

3. Which emotion does Vertigo notinspire?

a. lightheartednessb. pityc. excitementd. contemptp

4. Hitchcock and Disney were similar in that they both...

a. carved out a niche for themselves.b. worked for the same production

company.c. had a similar approach to cinema.d. were famous for their plots.

5. One of Hitchcock's most successful techniques involved...

a. simple plots with expectedoutcomes.

b. sweeping scenarios with specialeffects.

c. tense, nerve-racking scenes.gd. violent action with dramatic music.

6. You would be most likely to find this text in a...

a. review of a recent screening.b. leaflet at a film festival.c. university directing course.d. history of American directors.

✔✔✔✔

✔✔✔✔

3

4

4

5

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ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 151

VSENTENCE COMPLETIONUse words from the table on the previous page to complete the sentences below.Their forms and contexts may need to be changed.

VREADINGRead through the passage carefully and choose the correct alternative.

1. Some religions believe that one can be after death and live again.

2. The author of the new bestselling novel will speak at the meeting tonight.

3. The detective suspected that someone had the victim's drink with poison.

4. In her time, Marilyn Monroe was one of the most actresses in Hollywood.

5. Tim has a(n) habit of checking that the doors are locked three times before he goes out.

6. We spent a(n) afternoon after we found out that we had failed our math examination.

7. So much old furniture has in the attic that there is no more room left for anything else.

8. Please a copy of this invoice for your files as you'll need it later.

9. Public spending was as the main reason for high inflation this year.

10. Mr. Harrison is a(n) craftsman and all the furniture he makes is beautifully finished.

i t d

d

l d

l t

l i

h l

l t d

t i

it d

ti l

Each day, a girl washes her hands for hours at a time to destroy thebacteria that, she tells herself, accumulate when she touches doorknobs. Aman stops his car and retraces his path after any minor bump in the road,fearing that he has run over someone. People such as these often feeltormented by their obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts but cannotresist them.

While the symptoms of what psychiatrists call obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD) disrupt daily life with dramatic bluntness, the long-termoutlook for sufferers of this condition remains poorly understood. A 40-year investigation now offers a rare glimpse at the natural course of thedisorder in a group of individuals who, for the most part, received noformal treatment. A large majority of them exhibited substantialimprovement, often within a decade of receiving an OCD diagnosis,claim psychiatrists at a University Hospital in Sweden. However, only1 in 5 individuals achieved full recovery; 1 in 3 continued to grapple with symptoms that interfered with their dailyactivities, and about 1 in 4 retained milder signs of the disorder. A total of 144 people, all diagnosed with OCD atthe Swedish psychiatric hospital between 1947 and 1953, participated in the study. Most were interviewed by thepsychiatrists between 1954 and 1956 and again between 1989 and 1993.

The study contains several intriguing findings. People who developed obsessive-compulsive disorder before age 20,particularly males, had the worst prospects for improvement. At the second interview, participants mostfrequently cited symptoms that had lasted for at least 5 years. Recovery within a few years of OCD's onset oftenbrought lasting gains but did not insulate patients against an eventual return of symptoms. Of 41 volunteers whohad nearly or fully recovered from the disorder at the first interview, 20 maintained their improvement 3 decadeslater, while 8 had relapses after going largely without symptoms for more than 20 years. Finally, only 17 patientsreceived a medication for OCD, clomipramine, which has become available in the past decade: its usesignificantly helped 10 of them.

"This study will serve as a benchmark in our efforts to understand and treat OCD," conclude psychiatrists. Despitelimitations in the data and sample, the findings will assist efforts to evaluate the effects of new medications on thenatural progression of OCD.

1. A good term to describe OCD would be that it is...a. delusory.b. contagious.c. terminal.d. infectious.

2. The study on the OCD sufferers was unique in that it...a. showed how patients can now be cured of OCD.b. gave insights into other forms of treatment for OCD.c. revolutionised the medical diagnosis of OCD.d. studied OCD over a long period of time.

3. If diagnosed with OCD, a patient...a. is immediately put on medication.b. has a better chance of improvement.c. will avoid a relapse of symptoms.d. can eventually expect to be cured.

4. What percentage of patients were helped by drugtreatment for OCD?

a. about 20%b. 33%c. over 50%d. 25%

y

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2

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4

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152 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

VGRAMMAR Multiple-choice

VGRAMMAR Clauses (3) - Clauses of Purpose

CLAUSES OF PURPOSEto, in order to, so as to, so that, for, with a view to, with the aim of, in case, to avoid, for fear (of), to prevent

TO/IN ORDER TO/SO AS + FULL INFINITIVEShe took a taxi to arrive on time. (past) or He took a taxi in order to/so as to arrive on time.He will take a taxi to arrive on time. (future) or He will take a taxi in order to/so as to arrive on time.NOTE THE NEGATIVE MEANING: He asked us to be quiet in order not to/so as not to wake the baby.

SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT + WILL/CAN (future) or SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT + WOULD/COULD (past)He will take his car to a garage so that/in order that he can/will have it serviced. (future)He took his car to a garage so that/in order that he could/would have it serviced. (past)NOTE THE NEGATIVE MEANING: Mike hid the key under the mat so that Leroy wouldn't/couldn't find it.

WITH A VIEW TO/WITH THE AIM OF + GERUNDHe went to England with a view to studying/with the aim of studying Medicine. (past)She will soon quit with a view to finding/with the aim of finding a better job. (future)

FOR + GERUND (emphasis is placed on the use of an object)This knife is used for cutting bread. but To cut bread, this knife is used. (FULL INFINITIVE)NOTE THE NEGATIVE MEANING: A knife is not used for cutting things.

IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT/SHOULD or IN CASE + SIMPLE PASTShe will buy extra bread in case more people come. (future) or She will buy extra bread in case more people should come.She bought extra bread in case more people came. (past) (DO NOT USE WOULD/SHOULD FOR THE PAST)

TO PREVENT STH/SB (FROM) + GERUND( )He stood in the way to prevent her (from) leaving.

TO AVOID STH/SB + GERUNDHe entered the room quietly to avoid disturbing her.

FOR FEAR OF + GERUND or FOR FEAR THAT STH MIGHT HAPPENThey put on raincoats for fear of getting wet/for fear they might get wet. (DO NOT USE WOULD FOR THE PAST)

LEST STH HAPPENED/SHOULD HAPPENMike ran away lest his grandmother should get angry with him. or Mike ran away lest his grandmother got angry with him.G

R

A

M

M

A

R

1. All passengers need a ticket to be allowedon board.

a. in orderb. so thatc. with a viewd. with the aim

2. He stayed up all night completing his sales proposal.

a. in order tob. so as toc. with the aim ofd. in case of

3. Please walk carefully lose your footing on this slippery path.

a. in case that youb. to avoid youc. so as not tod. to prevent from

4. This particular tool is removing bent nailsfrom wood and plaster.

a. for fear ofb. in case ofc. used ford. in order for

5. fire, break glass.a. For fear ofb. In case ofc. To avoidd. With a view to

6. Melanie closed the window slamming shut in the wind.

a. lest it'sb. to prevent it frompc. with a view to itd. to avoid that it

7. Bring an extra change of clothes it rains this weekend.

a. for fearb. in case ofc. to preventd. in case

8. He had a new pair of spectacles made hecould see better while driving.

a. lestb. so thatc. in case thatd. with a view that

9. He got up early he might miss the first trainto Chicago.

a. to prevent thatb. for fear ofc. to avoid thatd. for fear that

10. Jill ran quickly miss the last bus.a. with the aim of notb. so as not toc. with a view to notd. in order that she shouldn't

ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY 153

VVOCABULARY Multiple-choice

VGRAMMAR Choose A if the underlined section is correct or B if it is incorrect.

1. The girl washed her hands several times with the aim to destroy the bacteriay .2. The singer entered the hotel through the side entrance for fear that he might get seeng g .3. Mr. Jones gave his assistant the letters in order that he will post them the next dayp y.4. Mike went to the conference so as to be informed about the latest developments.p5. You should have brought another blanket in case it should have got coldg .6. The store had stocked up on Easter Bunnies in the event of a sudden surge in demandg .7. The teams will replay the match in the event that they tiey .8. Our department doesn't have enough funds for a new coffee machine lest a new copierp .9. We had to ask for more money in case we needed it.

10. We will have to take your proposal up with management so as to have it implementedp .

VSENTENCE COMPLETION Use the correct form of the words in the table to complete thesentences.

1. The majority of people in developing countries most of the luxuries of modern life.2. Mr. Jones was late for work this morning because he traffic. 3. After years as a supporting actor, Larry Lounge finally in lights after the success of his new film. 4. She is a wonderful teacher and making all the students feel special. 5. Jazz is a music genre that the cities of the American south of the early twentieth century.6. If you get discouraged by failure you need that you will eventually succeed in your goals.7. It's not a good idea other people's personal matters if you aren't close to them. 8. everyone was satisfied with the hotel, except for Jenny who hated the food. 9. The police of the fire-fighters by blocking off the streets around the burning building.

10. our team coach, we should have no problem in winning today's football match.

A B✔✔✔✔

✔✔✔✔✔✔

✔✔✔✔✔✔✔

✔✔✔✔✔✔✔

✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔

to have roots in get caught in sth to see one's name to have a way of to tell oneselfin the opinion of to go without to assist the efforts for the most part to interfere with

ith tt ht i

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t i t f ithFor the most partp

i t d th ff tIn the opinion ofp

1. He is a very citizen and serves on the citycouncil and other committees.

a. respectfulb. regretfulc. respectablepd. reprehensible

2. James with the algebra problem for an hourbefore giving up in frustration.

a. gropedb. graspedc. grappledd. griped

3. A layer of dust had on the floor of the oldgarden shed.

a. lacedb. piledc. gatheredgd. filtered

4. You need to those electrical wires to avoid shock.

a. isolateb. insulatec. castigated. emulate

5. He seemed to be getting over his illness, but he had aand was hospitalized.

a. referralb. regenerationc. reboundd. relapsep

6. I was shocked at the of my professor when he said I would fail the course.

a. tenacityb. rudenessc. brevityd. bluntness

7. The for our company's future doesn't look all that promising.

a. visionb. outlookc. perspectived. focus

8. William Mary to the office party dance lastnight.

a. accompaniedpb. solicitedc. incarceratedd. captivated

9. With little education, Mike's of getting a jobwere slim.

a. wishesb. prospectsp pc. forecastsd. tendencies

10. He is a scientist and has produced a vaccine for that new virus.

a. resoundingb. renownedc. resplendentd. redundant

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„ËÏ·ÊÒ, ·Û·Ù‡ˆ·Ú¿˙ˆ, ÁÚ·ÒӈηٷȿÓÔÌ·È, “·Ï‡ˆ”ÁÎÚÈÓÈ¿˙ˆ, “ÙÚÒÁÔÌ·È”

ÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ ÌÈÎÚÔÔÛfiÙËÙ·ÛÙÔÈ‚¿˙ÔÌ·ÈÛ˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÌ·ÈÊÈÏÙÚ¿Úˆ, ηı·Ú›˙ˆ Ì ʛÏÙÚÔ

·ÔÌÔÓÒÓˆÌÔÓÒÓˆ ÂÈÎÚ›Óˆ, ηٷÎÚ›ÓˆÚÔÛ·ıÒ Ó· ÊÙ¿Ûˆ ‹ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿Ûˆ Î,

ÌÈÌÔ‡Ì·È ·fi ı·˘Ì·ÛÌfiÙ¿Ûˆ ‹ · ÍÂÂÚ¿Ûˆ ,ˆ ‹ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿Ûˆ Î

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186 ADVANCE to PROFICIENCY

Lesson 1Reading Aactualapplycoffinfuneralmummificationprayerprocessreadysensestatuettestrictritual

reanimationdeceased

Reading Baccompaniment

adoptcashlesscomply

compulsorycounterdebit cardfeeincreaseindividualityintendlikelylogoobligateoperateoptionoutletpay uppostponeparticipatingprimarilyreach an agreementreflectionrefuseresisttransactionuniquewidespread

Lesson 2adapt toadriftadvanced

aimbetbuild to order

catch oncircumnavigate

coast guardcockpitcompetitorconecontainerconvertiblecreaturecutedialdisasterdonkeyentrepreneureventuallyfinishing touchfundglimpseglobeguerrillagulfGulf Stream

have sth in commonhome on wheelsimplyintendinstalljet fightermalfunctionmaneuverablemanifacturemarblemass-producedmilitarymotor homeoddorbiterorderperilpuff alongreceiverrepairresemblerivalsharkshoresteelstreamsuitablesurfacetake sb hostagetankertruckvoyage

Lesson 3availabilitycircularconsumptiondirectionencloseexpanding

generatorgoodsgraininventionmotionpurposeprovidereadilyreleaserequirerotatingrotorscalesourcestreamtransportationwarmth

Lesson 4accompanyaugmentcaptureenableequipmentexistingfeedold-fashionedrevivestunsupplementvirtual

Lesson 6Reading Ablastcontentcraterdomeexplosiveexplosivenessindicaterumbleshedthustrap

Reading Bcarry outcompete withhandleoverwhelmingtrack

Lesson 7affectbenefitcurrentelementforcehealingin regards to

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