consumption of fertilizers and fertilizer use by …...5 1.0. introduction mozambique with estimated...

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CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC)

IN MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique March, 2015

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Contents 1.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5

1.1. Major Agro-ecological Zones, Coverage and farming systems of Mozambique .......................... 7

1.2. Major Soils of Mozambique and their distribution ..................................................................... 12

1.3. Climate of Mozambique .............................................................................................................. 12

1.4. Fertilizer sector in Mozambique ................................................................................................. 14

1.4.3. Policies, trade and market structure .................................................................................. 15

2.0. SOURCES OF DATA .......................................................................................................................... 17

2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ON SOURCES, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND DATA AVAILABLE TO CALCULATE

THE REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP ........................................................ 18

3.0. ESTIMATES OF REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION DATA ................................................................. 19

4.1. Crop Production in Mozambique ..................................................................................................... 22

4.0. ESTIMATES OF FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC) AND PER PROVINCE ........................................... 26

Table 8a: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Maputo ........................................................................... 28

Tabela 8b: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Gaza .............................................................................. 29

Tabela 8c: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Inhambane .................................................................... 30

Tabela 8d: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Sofala ............................................................................ 31

Tabela 8e: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Manica .......................................................................... 32

Tabela 8f: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Tete ................................................................................ 34

Tabela 8g: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Zambezia ....................................................................... 34

Tabela 8h: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Nampula ........................................................................ 35

Tabela 8i: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Cabo Delgado ................................................................. 35

Tabela 8j: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Niassa ............................................................................. 36

5.0. HOW TO DEAL WITH GAPS/MISSING DATA .................................................................................... 38

6.0. COST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COLLECTING REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION & FUBC DATA IN THE

CONTEXT OF MOZAMBIQUE. ...................................................................................................................... 38

7.0. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 39

8.0. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 40

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AFAP African Fertilizer and Agribusiness Partnership AGRA Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa INE National Institute of Statistics IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center GDP Growth Domestic Product DNSA National Directorate of Agrarian Services FAOSTAT Food Agriculture Organization Statistics MINAG Ministry of Agriculture GoM Government of Mozambique IFRPRI International Food Policy Research Institute DE Economic Directorate INIA Ex-National Institute for Agriculture Research IIAM Mozambican Agrarian Research Institute TIA Trabalho de Inquérito Agrário (Agrarian Survey Works)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Mozambican macroeconomic indicators of three last years 5 Table 2 The Main Private company fertilizer imports and exports in Mozambique 13 Table 3: SWOT analysis on public sector (government institutions, research institutions, and statistics) 16 Table 4: SWOT analysis on private sector (importers, blenders, distributors, hub dealers, agro dealers) 16 Table 5: Amount of fertilizer use (tons) in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 cropping seasons 16 Table 6: Main type of Crops and Total Area of Occupation 17 Table 6a: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (cereals) 18 Table 6b: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Pulses) 18 Table 6c: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Roots and Tubers) 19 Table 6d: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Horticultures) 20 Table 6e: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Fruits) 20 Table 6f: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2013 (Industrial crops) 21 Table 7: Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop per Nutrientand planted area in 2010 -2012 23 Table 8a Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Maputo 26 Table 8b Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Gaza 27 Table 8c Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Inhambane 28 Table 8d Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Sofala 29 Table 8e Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Manica 30 Table 8f Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Tete 31 Table 8g Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Zambézia 32 Table 8h Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Nampula 33 Table 8i Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Cabo Delgado 34 Table 8j Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Niassa 35 Table 9: Mozambican crop research fertilizer recommendations (kg/ha) 36

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones of Mozambique with research stations 10 Figure 2: Map of Mozambican soils based on FAO/UNESCO classification (1988) 12 Figure 3: Mozambican Fertilizer Market Structure 14

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LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1: Estimates of real fertilizer consumption data based on the FAOSTAT Annex 2: Estimates of fertilizer use by crop (FUBC) per nutrient based on the IFA format

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1.0. INTRODUCTION

Mozambique with estimated population of about 24.366.112 habitants and one of the highest population

growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa of 2.8 percent per year, has a total area of about 799 380 km2, where

about 45.8 percent (360.000 km2) of it is the arable land, from which only about14 percent (50.860km2)

of the total arable land was cultivated in 2012/2013, representing an increment of about 1,5 percent when

compared with 2006/07 (INE, 2013; MINAG/DE/DNSA, 2012; Mozambican Agriculture Development

Strategy, 2006).

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in Mozambique’s economy and for the welfare of its people. In

2013, it contributed with about 30.0 percent of the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) and employed about

75 percent of the total labor force, where about 65.3 percent living in rural areas (INE, 2013 and 2011).

These rural households are predominantly smallholders who provide about 95 percent of agricultural GDP

with the balance from a small number of medium and large commercial farms. Average cultivated area

per household is only about 1.5 hectares (INE, 2013; 2012; and 2011; Mozambican Agriculture

Development Strategy, 2006).

Despite the situation of uncertain security and occurrence of natural hazards, in 2013 Mozambique has

recorded a robust economic activity. The large floods that occurred in the first semester of 2013 in some

provinces in the southern and central region contributed negatively to the reduction of the real GDP

growth to 7.0 percent, 0.1 percent and 0.3 percent lower than in 2012 and 2011, respectively (see Table

1).

Similarly, the real GDP per capita decreased from 9.3 percent in 2011 to 4.5 percent in 2013. Whereas,

the contribution of agriculture sector to the real GDP growth has been showing slight increase from 30.9

percent in 2011 to 32.5 in 2012 and then it decreased to 29.0 percent in 2013 (see Table 1) (INE, 2013).

This could due to the flooding registered early in 2013; and due to the land expansion that sugar cane and

tobacco companies did in 2011 and 2012 which resulted in increased crop production.

Nevertheless, the Mozambican economy remains strongly dynamic with GDP growth rates above those

of Sub-Saharan Africa and Developed Countries. This is driven by mega projects, predominantly funded

by foreign capital, especially the extractive industries, aluminum and energy. This high growth rate has

not yet been translated into significant reductions in poverty (which is about 54 percent) and the social

inequalities have increased all over the country.

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Table 1: Mozambican macroeconomic indicators of three last years

Parameter Year

2011 2012 2013

Real GDP growth rate (%) 7.3 7.1 7.0 Real GDP per capita (%) 9.3 4.7 4.5 Agriculture sectors’ contribution to the GDP (%) 30.9 32.5 29.0

Source: Author’s compilation based on the Mozambican Statistical Yearbooks of 2011, 2012 and 2013.

The Mozambican agricultural sector performance in the last decade has been impressive. Recent data from World Bank (2012) show that between 2000 and 2011 agricultural value-added grew at an average rate of 8.4 percent per year (World Bank, 2012). This performance is above the Africa-wide CAADP target of achieving 6 percent annual average growth rate. However, some of the recent studies (Locke, 2014; MINAG/DE, 2013; IFPRI, 2012) are worried about its sustainability. For instance, IFPRI (2012) has indicated that this agricultural growth has been driven by rapid agricultural land expansion rather than by technological changes, as consequence of policies and public spending. Although this land expansion is not a bad thing, and it has been driven by the return of a large rural population to agriculture from around 1993 onwards following the civil war that ended in 1992, the limits to area expansion threaten this path of agricultural growth (IFPRI, 2012).

In 2013, the agriculture sector has registered relatively lower growth rate of about 4.6 percent. This could be related to the fact that agriculture in Mozambique is mainly dominated by smallholders who farm in a risky environment that is vulnerable natural hazards such as droughts and floods that have been occurring in the last three years, and also due to the increasingly soil fertility depletion without proper replenishment measures.

In 2013, the gross national income per capita in dollars has been increased by 6.7 percent and 14.1 percent compared to 2012 and 2011, respectively. The export growth rate has increased from 8.9 percent in 2011 to 16.9 percent in 2012. This could be due to the increment of about 12.0 percent (from 2011 to 2012) in exportations of mineral products by the extractive industries.

In 2013, the food crops production increased by 4.8 percent in relation to the previous year of 2012. Cassava and maize, staple food crops, have contributed by about 72 percent and 20 percent to the food crops production in both years (2012 and 2013), respectively. Whereas, income crops production has decreased by 8.4 percent in the same period. The majority of out-grower schemes have been affected negatively by the flooding registered 2013 which where compared with the ones of 2000. Nevertheless, sugar cane has been the major contributor to the total cash crops production with 89.1 percent in 2012 and 90.1 percent in 2013. This could be related to the increment on the investment on this sub sector by sugar companies driven by improved measures adopted by Mozambican Government in controlling the illegal importers of the product from the neighboring countries.

On the other hand, contradictory information based the TIA data, Cunguara and Kelly (2009) showed that land and labour productivity have constant or decreased during the last years. These studies justify their position by the low use of productivity-enhancing services and technologies including improved seeds, fertilizers and irrigation (IFPRI, 2012). Still according to IFPRI (2012), only about 15 percent of the agricultural households have access to or are using improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigations, and better crop management techniques, and this figure has remained constant or declined over time.

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According to Cunguara et al. (2013), increased agricultural productivity affects the Mozambican population in many ways. First, it helps to keep down food prices by reducing imports of agricultural products, which is often subject to increase in fuel prices in the international market. Second, the increase in productivity through use of improved technologies, combined with best post-harvest management measures that include storage and processing can increase the availability of food throughout the year, improving thus food security and nutrition of families. Third, when combined with improvement of marketing infrastructure, increased productivity results in higher household incomes.

In Mozambique, the major challenges being faced by agricultural sector include among others the

following:

i) Inadequate and/or poor use of agricultural improved technologies.

ii) Poor quality of agriculture products, what make them to be not competitive and thus the last

choice to the consumer with the lowest prices in region;

iii) Poor quality of agriculture assistance services;

iv) The disproportion in public spending allocated to agriculture, compared with other sectors of

the economy.

v) Poor rural infra-structure and markets;

vi) Poor access to health services, combined with weak nutritional status and prevalence of

HIV/AIDS and Malaria;

vii) The majority of smallholder farmers relaying on subsistence agriculture that is dependent on

rain fed agriculture;

viii) Poor infra-structures in the research stations.

Nevertheless, agriculture sector has many opportunities which if used effectively and efficiently could

help to increase agricultural productivity and thus improve the livelihoods and reduces the poverty levels

in the country. These opportunities include:

(a) Abundance arable agricultural land, non-periodic river for setting irrigation schemes, and highly competitive energy infra-structures;

(b) Existence of public and international research institutions equipped with qualified staff; (c) Highly diversified agro-ecological zonation; (d) Strategic location of the country in the southern Africa, that allow the country ease access to the

Indian Ocean, and thus accessing domestic, regional and international markets for agricultural commodities;

(e) Favourable policies for doing business, and high Donors interest in investing in the agriculture sector; and

(f) Existence of institutional reforms for improving efficiency and effectiveness in the provision of public services.

1.1. Major Agro-ecological Zones, Coverage and farming systems of Mozambique Mozambique is broadly differentiated by topography (especially altitude), rainfall and temperature, soil

type, and texture and proximity to the coast, offering a wide range of production opportunities;

agricultural potential is high despite frequent droughts and floods. The arid and semiarid areas (mostly in

the south and south‐west) are characterized by poorer soils and scarce rainfall and are subject to recurrent

droughts and floods. These areas – together with coastal communities, which suffer extreme isolation –

are the poorest in the country. The sub‐humid zones (mostly in the center and the north), the humid

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highlands (mostly the central provinces), and the good rainfall and fertility soils of northern and parts of

central provinces are generally characterized by agricultural surpluses (INIA, 1997).

Ten broad agro ecological zones are generally recognized, based on agro‐ecological conditions (Figure 1):

R1: The inland Maputo and south Gaza region is a small area covering the Inland strip of Maputo Province

and the southern inland of Gaza Province. The major part of the region is under 200 meters altitude; the

land of Namaacha reaches 500 meters altitude. Rains are concentrated from November to March and the

season characterized by great irregularity with respect to the beginning, duration, and quantity of

precipitation. Rain can occur in this region during the cool season. During the growing period a moderately

warm temperature dominates (20-25 °C). With the exception of the region of Pequenos Libombos,

Moamba, Limpopo valley, Incomati and Umbeluzi rivers, the soils are sandy or sandy loams. Farmers

cultivate land all year. During the rainy season they produce maize, cowpea, peanuts and cassava. The

most preferred soils for cassava and groundnut are of light texture. Given the short duration of the

growing season, short-cycle crop varieties are normally used. Sweet potato is grown on the lowest land

and along watercourses and where moisture is retained. This region has large areas of pasture with a rural

population that traditionally raises cattle and goats. In the region, important areas of irrigation exist that

could be increased in the medium term.

R2: The coastal region south of the Save River is an extensive area from southern Maputo Province to

northern Inhambane Province that has one of the highest population densities in the country. There is a

warm rainy season between November and March in most of the region, not including an area adjacent

to the coast where rain can start in October and last until April. Rains can occur during the cool season,

which has particular benefits for cassava and cashew nut. With the exception of alluvial land and certain

low zones, the soils have a sandy texture. The most important annual crops are maize, cowpea, groundnut,

sweet potato, and cassava. Depending on the type of land, maize/cowpea and cassava/groundnut are the

dominant crop systems. Due to the limited availability of land, there is a tendency to intercrop all four

crops. The bush fallow rotation is in decline due to land shortage, and the fallow period has been reduced

from 20 years to 5 years with 3 years of cropping. Without the use of fertilizers where conditions allow, it

can be expected that land productivity will decrease significantly. The production of cashew in this region

is one of the most important sources of income for the rural population. Local farmers can earn 2 –3.5

million metical. The low areas and the river valleys are important for rice production.

R3: The central and northern parts of Gaza and the west Inhambane region consist of a vast interior zone

with little population. It is one of the most arid regions of the county with an annual rainfall of only 400-

600 mm, concentrated between November and February. Given the lack of soil moisture, sorghum and

millet are also grown in the region. Maize has limited potential. Family farmers also have small holdings

of cattle and goats. Considering the duration of the crop growing period, short-cycle varieties and

techniques of moisture conservation are important requirements to ensure an acceptable degree of food

self-sufficiency for the rural population of this region.

R4: The medium altitude region of central Mozambique is a region that includes land between 200 and

1,000 meters above sea level located in the Provinces of Sofala and Manica. It has an annual rainfall of

1,000-1,200 mm concentrated between November and March. The crop growing period is 120-180 days.

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The majority of soils are light, with some occurrence of heavy soils. The average temperature during the

crop growing period is 17.5 -22 °C. Main crops are maize, sorghum, cassava, and cowpea. In the more

moist areas, farmers cultivate sweet potato and rice. This region has good potential to produce cotton. It

is a region with moderate to high population.

R5: The low altitude region of Sofala and Zambézia embraces a strip of land on the coast of variable width

that extends from the south of Sofala to Pebane district in Zambézia province. Depending on the

topography, soils have a sandy texture alternating with regions of heavy texture (fluvisols and vertisols).

In general the region has moderate to high annual rainfall (1,000 mm-1,400 mm) and a corresponding

evapo-transpiration range. The rainy period starts in November and ends between March and May,

depending on the area. In heavy soils, rice cultivation is dominant. In regions of well-drained soils, maize,

sorghum, millet, cassava, and cowpea are found in association depending on the availability of land and

water. Cashew and cotton are important cash crops in the farming systems. Production estimates vary

along the area, i.e., maize production of 600-800 kg/ha, sorghum and millet of 500 to 750 kg/ha, cassava

of 6,000-8,000 kg/ha.

R6: The semi-arid region of the Zambezi valley and southern Tete province includes from the driest region

of the Zambezi watershed upstream from Mopeia district to the border of Zambia. Most areas do not

exceed 200 meters in altitude, and the rainfall is 500-800 mm, concentrated between November and

March. Downstream is rainier and has two distinct regions of annual evapotranspiration potential: one of

1,200-1,400 mm and an area with a large water deficit for most of the year and an elevated risk of crop

loss. The crops of sorghum and millet average 600 kg/ha. Cassava is not cultivated due to the complete

absence of rain during the cool season and the elevated evapo-transpiration rate. There is great potential

for cotton cultivation on well-drained land and rice on the margins of watercourses.

R7: The medium altitude region of Zambézia, Nampula, Tete, Niassa and Cabo Delgado is vast and includes

the land between 200 and 1,000 meters in altitude (sub-planaltic, low planaltic, and mid planaltic) in the

interior of Zambézia, Nampula and southern Cabo Delgado and Niassa. The annual rainfall and potential

evapo-transpiration of the region ranges from areas above 25 °C (classified as warm region) and others

with temperatures of 20-25 °C (moderately warm). The texture of the soils varies from sandy to clay,

consistent with the topography. Basically there are two types of cropping systems that differ by being

dominated by maize or sorghum. Cassava is widely cultivated; cowpeas and groundnuts are other

important crops. In the easternmost part of the region cashew is very important, in almost the entire

region there is high potential for cotton production that has been practiced over several decades. This is

an agricultural area with important human and agro-ecological potential. Typical maize yields average

1,000 kg/ha, while sorghum production averages 750 kg/ha.

R8: The coastal littoral of Zambézia, Nampula and Cabo Delgado consists of a strip of land of varying width

on this coast from Pebane in Zambézia to Quionga in Cabo Delgado. The average temperature during the

growing season is greater than 25 °C. The annual rainfall ranges is 800-1,200 mm, and the evapo-

transpiration rate is 1,400 - 1,600 mm. Sandy soils, with heaver soils in the lowest areas. The production

system is characterized by the production of cassava and millet. In the low areas, rain fed rice is cultivated.

Cashew has great importance for income for family farmers.

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R9: The northern region of Cabo Delgado includes the plateau of Mueda and Macomia and the

surrounding areas of more than 200 meters altitude. The annual rainfall is 1,000 mm-1,200 mm, and the

annual evapo-transpiration potential is 1,200 mm - 400 mm. The rains are concentrated between

December and March and are normally regular. The soils are loamy to sandy texture, with heavier soils

occurring in the lowest areas. The dominant crop in the production system is maize. Sorghum, cowpeas,

cassava, and sesame are also cultivated. Cashew is an important source of income.

R10: The high altitude region of Zambézia, Niassa, and Angonia-Maravia includes land above 1,000 meters,

notably in the planaltic regions of Lichinga, Angonia, Maravia, high Zambézia, Serra Choa, Manica and

Espungabera. The annual rainfall is greater than 1,200 mm and average temperature during the period is

15-22.5 °C. The soils are principally ferralsols. Apart from maize, common beans and potatoes are the

main crops. Given the high levels of rainfall, erosion, and the loss of soil fertility are important problems.

Finger millet is also cultivated in the area and has important potential as a food and cash crop (IFAD, 2005).

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Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones of Mozambique with research stations.

Source: IIAM, 2002

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1.2. Major Soils of Mozambique and their distribution

In Mozambique, the soil fertility depletion in small- and large-scale cropping systems is one of the greatest

biophysical constraints to increase agricultural productivity, particularly on those cultivated fields

receiving more than 1000 mm of annual precipitation, having high soil fertility and an annual erosion of

25 t ha y-1 (Folmer et al., 1998). These situation is worsened by the low to moderate fertility that 94

percent of these soils present (INIA, 1997) and the fact that the majority of smallholder farmers lack

financial resources to purchase sufficient amount of mineral fertilizers to replace soil nutrients removed

through harvested products (Jama et al., 2000), crop residues and through loss by runoff, leaching and

gases (Bekunda et al., 1997).

Mozambique has seventeen (17) dominant soil types which are shown in the Map of Mozambique (see

Figure 2). These soils have low to moderate fertility, except fluvisols which are predominant in valleys of

the Zambezi, Limpopo, and Incomati. In the north of the country, in areas with intermediate altitude

predominate luxisols and luvisols. These soils have light surface layers on heavier subsoil with a low to

moderate fertility. The soils of the upland areas with higher rainfall are acidic, heavy, with a low soil

fertility and high capacity to fix phosphorus, but with good physical characteristics (ferralsols and acrisols).

Large part of the country is characterized by arenosols, especially in the south, with a very low fertility

and water retention. In terms of percentages one would have the following distribution of the most

abundant soils: arenosols (28 percent, 225630 km2), luxisols (23 percent, 176387km2), leptosols (9

percent, 67268km2), acrisols (8 percent, 59614km2), ferralsols (7 percent, 55092km2), fluvisols (6 percent,

46970km2) and luvisols (5 percent, 36765km2), of the total land surface of Mozambique (INIA, 1997).

1.3. Climate of Mozambique

Mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons, a Wet season from October of a year to March of

the following year and a Dry season from April to September. Climatic conditions, however, vary

depending on altitude. Rainfall is heavy along the coast and high lands and decreases in the south. Annual

precipitation varies from 350 to 1,400 mm depending on the region, with an average of 800 mm. Cyclones

and floods are common during the wet season. Average temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13 to 24

°C in July to 22 to 31 °C in February.

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Figure 2: Map of Mozambican soils based on FAO/UNESCO classification (1988).

Source: INIA, 1997.

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1.4. Fertilizer sector in Mozambique

Before the liberalization of the Mozambican economy in the 1990s, most of the actors in the fertilizer

sector where in the public sector. This sector used to represent approximately 47 percent of the total

imported fertilizer, and an additional 26 percent coming from commercial concessionary holders,

particularly Agro-químicos, Tobacco companies, sugar cane companies, Boror and Enacomo (Zandamela,

2004). During that time there was no private institutions to link fertilizer suppliers with smallholder

farmers. Furthermore, the importation through public sector was canceled in 2000 due to management

failures in importation and distribution (Mozambican Agriculture Development Strategy, 2006). The

commercial concessionary holders would import blended fertilizers and deliver it to their registered

smallholder farmers on credit, and recover the costs at the sale of farmers’ output after harvest. However,

in the last 5 years, the commercial concessionary holders have stopped importing fertilizers and are now

procuring it from local fertilizer blenders in the country.

1.4.1. Mozambican growth corridors

Mozambique has 4 economic growth corridors which are part of a number of other corridors have been

established across the Southern African region as a tool to support economic integration, as they serve to

open up markets and promote increased trade and investment. The growth corridors in Mozambique

have strengthened partnerships and increased the attractiveness of the region to the business sector

resulting in a growth in international competitiveness. The four corridors are:

(a) Maputo Corridor is located in the Southern Region of Mozambique and it connects South Africa’s

Gauteng Province to Mozambique’s Maputo port, while also ‘unlocking the landlocked regions of

Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces in South Africa and Gaborone in Botswana. This Corridor has

one of the strongest road infrastructures in the SADC Region connecting the Maputo port to South

Africa.

The remaining 3 growth corridors have been specially characterized with fast growth in the agricultural

sector-in both large scale and small scale farming in the recent past, as there has been an increase in

fertilizer volumes imported through these ports for consumption within Mozambique and to the

neighboring landlocked countries.

(b) Beira Corridor is located in the Central Region of Mozambique and it connects hinterland

countries like Zimbabwe and Malawi, and Mozambique’s interior, to the port at Beira in

Mozambique.

(c) Zambezi Valley Corridor is located in Central Region of Mozambique and it includes the Mozambican Tete Province and the southern part of Malawi.

(d) Nacala Corridor is located in the Northern Region of Mozambique, and it extends from the Nacala

Port to inland districts of Mozambique and further to neighboring countries of Malawi and

Zambia.

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1.4.2. Key private fertilizer players in Mozambique

The main sources of fertilizer consumed in Mozambique are the local blending fertilizer producers and

the international market. According to the information provided by the companies importing fertilizer

into Mozambique, they import fertilizers from India, China, Israel, Russia, Morocco, South Africa, USA,

Russia, Ukraine, Finland, Norway, Australia, Morocco, Egypt and others. Fertilizer comes through3 main

ports in Mozambique i.e. Maputo port, Beira Port and the Nacala Port; and the South Africa border (by

truck).Table 2 gives a summary of 14 key fertilizer importers in Mozambique. The first 5 companies on the

list are also involved in local production of fertilizer blends.

Table 2: Fertilizer importers in Mozambique

Company Volumes (% share of Imports)

GreenBelt Fertilizers 34,43

Mozambique Fertilizer Company 26,21

Export Trading Company 5,00

Omnia 11,00

Kynoch 2,00

Agrifocus Lda 7,00

Mitsui Corporation 1,00

Africa Fertilizers Lda 12,00

Agroglobal Lda 0,40

Soluções Rurais Lda 0,10

BIOCHEM 0,02

SAVAL SA 0,51

TECAP Lda. 0,11

LUSOSEM 0,22

Total 100%

Source: data compiled by the author.

1.4.3. Policies, trade and market structure

In the fertilizer sector, there are currently a number of approved documentation by government in

support of the development of the fertilizer market-importation and distribution of fertilizer. Most recent

development was the drafting of a National Fertilizer Strategy in 2012, and the ongoing review of a

Fertilizer Act by parliament.

The GoM in collaboration with non-governmental organizations such as AGRA, AFAP, and IFDC, have in

the recent past engaged activities in a bid to improve the farmer’s access to fertilizer through the training

of agro-dealers, farmers and extension service agents.

According to MINAG (2006), up until 1996, the Government of Mozambique (GoM) was responsible for

the importation of all agro-inputs. Due to inefficiencies in the procurement processes, GoM withdrew

from this activity, and private firms were allowed to import ago-inputs on behalf of the government.

Today, fertilizer is imported by the private sector: Fertilizer companies (producers and distributors) and

commercials farms (Sugar and Tobacco schemes)

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Access to fertilizer in the rural areas is very limited due to lack of proper infrastructure especially

transport. This in turn contributes to high costs of fertilizers as suppliers in these areas are also limited.

Mozambican fertilizer market structure is summarized in the figure below (Figure 3).

Approximately 80 percent of the fertilizer distributed by the government district agriculture sector to the

smallholder farmers goes through the FAO voucher program and the remaining 20 percent comes from

local retailers. The fertilizer from tobacco and sugar cane companies gets to smallholder farmers through

the well-organized out grower schemes.

Figure 3: Mozambican Fertilizer Market Structure.

International Fertilizer

Suppliers

100%

Others

4.36%

OMNIA

11%

Mozfert

26.21%

Greenbelt

34.43%

Agri-Focus

7%

Export Trading Company

5%

Africa Fert

12%

Tobacco

Company

20.14%

Sugar Cane Company

48.95% Hub

Agro-dealers

10.0% GoM/FAO-

Voucher Program

4.0%

Others

1.05%

SHF

Production

35%

Out-Grower

Scheme

65%

SHF

production

100%

Banana

Company

15.86%

Out-Grower

Scheme

100%

Agro-dealers

75%

LSF

20% Others

5%

Retailers

20%

SHF

80%

17

2.0. SOURCES OF DATA For the present study, two methods were applied in collecting data and information, namely: (i) secondary

data from various past studies and (ii) empirical data collection through interviews with key players on

the fertilizer value chain in the government and private sector (Ministry of Agriculture, fertilizer

companies, out-grower companies, research institutions, agro-dealers, etc.). This study was derived most

of the data from existing or secondary sources or reports on fertilizer value chain in Mozambique by

various institutions/organizations (Ministry of Agriculture through the National Direction of Agrarian

Services and Provincial Directions of Agriculture, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Transport and

Communications, Out-Growers Schemes, African Fertilizer Agribusiness partnership – AFAP, Mozambican

Revenue Authority, Fertilizer importers and exporters, etc.).

Looking at the sources of the data presented below, it is important to note that it is difficult to speak of

the agricultural sector in Mozambique progress without addressing the question of the system of national

agricultural statistics. There are two main sources of data. The Working Agricultural Survey (TIA), which

uses difficult methodologies for collecting data, and is a representative survey of agricultural production

household. This is implemented by the Department of Directorate for Statistics Economy of the Ministry

of Agriculture (MINAG). This information is only made available with delays in time and is not frequently

updated.

The second source of agricultural data is the Early Warning, of the National Directorate of Agrarian

Services (DNSA) of MINAG. Early Warning applies a methodology, with varying degrees of success, which

is designed to provide only estimate the levels of production before sowing and harvesting. In addition,

due to the fact that it uses estimative methods and being focused only on collecting information of

prognosis of the cropping season, the sample is smaller and more information is made available quickly

and can be used for planning proposes (Cunguara et al., 2013). Therefore, in the last years the TIA data is

being taken as official, where they are available. In the past, the FAOSTAT used data from early warning,

but from 2005 they are using data from TIA. Thereby, in this document it has been used data from TIA and

FAOSTAT.

18

2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ON SOURCES, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND DATA AVAILABLE TO

CALCULATE THE REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP

Table 3: SWOT analysis on public sector (government institutions, research institutions, and statistics)

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Existence of two major sources of agricultural statistics;

Mozambican fertilizer legislation in place to govern fertilizer demand establishment, availability, distribution and utilization by producers;

Inexistence of reliable fertilizer data collection tools and institution;

Luck of coordinated and consistent data collection tools;

Lack of trained public sector staff on fertilizer control, importation, production, distribution measures and monitoring;

Existence of international institution such as FAO, IFDC, and IFPRI interested in helping the Government on fertilizer data collection measures.

Difficulty in adoption of better collection and analysis tools for fertilizer stats by the GoM.

Table 4: SWOT analysis on private sector (importers, blenders, distributors, hub dealers, agro dealers)

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Uncoordinated data on fertilizers manufacturing, imports, exports, use and usage;

Confidentiality on data among fertilizer importers, blenders, and distributors and other stakeholders.

Availability of

natural

resources

(hydrocarbons,

Calcium,

organic

fertilizer, etc.)

for fertilizer

industry;

Create a platform where private sector can give reliable data and in return get an

19

Hub dealers/agro-dealers do not maintain proper records of their sales and thus we using estimates of the annual sales;

opportunity to promote their products-thus expanding their markets;

3.0. ESTIMATES OF REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION DATA

The fertilizer consumption in Mozambique has quadruplicated in the last four years from 51.400,00 Mt in

2010 (MINAG, 2012) to about 189.157,72 Mt in 2013/2014 (Table 5). This could have mainly be attributed

to the removal of some of fertilizer importations taxes, the approval of fertilizer legislation, infrastructure

improvements made at ports that include offloading infrastructure and warehousing. The GoM and its

partners on fertilizer value chain (AFAP, IFDC, etc.) have been assisting the new players and/or improve

the capacity of existing players boosting the blending and supplying/distribution capacities; in addition to

the training of approximately 300 Hub Agro-dealers and financing of the construction of about 15

warehouses with storage capacities of 500Mt of fertilizers within rural areas. Also, according to MINAG/DE

(2012) the cultivated land has increased by about 38.30 percent from 2010 to 2012. Despite the rapid

increase of fertilizer consumption in the country, mineral fertilizer use by smallholder farmers (SHF) in

cereals and vegetables production still remain low, at approximately 4 percent (MINAG/DE, 2012). Major

efforts have been made to avail and enable smallholder farmers to use fertilizers for crop production and

productivity, such as IFDC and AFAP demonstrations plots for fertilizer use with Agro-dealers and farmers

within Beira and Nacala Corridors.

On the other hand, most of the smallholder farmers that have used mineral fertilizers, did so through the

concessionary companies (sugar, cotton and tobacco companies) via farming contracts. For instance,

sugar cane blend (NPK 16.2:0:32.4) has been the most used fertilizer in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014

cropping seasons, with 46.5 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively. Tobacco blend (NPK 12:12:12) has

been the second most used mineral fertilizer in both years of analysis (see Table 5). Detailed analysis of

fertilizer use by crop is shown on Annex 1: FAOSTAT table.

Table 5: Amount of fertilizer used (tons) by crop in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 cropping seasons

Fertilizer type Crop/group Year

2012/2013 2013/2014

Total (tons) Per each crop

(tons)

% fertilizer per crop

Total (tons) Per each crop

(tons)

% fertilizer per crop

Ammonium Nitrate Baby corn 532,70 532,70 100,00% 752,80 752,80 100,00%

Ammonium Sulfate Fine beans 576,30 576,30 100,00% 472,70 472,70 100,00%

NPK Mg S B Zn 10:0.2:32:1:4:0.1:0.3

Banana 7,25 7,25 100,00% 10,80 10,80 100,00%

CAN 27% 1.986,93 1.922,85

20

Tobacco 1.944,00 97,84% 1.040,00 54,09%

Maize, Vegetables

32,70 1,65% 872,62 45,38%

Chilies 6,93 0,35% 6,93 0,36%

Fine beans 0,90 0,05% 0,90 0,05%

Peas 2,40 0,12% 2,40 0,12%

Compost 13.570,00 7.008,40

Chilies 2.310,00 17,02% 2.120,00 30,25%

Baby corn 9.360,00 68,98% 3.568,40 50,92%

Fine beans 300,00 2,21% 300,00 4,28%

Peas 1.600,00 11,79% 1.020,00 14,55%

NPK 10:24:20 Tobacco 58,85 58,85 100,00% 60,45 60,45 100,00%

Compound W 900,00 900,00 100,00% 1.008,00 1.008,00 100,00%

NPK 8:15:14 Cotton 120,00 120,00 100,00% 108,00 108,00 100,00%

KCl/MOP 1.989,50 1.640,70

Banana 1.907,75 95,89% 1.559,00 95,02%

Chilies 11,55 0,58% 11,50 0,70%

Baby corn 70,20 3,53% 70,20 4,28%

Magnesium oxide 114,50 108,60

Baby corn 93,60 81,75% 93,60 86,19%

Fine beans 1,50 1,31% 1,50 1,38%

Chilies 11,55 10,09% 9,50 8,75%

Peas 7,85 6,86% 4,00 3,68%

NPK S B Zn 15:23:16:6:0.3:0.8

Baby corn, vegetables

390,00 390,00 100,00% 400,00 400,00 100,00%

MAP 27.692,15 30.769,05

Banana 27.556,44 99,51% 30.633,34 99,56%

Chilies 16,36 0,06% 16,36 0,05%

Baby corn 93,60 0,34% 93,60 0,30%

Fine beans 3,75 0,01% 3,75 0,01%

Peas 22,00 0,08% 22,00 0,07%

DAP Cereals, beans

1.449,20 1.449,20 100,00% 1.521,76 1.521,76 100,00%

NPK 12:12:12 Tobacco 34.639,03 34.639,03 100,00% 39.287,00 39.287,00 100,00%

NPK 12:20:20 Tobacco 1.023,00 1.023,00 100,00% 1.984,00 1.984,00 100,00%

NPK 12:24:12 774,30 1.531,09

Jatropha 10,00 1,29% 30,00 1,96%

Sunflower 30,00 3,87% 45,00 2,94%

Maize 233,00 30,09% 450,00 29,39%

Cotton 0,00 0,00% 9,00 0,59%

Potatoes 100,00 12,91% 192,00 12,54%

Rice 30,00 3,87% 40,00 2,61%

Vegetables 371,30 47,95% 765,09 49,97%

21

NPK 14:18:18 Maize, wheat, cassava, rice, Vegetables and burley.

150,00 150,00 100,00% -- -- --

NPK S B Zn 15:20:11:6.3:0.3:0.8

Maize 1,70 1,70 100,00% 15,40 15,40 100,00%

NPK 16.2:0:32.4 Sugar cane 67.647,06 67.647,06 100,00% 77.095,54 77.095,54 100,00%

NPK 19.5:30.4:7.61 Eucalyptus 5.000,00 5.000,00 100,00% -- -- --

NPK 20.5: 4.1: 20.5 Pines -- -- -- 2.700,00 2.700,00 100,00%

NPK 7:14:7 Maize 152,05 152,05 100,00% -- -- --

NPK S Zn B 18:28:4:5:1:1 Maize, beans, wheat and vegetables

2.348,65 2.348,65 100,00% -- -- --

Others 110,47 110,47 100,00% 48,79 48,79 100,00%

NPK 20:21:0 Pasture -- -- -- 100,00 100,00 100,00%

Ratoon Blend (45% Ammonium Nitrate)

Maize 264,00 264,00 100,00% -- -- --

NPK 10:30:10 408,28 0,00% -- -- --

Chilies 28,88 7,07% -- -- --

Baby corn 362,90 88,89% -- -- --

Fine beans 4,50 1,10% -- -- --

Peas 12,00 2,94% -- -- --

NPK 14.5:14.5:20 Sugar cane 1.031,05 1.031,05 100,00% -- -- --

SOP 123,30 716,69

Chilies 0,00 0,00% 0,00 0,00%

Baby corn 101,30 82,16% 694,69 96,93%

Fine beans 6,00 4,87% 6,00 0,84%

Peas 16,00 12,98% 16,00 2,23%

NPK 8:18:10 Soybean 61,00 61,00 100,00% 13,12 13,12 100,00%

Sulpher Baby corn 116,15 116,15 100,00% -- -- --

Urea 46% 14.306,34 19.881,98

Tobacco 8.510,00 59,48% 12.640,00 63,58%

Maize 644,40 4,50% 644,40 3,24%

Rice 105,00 0,73% 105,00 0,53%

Potatoes 192,00 1,34% 192,00 0,97%

Vegetables 1.410,00 9,86% 2.023,00 10,18%

Baby corn 11,70 0,08% 11,70 0,06%

Chilies 6,96 0,05% 6,96 0,04%

Fine beans 4,50 0,03% 4,50 0,02%

Peas 12,00 0,08% 12,00 0,06%

Jatropha 60,00 0,42% 60,00 0,30%

22

Sunflower 90,00 0,63% 90,00 0,45%

Sugar cane 3.259,78 22,79% 4.092,42 20,58%

Grand Total 177.543,76 189.157,72

Source: Author’s compilation from Private fertilizer importers, Tobacco Company, Sugar Cane Company and GoM.

3.1. Crop Production in Mozambique

According to MINAG/DE (2012) cereals (where maize contributed with 68.2 percent) are the main type of

crops grown across the country followed by roots and tubers (where cassava contributed with 95.6

percent), pulses (beans, cowpeas, green gram, pigeon pea, and soybeans), oil seeds and oil nuts, industrial

crops, and vegetables as shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Main type of Crops and Total Area of Occupation

Main type of crops Area (ha) Percentage of Total Land Area (%)

Cereals 2,305,367.59 46.79

Pulses 797,538.61 16.19

Oil seeds and oil nuts 493,986.66 10.03

Industrial Crops 267,829.59 5.44

Vegetables 224,520.04 4.56

Roots and Tubers 837,409.99 17.00

Total 4,926,652.48 100.00

Source: MINAG/DE/DNSA – Inquérito Integrado Agrícola, 2012.

The national area, production and average yields of specific crops in the country from 2010/2011 to

2012/2013 are summarized in Table 6a, b c, d, e and f.

Table 6a: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (cereals)

Crop Data Year

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Cereals

Maize1 Area ('000' ha) 1,431.000 1,572.000 1,608.000

Production ('000' tons) 1,071.429 1,177.000 1,207.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.749 0.749 0.751

Sorghum1 Area ('000' ha) 311.000 307.000 314.000

Production ('000' tons) 140.811 139.000 145.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.453 0.453 0.462

Millet1 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 55.000 56.000

Production ('000' tons) 18.000 22.000 25.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.400 0.400 0.446

Rice, paddy2 Area ('000' ha) 238.778 238.000 300.000

Production ('000' tons) 271.402 280.000 351.000

Yields (tons/ha) 1.137 1.176 1.170

Wheat2 Area ('000' ha) 11.941 12.000 12.300

Production ('000' tons) 20.350 20.200 20.500

23

Yields (tons/ha) 1.704 1.683 1.667

Source: 1 Mozambican Statistical Yearbook, 2011, 2012, 2013; 2FAOSTAT,

http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015

Table 6b: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Pulses)

Crop Data Year

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Pulses

Beans, dry2 Area ('000' ha) 700.000 759.313 750.000

Production ('000' tons) 200.000 281.922 250.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.286 0.371 0.333

Peanuts1 Area ('000' ha) 366.000 389.000 398.000

Production ('000' tons) 106.319 113.000 117.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.290 0.290 0.294

Cowpeas2 Area ('000' ha) 300.000 346.811 320.000

Production ('000' tons) 70.000 85.484 80.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.233 0.246 0.250



Table 6c: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Roots and Tubers)

Crop Data Year

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Roots and Tubers

Cassava2 Area ('000' ha) 1,293.570 762.598 780.000

Production ('000' tons)

10,093.600 10,051.364 10,000.000

Yields (tons/ha) 7.803 13.180 12.821

Sweet potatoes2

Area ('000' ha) 119.000 120.000 122.000

Production ('000' tons)

860.000 900.000 890.000

Yields (tons/ha) 7.227 7.500 7.295



Table 6d: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Horticultures)

Crop Data Year

http://faostat3.fao.org/download/



24

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Horticultures

Tomatoes2 Area ('000' ha) 25.000 30.000 -

Production ('000' tons) 195.000 250.000 -

Yields (tons/ha) 7.800 8.333 -

Onions, dry2 Area ('000' ha) 29.000 30.000 -

Production ('000' tons) 80.000 85.000 -


Source: 2FAOSTAT, http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015

Table 6e: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Fruits)

Crop Data Year

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Fruits

Mangoes, mangoes teens, guavas2

Area ('000' ha) 4.800 5.000 -

Production ('000' tons) 29.000 30.500 -


Oranges2 Area ('000' ha) 7.500 9.500 -

Production ('000' tons) 36.442 46.000 -


Banana2 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 62.000 - Production ('000' tons) 340.674 470.000 -


Papayas2 Area ('000' ha) 4.500 -

Production ('000' tons) 45.000 -

Yields (tons/ha) 10.000 -


Table 6f: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Industrial crops)

Crop Data Year

2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013

Industrial crops

Cashew nut with shell2

Area ('000' ha) 140.000 80.000

Production ('000' tons) 112.796 64.731

Yields (tons/ha) 0.806 0.809

Tea2 Area ('000' ha) 15.800 13.000

Production ('000' tons) 27.000 22.000


Tobacco2 Area ('000' ha) 66.000 54.000



25

Production ('000' tons) 70.000 54.450


Seed Cotton2 Area ('000' ha) 189.000 189.000 185.000

Production ('000' tons) 112.000 173.000 258.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.593 0.915 1.395

Sesame seed2 Area ('000' ha) 200.000 220.000 210.000

Production ('000' tons) 104.652 117.000 110.000

Yields (tons/ha) 0.523 0.532 0.524

Sunflower2 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 45.000 40.000

Production ('000' tons) 18.638 19.000 17.500

Yields (tons/ha) 0.414 0.422 0.438

Sugar cane2 Area ('000' ha) 42.702 45.917 45.000

Production ('000' tons) 3,396.334 3,393.904 3,395.000

Yields (tons/ha) 79.536 73.914 75.444



26

4.0. ESTIMATES OF FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC) AND PER PROVINCE

Looking at the Table 7, it can be seen that the average fertilizer use by crop is still below the average of

Sub-Saharan Africa (8 kg/ha) and the African continent (20 kg/ha). Sugar cane companies have been the

major fertilizer consumer with 40.52 percent in 2012 and 42.92 percent in 2013, followed by Tobacco

companies with 26.01 percent in 2012 and 29.08 percent in 2013, and by Banana companies with 16.60

percent and 17.02 percent in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Together, these companies have consumed

more than half of the total fertilizer imported in both years.

For the calculations on the Annex 2, the following assumptions were made:

(i) Only about 4 percent of the total planted area that is fertilized for cereals, vegetables, pulse;

(ii) The remaining crops were considered 100 percent fertilized.

Detailed analysis of fertilizer use by crop per nutrient is shown on Annex 2 IFA matrix.

Table 7: Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in 2012 and 2013 (in tons)

Crop Year Total Fertilizer Use By Crop (tons) Percentage use (%)

Sugar cane 2012/13 71.937,89 40,52%

2013/14 81.187,96 42,92%

Tobacco 2012/13 46.174,88 26,01%

2013/14 55.011,45 29,08%

Maize 2012/13 1.163,10 0,66%

2013/14 1.609,80 0,85%

Rice, paddy 2012/13 135,00 0,08%

2013/14 145,00 0,08%

Baby corn 2012/13 10.742,15 6,05%

2013/14 5.284,99 2,79%

Potatoes 2012/13 292,00 0,16%

2013/14 384,00 0,20%

Vegetables 2012/13 2.184,00 1,23%

2013/14 3.560,71 1,88%

Chilies 2012/13 2.392,23 1,35%

2013/14 2.171,30 1,15%

Peas 2012/13 1.672,25 0,94%

2013/14 1.076,40 0,57%

Soybeans 2012/13 61,00 0,03%

2013/14 13,12 0,01%

Fine beans 2012/13 897,45 0,51%

2013/14 789,35 0,42%

Cotton 2012/13 120,00 0,07%

27

2013/14 117,00 0,06%

Jatropha 2012/13 70,00 0,04%

2013/14 90,00 0,05%

Sunflower 2012/13 120,00 0,07%

2013/14 135,00 0,07%

Banana 2012/13 29.471,44 16,60%

2013/14 32.199,84 17,02%

Eucalyptus 2012/13 5.000,00 2,82%

2013/14 0,00 0,00%

Pines 2012/13 0,00 0,00%

2013/14 2.700,00 1,43%

Cereals, Vegetables, pulse

2012/13 5.110,37 2,88%

2013/14 2.681,80 1,42%

Grand Total 2012/13 177.543,76 100,00%

2013/14 189.157,72 100,00%

Source: Author’s compilation from Private fertilizer importers, Tobacco Company, Sugar Cane Company and GoM.

Looking at fertilizer use by crop province presented in the Tables 8a- 8j it is possible to note tobacco and

sugar cane crops are the most fertilized in Mozambique and the majority of it by the SHF through the

concessions by the respective companies via credit. In terms of province, Tete province is the major

fertilizer consumer (28.51%) of the total fertilizer used (mainly for tobacco crop), followed by Maputo and

Niassa provinces with 24.58% (from tobacco crop) and 21.69% (from sugar cane crop), respectively. Note

that is information refers only about the data that was possible to collect; meaning that if there was a

fertilizer database this scenario could be more realistic and difference. Note also that the tobacco data

about fertilized area (ha) was gotten from Integrated Agrarian Survey of 2012 conducted by TIA group,

and it was assumed that tobacco crop is fertilized and practiced by SHF only through contracts with the

company.

28

Table 8a: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Maputo

Maputo Province Area Percentage (%)

Total land area (ha): 2.269.300,00

Total land area cultivated: 309.184,00 13,62

Large Scale Farmer (ha) 31.291,00 10,12

Small Holder Farmer (ha) 0,00

Maputo Province= 309.184 ha Cultivated

Crops Type of Farmer

Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)

Type of Fertilizer Application Rate

(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)

MAIZE LSF (0.006%)

20ha-Fertilized (0.006%)

NPK 12:24:12 250 5,00

Urea 200 4,00

Green South 350 7,00

Tomato LSF (0.003%)

12ha- Fertilized (0.003%)

NPK 12:24:12 400 4,80

CAN 300 3,60

KNO3 200 2,40

Urea 300 3,60

Banana LSF (0.08%)


LAM 110 256,41

KCL 55 24,20

KCL 220 236,50

Sugar Cane

LSF (10.026%)

25000ha-Fertilized (8%)

NPK 102(16.2:0:32.4)

300 7.500,00

MAP 120 3.000,00

Urea 46% 140 20.000,00

6000ha-Fertilized(1.9%)

NKP 515(20.5:4.1:20.5)

450 2.700,00

MAP 90 540,00

Urea 46% 300 1.800,00

Total 36.087,51

29

Tabela 8b: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Gaza

Gaza Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)


Total land area cultivated: 757.593,00 10,01 Large Scale Farmer (ha) 18.130,00 2,39

Small Holder Farmer (ha) 4.800,00 0,63

Gaza Province= 757593 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)

Type of Fertilizer

Application Rate

(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT) (App.rate

* Area) Maize LSF (0.261%) 500ha-Fertilized

(0.06%) NPK 12:24:12

250 125,00

Urea 50 50,00


NPK 12:24:12

200 280,00

Urea 400 1.120,00

80ha-Fertilized (0.1%) Urea 90 14,40

Rice LSF (2.086%) 300ha- Fertilized (0.04%)

NPK 12:24:12

100 30,00

ureia 100 60,00


NPK 12:24:12

150 450,00

ureia 100 600,00


NPK 12:24:12

200 1.000,00

ureia 300 3.000,00


ureia 50 15,00


ureia 150 1.050,00

Beens LSF (0.102%) 70ha-Fertilized (0.001%)

MAP 33+Zn 400 28,00

NPK 4:3:4 200 14,00

Somo 0,12 0,01

Multiffedp 2 0,14

Maxiboost 22ltrs 1,54


NPK 12:24:12

150 105,00

ureia 100 70,00

Cotton LSF (0.005%) 40ha-Fertilized (0.005%)

NPK 12:24:12

225 15,75

Ommiboot 3 0,12

Urea 46% 200 8,00

30

Organocel 0.5ltrs 0,02

Tomato SHF(0.092%) 700ha-Fertilized (0.09%)

NPK 12:24:12

200 28,00

ureia 400 840,00

cabbage SHF(0.028%) 210ha-Fertilized (0.02%)

NPK 12:24:12

100 21,00

ureia 200 42,00

Onion SHF(0.016%) 120ha-Fertilized (0.01%)

NPK 12:24:12

100 12,00

ureia 200 48,00

Vegetables SHF(0.498%) 270ha-Fertilized (0.03%)

NPK 12:24:12

100 10,00

Ureia 200 108,00


NPK 12:24:12

200 700,00

Ureia 200 700,00

Potatos LSF (0.032%) 240ha-Fertilized (0.3%) NPK 12:24:12

800 192,00

Ureia 400 192,00

Total 10.929,98

Tabela 8c: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Inhambane

Inhambane Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)



Large Scale Farmer (ha) 750,00 0,11

Small Holder Farmer (ha) 0,00

Inhambane Province= 661995 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)

Type of Fertilizer

Application Rate (Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer Used (MT) (App.rate *

Area)

Jatrofa (% of the land cultivated)

LSF (0.045%)


NPK 12:24:12

100 30

Urea 100 60 Sonflower LSF

(0.068%) 450ha- Fertilized (0.0068%)

NPK 12:24:12

100 45

Urea 100 90

Total 225

31

Tabela 8d: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Sofala

Sofala Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)




Small Holder Farmer (ha) 184,00 0,04

Sofala Province= 455,315.00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)


(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)

Tobacco Burley

SHF (0.04%)

184ha - Fertilized (0.04%)

NPK 12-12-12 300,00 55,20 Urea 46% 200,00 36,80

CAN 27% 150,00 27,60

Tobacco DFC

NPK 12:12:12 300,00 55,20

CAN 27% 300,00 55,20

Tobacco FCV

NPK 12:20:20 300,00 55,20

CAN 27% 150,00 27,60

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 55,20

Urea 46% 200,00 36,80

Sugar cane

LSF (4.88%)

7.226ha -Fertilized (1,59%)

NPK 16,2:0:32,4 290,00 2.095,54

8.813ha - Fertilized (1,94%)

Urea (N 46%) 225,00 1.982,93

4.581ha - Fertilized (1.01%)

MAP (11%N, 22%K) 50,00 229,05


SOP 439,00 696,69

Total

5.409,01

32

Tabela 8e: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Manica

Manica Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)

Total land area (ha): 6.227.200




Manica Province= 500.988,00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)

Type of Fertilizer Application Rate (Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT) (App.rate *

Area) Baby corn

LSF (60,39%)


Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 140,40

Ammonium Nitrate 50,00 46,80

MOP Coarse 75,00 70,20

Sulpher 100,00 93,60


Urea 46% 125,00 117,00

Compost 10.000,00 9.360,00

MAP 100,00 93,60

Lime (Calcium Hydrocide) 200,00 187,20

SOP Coarse 100,00 93,60

Chilies

LSF (0.015%)


Sand Mix_10:30:10 375,00 28,88

Urea 46% 480,00 36,96

Magnesium Nitrate 40,00 3,08

Magnesium Sulphate 32,00 2,46

VitaK Potasssium Sulphate 75,00 5,78

Calcium Nitrate 90,00 6,93

MAP 39 12,50 0,96

Potassium Nitrate 260,00 20,02

Sulpher Sweepings 150,00 11,55


Compost 30.000,00 2.310,00

MOP SOL 50,00 3,85


MAP 200,00 15,40

MOP Coarse 150,00 11,55

Coral Bentonite 20,40 1,57

Fine beans

LSF (0.006%)


Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 4,50

Urea 46% 150,00 4,50

33





MAP 39 25,00 0,75

Ammonium Sulphate 10,00 0,30


Compost 10.000,00 300,00

SOP Coarse 200,00 6,00

MAP 100,00 3,00



Peas

LSF (0.016%)


Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 12,00

Urea 46% 150,00 12,00





MAP 39 25,00 2,00

Ammonium Sulphate 30,00 2,40


Compost 20.000,00 1.600,00

SOP Coarse 200,00 16,00

MAP 100,00 8,00



Eucalyptus LSF (0.030%)


NPK 19,5:30,44:7,61 100,00 15,00

Tobacco Burley SHF (0.055%)


NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10 Urea 46% 200,00 55,40

CAN 27% 150,00 41,55

Tobacco DFC

NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10

CAN 27% 300,00 83,10

Tobacco FCV NPK 12-20-20 300,00 83,10

CAN 27% 150,00 41,55

Tobacco DAC NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10

Urea 46% 200,00 55,40

Total 15.441,04

34

Tabela 8f: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Tete

Tete Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)



Large Scale Farmer (ha) 0,00


Tete Province= 539.195,00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha) (Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)

Type of Fertilizer

Application Rate (Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)

Tobacco Burley SHF (3,53%)

19033ha - Fertilized (3,53%)

NPK 12-12-12 300,00 5.709,90 Urea 46% 200,00 3.806,60

CAN 27% 150,00 2.854,95

Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 5.709,90

CAN 27% 300,00 5.709,90

Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 5.709,90

CAN 27% 150,00 2.854,95

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 5.709,90

Urea 46% 200,00 3.806,60

Total 41.872,60

Tabela 8g: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Zambezia

Zambezia Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)


Total land area cultivated: 1.128.223,00 10,90



Zambezia Province= 1.128.223,00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)


(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)


NPK 12-12-12 300,00 435,30 Urea 46% 200,00 290,20

35


CAN 27% 150,00 217,65

Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 435,30

CAN 27% 300,00 435,30

Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 435,30

CAN 27% 150,00 217,65

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 435,30

Urea 46% 200,00 290,20

Total 3.192,20

Tabela 8h: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Nampula

Nampula Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)


Total land area cultivated: 1.032.501,00 13,07



Nampula Province= 1.032.501,00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)


(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)



NPK 12-12-12 300,00 238,20 Urea 46% 200,00 158,80

CAN 27% 150,00 119,10

Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 238,20

CAN 27% 300,00 238,20

Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 238,20

CAN 27% 150,00 119,10

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 238,20

Urea 46% 200,00 158,80

Total 1.746,80

Tabela 8i: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Cabo Delgado

Cabo Delgado Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)

36


Total land area cultivated:

419.918,00 5,33



Cabo Delgado Province= 419.918,00 ha Cultivated


Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)


(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT)

(App.rate * Area)



NPK 12-12-12 300,00 12,30

Urea 46% 200,00 8,20

CAN 27% 150,00 6,15

Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 12,30

CAN 27% 300,00 12,30

Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 12,30

CAN 27% 150,00 6,15

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 12,30

Urea 46% 200,00 8,20

Total 90,20

Tabela 8j: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Niassa

Niassa Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)


Total land area cultivated:

324.953,00 2,65



Niassa Province= 1.128.223,00 ha Cultivated

Crops Type of Farmer Area of land (Ha)

(Fertilized/ Non-

fertilized)


(Kg/Ha)

Total Fertilizer

Used (MT) (App.rate

* Area) Tobacco Burley SHF (4.12%) 13,390ha -

Fertilized (4.12%)

NPK 12-12-12 300,00 4.017,00

Urea 46% 200,00 2.678,00

CAN 27% 150,00 2.008,50

Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 4.017,00

37

CAN 27% 300,00 4.017,00

Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 4.017,00

CAN 27% 150,00 2.008,50

Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 4.017,00

Urea 46% 200,00 2.678,00

0,00

Eucalyptus LSF (5.39%) 52,200ha - Fertilized (1,60%)

NPK 18:28:4:5:1:1 200 1.040,00

Pines 12,300ha - Fertilized (3,79%)

NPK 18:28:4:5:1:1 110 1.353,00

Total 31.851,00

It is also important to mention that in Mozambique there has been little effort made to date to undertake

studies to determine specific fertilizer recommendations by soil nature and crop. However, despite limited

resources, the former National Institute for Agronomic Research (INIA) produced a basic guide on fertilizer

needs per crop in 1998, which constitutes an important step in the improvement of fertilizer

management. The recommendations developed by INIA are presented in Table 9.No recommendation

were made in relation to application of potash (K2O) or micronutrients.

Table 9: Mozambican crop research fertilizer recommendations (kg/ha)

Crop N P2O3

Maize 30-100 0-60

Rice 50-100 0-60

Wheat 30-60 0-30

Soybean 0-20 0-40

Groundnut 0-25 0-60

Beans 30-60 0-45

Cotton 20-60 20-60

Sunflower 30-80 0-60

Potatoes 60-100 30-60

Source: Guerts (1997).

38

5.0. HOW TO DEAL WITH GAPS/MISSING DATA

The absence of reliable institutional documentation/reports and tools to collect data for fertilizer

importation, distribution and use is the major constraint. In order to address this it important to look

carefully at some of the following point:

The GoM should indicate the responsible institution and make available competent staff that will

be collecting and monitoring fertilizer related data;

The research institutions should conduct research on fertilizer recommendations for specific

crops and regions;

The TIA survey should capture much more fertilizer related data.

The easy way to deal with missing data and/or gaps is to use the available data from FAOSTAT and other

international organizations. The other way to deal with is to use the projections that made available by

MINAG/DE and INE. However, this data does not represent real situation about fertilizer information. Also,

some importers (such as Greenbelt Lda and Mozfert Lda) produce fertilizer recommendation rates (kg/ha)

for their clients, and having the estimated planted area (ha) that is being provided by INE and MINAG/DE

through TIAs, one can estimate the fertilizer consumption (tons).

6.0. COST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COLLECTING REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION & FUBC DATA IN THE

CONTEXT OF MOZAMBIQUE.

During the collection of the fertilizer related data was noted that the data varied from one institution to

another, in terms of variables captured, frequency of collection, tools used to collect the information, the

management of the collected information, and trustfulness of the public institutions on these matters.

Therefore, it urgent to establish cost-effective way of collecting data based on consumption and fertilizer

use by crops per nutrient, and some of the things that need to be put in place include the following:

The GoM and other stakeholders in the fertilizer value channel should have qualified staff and

equipped with needed tools at the entrance points (Beira, Maputo and Nacala ports,and

major border posts) for verification, recording and monitoring of fertilizer and fertilizer

supplements imports and exports;

Through IFDC, IFA, and AFAP, the GoM should get assistance on capacity building by short

course trainings of statisticians at regions and district level for fertilizer data collection;

Through Hub dealers and Agro-dealers, the GoM should establish an automated system that

will connect the districts and DNSA/IIAM for easy access of fertilizer availability and utilization

at village levels, which would include the amounts and type of fertilizer used;

These information would be collected with two years intervals, i.e., after every two years;

Also, the GoM would use pre-established simplified survey form for Hub Agro-dealers, Agro-

dealers, and extension agents.

39

7.0. REFERENCES Cunguara, B., Garrett, J., Donovan, C. e Cássimo, C. 2013. Análisesituacional, constrangimentos e

oportunidades para o crescimento agrário em Moçambique.Maputo, Moçambique: Direcção de

Economia, Ministério da Agricultura.

Folmer. 1997. “Soil Fertility Decline. Serie Terra e Agua,” Instituto Nacional de InvestigaçãoAgronómica.

Comunicação n° 89.

INE, 2011. Statistical Yearbook. Mozambican Government. Maputo, Mozambique.



MINAG. 2010. “Proposta de Estratégia Nacional de Irrigação.”

MINAG. 2011. “Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Sector Agrário.”

Pitoro et al. 2007. “Baseline Survey of Agricultural Input Markets in Beira and Nacala Development

Corridors,” Preparado para o Centro de Estudos Sócio Económicos (IIAM) epara o International Fertilizer

Development Center (IFDC).

TIA, 2012. Inquerito Agricola Integrado. MINAG/DE, Agriculture Survey. Maputo, Mozambique.

Zandamela, Carlos B. 2004. “Assessment and Strategy for Development of the Fertilizer Market,

Mozambique,” Preparado para o African Centre for Fertilizer Development comocontribuição para o

Regional Fertilizer Procurement and Distribution Initiative.

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8.0. Appendices

consumption of fertilizers and fertilizer use by …...5 1.0. introduction mozambique with estimated...

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