American Society and American Society and CultureCulture

(1945-Present)(1945-Present)

Unit IXCUnit IXC

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

Evaluate the impact of the Cold War on Evaluate the impact of the Cold War on American social identity.American social identity.

To what extent was the year of 1968 a To what extent was the year of 1968 a turning point in American society and turning point in American society and culture.culture.

Baby Boom (1946-1964)Baby Boom (1946-1964)

American SuburbiaAmerican Suburbia CausesCauses

Postwar economic Postwar economic expansionexpansion

G.I. Bill and FHAG.I. Bill and FHA Great MigrationGreat Migration Interstate highwaysInterstate highways

DetailsDetails Single-family homesSingle-family homes Subdivisions and zoningSubdivisions and zoning Shopping mallsShopping malls

EffectsEffects ““White flight”White flight” Urban decayUrban decay

Second Red Scare (1947-1957)Second Red Scare (1947-1957) Cold War FearsCold War Fears

Duck and Cover “He May Be a Communist”

McCarthyismMcCarthyism Demographics:Demographics:

RepublicanRepublican Conservative Protestants and CatholicsConservative Protestants and Catholics Blue-collar workersBlue-collar workers

TacticsTactics Media and TelevisionMedia and Television BlacklistingBlacklisting

ReactionReaction Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954)Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954)

“Decency” Edward R. Murrow of CBSEdward R. Murrow of CBS Public OutcryPublic Outcry

Nifty FiftiesNifty FiftiesThe American DreamThe American Dream

Corporate AmericaCorporate America White-collar jobsWhite-collar jobs Business dress codesBusiness dress codes

ConsumerismConsumerism Credit cardsCredit cards Shopping malls and strip Shopping malls and strip

mallsmalls

Advertising/Brand Advertising/Brand Names/FranchisingNames/Franchising FordFord CheeriosCheerios Chef BoyardeeChef Boyardee

Nifty FiftiesNifty FiftiesWomenWomen

Suburban and middle-Suburban and middle-class growth and class growth and mainstream media mainstream media culture reinforced cult of culture reinforced cult of domesticitydomesticity ““Know your role”Know your role”

Increased employment Increased employment opportunitiesopportunities 40% of women held 40% of women held

jobsjobs

Nifty FiftiesConformist and Conservative Society

Causes New Deal politics, Cold

War/Communism, Materialism, Baby Boom, Suburbia

Social Mores Traditional gender roles Respect for authority Against perversion, drugs

Church Membership 49% in 1950 69% in 1960

Impact on Politics “under God” added to the Pledge of

Allegiance (1954) “In God We Trust” as national motto

and on paper currency (1956) Billy Graham

Evangelism to be pure, not improved

Nifty FiftiesTeenagers and Rebellion

Teenagers “Quiet Generation” Attracted to lifestyle of rock and roll,

television, and movie stars Rise in juvenile delinquency

Beat Generation/Beatniks Rejection of contemporary conformist

and materialist lifestyle Spiritual liberation Free lifestyle and experimentation

Nifty FiftiesTelevision and Movies

Television Ownership

9% in 1950 65% in 1955 87% in 1960

Impact Corporate sponsorships Sitcoms of the American middle

class family Ozzie and HarrietOzzie and Harriet Leave it to BeaverLeave it to Beaver Father Knows BestFather Knows Best

Movies Epic, science fiction, and Cold War

themes The Day the Earth Stood Still Rebel Without a Cause

Nifty FiftiesMusic

Classic Pop Billie Holiday Crooners

Frank Sinatra Dean Martin

Doo Wop Vocal group harmony

Rock and Roll Influenced by rhythm and blues, jazz,

gospel, country, and pop Electric guitars Chuck Berry Elvis Presley

Nifty FiftiesLiterature

Post-Modernism Post-WWII reactionary

movement The Catcher in the Rye by J.D.

Salinger The Death of a Salesman and

The Crucible by Arthur Miller To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper

Lee

Beat Generation Rejection of materialism, sexual

liberation, drug experimentation, Eastern religions and philosophies

On the Road by Jack Kerouac

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementBackgroundBackground

Postwar ReconstructionPostwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment13th Amendment

end slaveryend slavery

15th Amendment15th Amendment black suffrageblack suffrage

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White LeagueKu Klux Klan and White League DisenfranchisementDisenfranchisement Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

Separate, but equalSeparate, but equal Jim Crow Laws in the SouthJim Crow Laws in the South

Progressive Era GainsProgressive Era Gains Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.

DuBoisDuBois NAACP and National Urban LeagueNAACP and National Urban League Great MigrationGreat Migration

1920s Setbacks and Hope1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWIRace riots after WWI LynchingsLynchings KKK returnsKKK returns Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

1930s Developments1930s Developments New Deal CoalitionNew Deal Coalition New Deal provided some relief New Deal provided some relief

programsprograms Limited civil rights legislationLimited civil rights legislation

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementBeginning of Progress (1940s)Beginning of Progress (1940s)

Smith v. AllwrightSmith v. Allwright (1944) (1944) Prohibit all white primariesProhibit all white primaries

March on Washington March on Washington MovementMovement A. Philip Randolph and Bayard A. Philip Randolph and Bayard

RustinRustin

Jackie Robinson and Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947)Baseball (1947)

Executive Order 9981 (1948)Executive Order 9981 (1948) Desegregation of government Desegregation of government

and militaryand military

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementDesegregationDesegregation

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education (1954)(1954) Desegregation of schoolsDesegregation of schools Overrules “separate but equal”Overrules “separate but equal” ““all deliberate speed”all deliberate speed”

White Southern ReactionWhite Southern Reaction Southern Manifesto (1956)Southern Manifesto (1956) Little Rock Nine (1957)Little Rock Nine (1957)

Eisenhower orders National Guard to Eisenhower orders National Guard to escort black students to Arkansas high escort black students to Arkansas high schoolschool

Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963)Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963) University of AlabamaUniversity of Alabama Governor George WallaceGovernor George Wallace

“Segregation Now…”

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights MovementRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus BoycottRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa ParksRosa Parks (Dec. 1, (Dec. 1, 1955)1955) Segregation on Segregation on

Montgomery, AL busesMontgomery, AL buses Refused to give up her seat Refused to give up her seat

and arrestedand arrested

Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)Boycott (1955-1956) Supreme Court ruled bus Supreme Court ruled bus

segregation unconstitutionalsegregation unconstitutional

Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King Jr.

Passive Resistance Bayard Rustin "Since being in India, I am more

convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity.”

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Network of churches to organize non-

violent civil rights demonstrations

Civil Rights MovementStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Sit-Ins Freedom Rides “By 1965, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any

civil rights organization in the South. It had organized nonviolent direct action against segregated facilities, as well as voter-registration projects, in Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Louisiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi; built two independent political parties and organized labor unions and agricultural cooperatives; and given the movement for women's liberation new energy. It inspired and trained the activists who began the "New Left." It helped expand the limits of political debate within Black America, and broadened the focus of the civil rights movement. Unlike mainstream civil rights groups, which merely sought integration of Blacks into the existing order, SNCC sought structural changes in American society itself”. - Julian Bond

Civil Rights MovementBirmingham and Washington

Birmingham Campaign (1963) Letter from Birmingham Jail

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.”

March on Washington (8/27/63) I Have a DreamI Have a Dream

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights MovementSelma March (1965)

From Selma to Montgomery (Alabama)

Blood Sunday (March 7) Voting Rights Act of 1965

Civil Rights MovementMalcolm X and Nation of Islam

Malcolm X Promoted black separatism,

black nationalism, black supremacy

“We don’t teach you to turn the other cheek. We teach you to obey the law… But at the same time, we teach you that anyone who puts his hands on you, you do your best to see that he doesn’t put it on anybody else.”

Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad Black separatism and black

pride

Civil Rights MovementBlack Power

Stokely Carmichael SNCC

Black Panthers Huey Newton and Bobby

Seale “Kill Whitey!” “Burn, baby, burn!”

Civil Rights MovementUrban Riots

Los Angeles (1965) Watts neighborhood 34 deaths, over 1000 injured

Detroit (1967) National guard and federal

troops and tanks sent 43 deaths, over 1000 injured

Kerner Commission Frustration among

impoverished urban blacks due to white racism

Attempt to improve inter-racial communications

Swinging SixtiesSwinging SixtiesNew LeftNew Left

Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Society (SDS) (1962) (1962) Condemned corporatism, Condemned corporatism,

racism, poverty, Vietnam War racism, poverty, Vietnam War (“The Establishment”)(“The Establishment”)

Berkeley Free Speech Berkeley Free Speech Movement (1964-1965)Movement (1964-1965)

Swinging SixtiesSwinging SixtiesCounterculture MovementCounterculture Movement

Hippies/Flower Children Hippies/Flower Children Non-violent anarchismNon-violent anarchism Rejection of materialismRejection of materialism Concern for the environmentConcern for the environment

Youth International Party (Yippies)Youth International Party (Yippies) Abbie HoffmanAbbie Hoffman Radical hippies known for theatrical Radical hippies known for theatrical

protests and tacticsprotests and tactics

Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s)Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s) Kinsey studies, novels, magazinesKinsey studies, novels, magazines Contraception and premarital sexContraception and premarital sex Abortion and Abortion and Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade (1973) (1973)

Swinging SixtiesSwinging SixtiesMusic as ExpressionMusic as Expression

ThemesThemes Anti-EstablishmentAnti-Establishment Anti-warAnti-war Promotion of counterculturePromotion of counterculture War - Edwin StarrWar - Edwin Starr

ArtistsArtists Bob DylanBob Dylan Jim MorrisonJim Morrison Rolling StonesRolling Stones The BeatlesThe Beatles Joan BaezJoan Baez Jimi HendrixJimi Hendrix

Woodstock (1969)Woodstock (1969) 500,000 attend 3-day rock concert500,000 attend 3-day rock concert

Vietnam ProtestsVietnam ProtestsSelf-immolation was an extreme form of protest.Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

19681968The Year of RageThe Year of Rage

Tet Offensive (Jan. 30)Tet Offensive (Jan. 30) Nguyen Van Lem Assassinated Nguyen Van Lem Assassinated

(Feb. 1)(Feb. 1) My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16)My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16) LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31)LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31) MLK Assassination (Apr. 4)MLK Assassination (Apr. 4) Columbia University Protests Columbia University Protests

(Apr. 23-30)(Apr. 23-30) Robert Kennedy Assassination Robert Kennedy Assassination

(June 5)(June 5) Democratic National Democratic National

Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30)Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30) Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)

Kent State University (1970)Kent State University (1970) Student protests of Student protests of

Cambodia invasionCambodia invasion Ohio National Guard Ohio National Guard

opened fire, killing 4 opened fire, killing 4 students and wounding 9 students and wounding 9 students (May 4, 1970)students (May 4, 1970)

President Nixon responded President Nixon responded with indifferencewith indifference

Majority of Americans Majority of Americans blamed studentsblamed students

Emphasized turmoil in Emphasized turmoil in America over Vietnam and America over Vietnam and the youth-based the youth-based counterculturecounterculture

Mary Ann Vecchio in anguish over Jeffrey Miller* Pulitzer Prize winning photo

Feminist MovementFeminist Movement The Feminine Mystique The Feminine Mystique by by

Betty Friedan (1963)Betty Friedan (1963) National Organization of National Organization of

Women (NOW)Women (NOW) Gloria SteinemGloria Steinem Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade (1973) (1973) Political GainsPolitical Gains

Sandra Day O’Connor - first Sandra Day O’Connor - first female Supreme Court justice female Supreme Court justice (1981)(1981)

Geraldine Ferraro - first major Geraldine Ferraro - first major party Vice Presidential party Vice Presidential candidate (1984)candidate (1984)

Madeline Albright - first female Madeline Albright - first female Secretary of State (1997)Secretary of State (1997)

Nancy Pelosi - first female Nancy Pelosi - first female Speaker of the House (2006)Speaker of the House (2006)

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) “Equality of rights

under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”

Phyllis Schlafly

Red - ratifiedYellow - rescinded ratificationGreen - ratified by only one state legislative chamberBlue - not ratified

Civil RightsHispanics

Hernandez v. Texas (1954) Chicano Movement

El Movimiento La Raza Unida

Cesar Chavez Viva la Causa Si Se Puede

Bilingual Education Coral Way Elementary (1963) Bilingual Education Act (1968)

Political Gains Sonia Sotomayor - first

Hispanic Supreme Court justice (2009)

Civil RightsNatives

American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968) Civil rights organization for

native property rights and cultural preservation and restoration

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Sports team references Washington Redskins

Civil RightsLGBT

Gay Liberation Movement Stonewall Riots (1969)

AIDS Setbacks

Anita Bryant and Save Our Children (1977)

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (1993) Defense of Marriage Act

(DOMA) (1996) Achievements

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) United States v. Windsor

(2013) Same-sex marriage

Contemporary Labor DevelopmentsContemporary Labor Developments Taft-Hartley Act (1947)Taft-Hartley Act (1947) AFL-CIO (1955)AFL-CIO (1955)

United Farm Workers United Farm Workers (UFW)(UFW)

United Farm WorkersUnited Farm Workers Cesar Chavez and Cesar Chavez and

Dolores HuertaDolores Huerta

Labor Unions WeakenLabor Unions Weaken PATCO Strike (1981)PATCO Strike (1981) NAFTA (1994)NAFTA (1994) Right-to-Work StatesRight-to-Work States OutsourcingOutsourcing

The The SunbeltSunbelt and Rustbelt and Rustbelt Why the Why the SunbeltSunbelt??

Low taxes, warmer climates, defense industries, right-to-work, immigrantsLow taxes, warmer climates, defense industries, right-to-work, immigrants RustbeltRustbelt

Deindustrialization due to globalization, domestic policies, demographics. Deindustrialization due to globalization, domestic policies, demographics. migrationmigration

Contemporary ImmigrationContemporary Immigration PushesPushes

Escape communism, violenceEscape communism, violence PullsPulls

Seek American DreamSeek American Dream Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies

Immigration Act of 1965Immigration Act of 1965 Eliminated 1920s quota lawsEliminated 1920s quota laws

Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) Penalties for illegal immigration employmentPenalties for illegal immigration employment Illegal immigrants before 1982 granted residencyIllegal immigrants before 1982 granted residency

Contemporary Society and CultureMulticulturalism

Melting Pot Americanization and

assimilation of diverse cultures

Salad Bowl Cultural mosaic Promotion of cultural

diversity Contemporary nativism

American exceptionalism English Language

Amendment

Contemporary Society and CultureEnvironmental Movement

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970)

Earth Day - April 22 Fossil Fuels

Oil Natural gas/fracking Coal

Alternative Fuel Sources Nuclear

Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima (2011)

Solar energy Electric hybrids

Global Warming/Climate Change Human impact on CO2 levels

Contemporary Society and CultureHealth

Medical Breakthroughs Polio Vaccine and Jonas

Salk (1955) CAT Scan (1971) MRI (1971) Stem cell therapy (1998)

Epidemics HIV/AIDS Cancer Obesity

Contemporary Society and CultureAmerican Family and Lifestyle

Graying of America 1/8th of Americans are 65 or

older (2000) Life expectancy is 78 years old

(2012) Baby boomers retiring and

impact on Social Security American Family

Nearly 50% divorce rates Single parenthood Different forms of family

Education 1 in 4 of 25-34 year olds a 4-

year college graduate Internet

Contemporary Society and CultureTechnology and the Future

Automation Internet

World Wide Web

Genetics DNA structure (1953) Human Genome Project