Construction Management in Developing Countries ECM 627.3

Chapter 1

Prof. Dr. Hari K. ShresthaNepal Engineering College

hari@nec.edu.np

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Chapter 1: Concept of DevelopmentIn this chapter we will deal with:

All of us want development.But, what is development?What are (or should be) the purposes of a country’s development?How the level of development of a country is, and should be, measured? What are common and different factors of developing countries?What are the extrinsic and intrinsic factors of development?

Defining Development:Multiple definitions of development

1. The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements.2. The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.3. Development is the act of expansion and growth. For example, in a country, development is classified as growth of the economy, growth of the people and the people's quality of life.

Which definition of development is the best, and why?

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Development Thinking and Policy Involves

• Different meanings of development over time

• Different dimensions – economic, social, environmental, political

• Different Stakeholders• Different Contexts: Cultural values, social

practices, ecological conditions

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Major Traditional Approaches and definitions of development

Perspectives Definitions

• Modernization: Development is state-led economic growth – industrial modernity; China as a good example.

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State-led development?

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• Neo-liberalism Development is Market-led economic growth. Policy: Get prices right; curb state failure through structural reform (deregulation, liberalization, privatization); USA, UK, India after Rajiv Gandhi, as examples.

• Alternative Development: is society-led development should be equitable, sustainable, participatory. Themes: state & market failure; participation; local development

• NGO led Development: When government is weak, market does not function, civic society is incapable, NGO led can lead development

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• Human development : Human capacitation and empowermentThemes: Human resource development, HDI

• Post/Anti-development: Development is destructive, Western concepts and thrust on indigenous societies.Development for whom?Themes: Local level development, Gandhian thinking, “small is beautiful”, Environmental movements.

Defining and measuring developmentTraditional Economic Measures

Traditional economic measure (before 1970)– Capacity of national economy– Per capita income or per capita GNP– Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Simon Kuznets, 1934– Industrialization: manufacturing & service industries– Social indicators – literacy, health, housing etc.

Issues like poverty, discrimination, unemployment, and income distribution were not considered

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Some recent thoughts on Nepal’s development: http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-12-05/political-bickering-unsafe-for-nepal.html

New Economic Measures (Main 5) of Development (World Bank)• Economic Policy and Debt: There are three main subcategories in this class: "Balance of Payments,"

"External Debt" and "National Accounts." Indicators measure capital and financial accounts, as well as the current account and reserves. Measures of FDI, foreign trade and remittances, development assistance the country receives. and purchasing power parity are also included.

• Financial Sector: There are five subcategories under this heading. "Assets" and "Capital Markets" are the two most general, and they include bank capital and market capitalization. The "Exchange Rates" subcategory includes measures of inflation. "Interest Rates" covers the lending interest rate, the deposit interest rate and the interest rate spread. The fifth subcategory, "Monetary Holdings," includes measures of liability and the money supply.

• Poverty: This subcategory covers income distribution and poverty (nationally, percentage of rural population and urban populations). Income distribution is measured by quintiles and deciles. A heading called "Conflict and Fragility" measures battle-related deaths and homicides.

• Private Sector and Trade: Under the heading "Private Sector and Trade" includes many indicators of the business environment, including imports and exports measured both in dollar value and by time-study indexes. There are statistics for tariffs here, as well as measures of travel and tourism. There are also measures of private infrastructure investment in this section, such as investment in energy, transportation and telecommunications.

• Public Sector: Every year the World Bank assigns low income nations a set of ratings called "Country Policy and Institutional Assessment." These ratings are important because they determine the amount of money countries receive from the World Bank. You can find them under the "Public Sector" heading. They measure many variables, including transparency, budgetary management and environmental sustainability. Government finance is measured in this area--revenues, expenditures and deficits. A figure measuring the percentage of seats held by women in the national parliament is included.

• Other Categories: The other categories of World Bank indicators include indicators that translate less directly into terms of financial or monetary terms. They include "Education," "Environment," "Health," "Infrastructure" and "Labor."

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12https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/here-is-proof-that-economic-wealth-does-not-guarantee-the-best-quality-of-life?utm_content=bufferdecbd&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer

The new economic view of development

Dudley Seers (1969)

What has been happening to POVERTY? What has been happening to UNEMPLOYMENT? What has been happening to INEQUALITY? If all three of these have been declined from high levels, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development for the country concerned.

If one or two of these central problems have been growing worse, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result DEVELOPMENT even if per capita income doubled.

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(1920-1983)

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Goulet’s Three Core Values of Development (1971)

– Sustenance: The ability to meet basic needs

Self-esteem: A sense of worth and self respect (to be a person)

Freedom from Servitude: To be able to choose

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Development must therefore be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty. -Michael P. Todaro (2008)

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How many years will it take to eradicate poverty from Nepal?

What about eradicating absolute poverty?

Should “reduction of inequality” or “provision of justice” be the aim of development?

Capability approachAmartya Sen

• What a person is, or can be, and does or can do?• 5 Disparities

1. Personal heterogeneities – age, gender, disabilities, illness etc.

2. Environmental diversities3. Variations in social climate4. Relational perspectives5. Distribution within family

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Amartya Sen posits that all individuals are endowed with a certain set of capabilities while it is simply a matter of realising these capabilities that will allow a person to escape from poverty and their state of 'unfreedom‘. Sen questions a fundamental assumption of development economics, arguing that income poverty should not be the single most important factor in determining development. Sen argues that in spite of a world of sheer abundance, there simultaneously exist populations living in a state of 'unfreedom', unable to realise their capabilities.

Sen attempts to expand the basic interpretations of freedom by examining five elemental forms of instrumental freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security. These forms of freedom are complementary, remaining interrelated and inextricable. For Sen, these freedoms constitute not only the means, but also the ends in development. Poverty, Sen asserts, should be seen "as a deprivation of basic capabilities, rather than merely as low income" (Sen, 1999), contesting the general belief amongst economists who view income as the be all and end all of development.He is known for bringing an "ethical dimension" to a field dominated by technical specialists. Based on the example of the former Soviet Union, Sen argued that political liberties are necessary for sustainable development. He compared the development strategies of India and China, arguing that Indian democratic processes provide a firmer guarantee of long term stable growth. Sen argued against the notion that a specific set of "Asian values" exists that might provide a justification for authoritarian regimes.

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Economic Development Economic Growth

Implications Economic development implies an upward movement of the entire social system in terms of income, savings and investment along with progressive changes in socioeconomic structure of country (institutional and technological changes).

Economic growth refers to an increase over time in a country`s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income.

Factors Development relates to growth of human capital indexes, a decrease in inequality figures, and structural changes that improve the general population's quality of life.

Growth relates to a gradual increase in one of the components of Gross Domestic Product: consumption, government spending, investment, net exports.

Measurement

Qualitative.HDI (Human Development Index), gender- related index (GDI), Human poverty index (HPI), infant mortality, literacy rate etc.

Quantitative. Increases in real GDP.

Effect Brings qualitative and quantitative changes in the economy

Brings quantitative changes in the economy

Relevance Economic development is more relevant to measure progress and quality of life in developing nations.

Economic growth is a more relevant metric for progress in developed countries. But it's widely used in all countries because growth is a necessary condition for development.

Scope Concerned with structural changes in the economy

Growth is concerned with increase in the economy's output

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Economic_Development_vs_Economic_Growth

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Three Broad Objectives of National Development

1. To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic needs

• Food, shelter, health and protection• Rising per capita incomes• Elimination of absolute poverty• Greater employment opportunities, and • Lessening income inequalitiesare necessary but not the sufficient conditions for

development.

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Despite Having Robust Economic Growth, India is Backward in Healthcare, Sanitation, & Drinking Waterhttps://thewaternetwork.com/article-FfV/despite-having-robust-economic-growth-india-is-backward-in-healthcare-sanitation-drinking-water-cL0PKwlcSTru0LUgrdRKXA, Feb 2016

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2. To raise levels/standard of living: Enhanced material well-being

as well as greater individual and national self-esteem

3. To expand the range of economic and social choices

Free from servitude and dependence

Three Broad Objectives of National Development

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Any differences from Gautet’s three core values of development?

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Sources of (under)development(intrinsic and extrinsic)

• Intrinsic (factors that are within national control)

• Attitudes and aptitudes- Attitudes and culture of the people; - Attitude towards: (a) change and development, (b) foreign direct investment, (c) research and

innovation - Aptitudes (natural capacity/tendency) and behavior of the elites and leaders to effectively deal

with internal and external developmental issues• Legal structures and institutions

- Politics: Political stability, policy stability, legal stability- Governance: facilitate versus red tape, degree of transparency- Rule of law: uniform, fair and predictable application of law- Level of corruption- Local capital market- Security: financial and personal /physical

• Institutional Set up to facilitate development process – Coordination and cooperation among the institutes

Several theories of underdevelopment(For long list of theories of underdevelopment: http://www.professor-frithjof-kuhnen.de/publications/causes-of-underdevelopment/0.htm )

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Extrinsic factors (factors that are beyond national control): - Geopolitical and commercial interest that it creates compared to other countries;

(Porter’s Diamond Model); free access to international market, country need to proactively compete with other countries to attract FDI, grant/loan, technology transfer

- Place of a country in a historical and cultural system; membership in multinational organizations, like UN, Common Wealth, ASEAN, NAFTA, SAFTA,

- “Reforms” imposed in counterpart by multilateral organizations (like the IMF, World Bank, IFC, ADB, AIIB) to get out of situations of deficit and indebtedness in which the country is placed.

- Lack of interest in and comprehension for the specific dynamics of a nation, by multinational companies.

- Changes in financing/funding policies of multinational/multilateral organizations- Global Climate Change- Changes in policies and priorities of donor countries, and UN System- Protectionism of other countries- Image of country (business friendly, safety of investment and personnel,

infrastructure, availability of human resources, reliability of power/energy, transparency, level of corruption, intellectual property right…) portrayed in influential foreign media and embassy advisory

Sources of (under) development….(Contd.)

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Intrinsic Factors Impact on CMDC

Attitudes and aptitudes

Attitudes and culture of the people

Attitude towards: (a) change and development, (b) foreign direct investment, (c) research and innovationAptitudes (natural capacity/tendency) and behavior of the elites and leaders to effectively deal with internal and external developmental issuesLegal structures and institutions

Politics: Political stability, policy stability, legal stability

Governance: facilitate versus red tape, degree of transparency

Rule of law: uniform, fair and predictable application of law

Level of corruption

Local capital market

Security: financial and personal /physical

Institutional Set up to facilitate development processCoordination and cooperation among the institutes

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Extrinsic Factor Impact on CMDC

Geopolitical and commercial interest that it creates compared to other countriesPlace of a country in a historical and cultural system “Reforms” imposed in counterpart by multilateral organizationsLack of interest in and comprehension for the specific dynamics of a nation, by multinational companiesChanges in financing/funding policies of multinational/multilateral organizationsChanges in policies and priorities of donor countries, and UN SystemProtectionism of other countries

Image of country portrayed in influential foreign media, embassy advisory, UN reports, Global Survey reports

Global Climate Change

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Countries fall into four broad human development categories, each of which comprises 47 countries:

• Very High Human Development, • High Human Development, • Medium Human Development and • Low Human Development (46 countries in this category).1. Developed countries (Canada, United States, European Union

members, Japan, Israel, Australia, etc.) 2. Countries with an economy consistently and fairly strongly

developing over a longer period (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Costa Rica, Mexico, Egypt, much of South America, etc.)

Countries are often loosely placed into four categories of development:

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3. Countries with a patchy record of development (most countries in Africa, Central America, and the Caribbean excepting Jamaica (category 2); much of the Arab world fall in this category)

4. Countries with long-term civil war or large-scale breakdown of rule of law or non-development-oriented dictatorship ("failed states") (e.g. Somalia, Sudan, Burma)

Nepal ?32CM in Developing Countries/Ch 1_HKS

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Common and Different Characteristics of Developing Countries

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Developing countries are not homogeneous but are enormously diverse in their structure. In particular it is stressed

that the developing world differs in:

• Population and geographic size. • Language and religion. • Experiences in the colonial era. • Levels of education. • Natural resource endowments. • Types of industry. • Role of government and degree of

democracy. • Degree of dependency in

international economic and political affairs.

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Development Indicators/IndicesGenuine Progress Indicator• GPI: Among the things it considers are income

distribution for each country, along with household and volunteer work (activities that enhance welfare but do not involve monetary transactions), and, for example, the cost of environmental degradation.

Ecological Economics doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019 (2013)

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HDI as a development Criterion• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistics

used to rank countries by level of "human development" and distinguish "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries. The Human Development Index (HDI), developed by Dr. Mahboob ul Haq of Pakistan, is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.

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Nepal’s Position: 157 in 2011 and 2012. Nepal’s HDI 0.458 (2011) and 0.463 (2012), South Asia HDI 0.558 (2012).HDI Report 2013, as reported in Aarthik Abhiyan Rastriya Dainik, March 16, 2013, page 1

Gross National Happiness as a development criterion

9 Domains and 33 Indicators of GNH:• Psychological Well being• Health• Time use• Education• Cultural diversity and resilience• Good governance• Community vitality• Ecological diversity and resilience• Living standardSource: www.grossnationalhappiness.com

Nepal ranked in 121st position in Happy Country in 2015.World Happiness Report 2015; http://81c27a5d9c3263e8ebcc-2da201d1ba4d5004cb235610c26ba057.r67.cf5.rackcdn.com/WHR15.pdf

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The World's Happiest CountriesChristopher Helman,01.19.11,

"To use economic measurements alone to gauge the success of a nation would be equivalent to assessing the entire condition of a man simply by looking at his bank balance," Peter Mandelson, former U.K. economic minister. To that end, the inputs used to create the index are both objective and subjective: that's because it's not enough to know hard data like a country's unemployment or inflation rates. It also matters how hard people think it is to find jobs, how convinced they are that hard work can bring success. This can get complicated. In Nepal, for example, inflation is 11%, unemployment 46%. Yet a surprisingly high 50% of the people say they are satisfied with their standard of living and 81% have confidence in their banks. Could be they're scared of voicing their true opinion in a shaky democracy, or maybe the Nepalese are just endemically happier people. Legatum adjusts for this, adding a variable called "ability to express political opinion without fear."What's the most prosperous country in the world? Norway. What's it got that the rest of the world doesn't? The biggest bump comes from having the world's highest per capita GDP of $53,000 a year. Norwegians have the second-highest level of satisfaction with their standards of living: 95% say they are satisfied with the freedom to choose the direction of their lives; an unparalleled 74% say other people can be trusted. Cynics (particularly those leaving comments on Legatum's excellent website) say Norway's ranking is a fluke, that it's a boring, godless (just 13% go to church) homogeneous place to live with a massive welfare state bankrolled by high taxes. Without massive offshore reserves of oil and gas that it exports to the world through state-controlled Statoil ( STO - news - people ), Norway's GDP would be far smaller.And yet joining Norway in the top 10 prosperous countries are its Scandinavian sisters Denmark, Finland and Sweden, with equally small and civilized Switzerland and the Netherlands also in the club. None of these countries are blessed with great hoards of oil and gas.

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Index Rank Corruption Perceptions Index 130 / 168 Global Competitiveness Report 99 / 140 Global Enabling Trade Report 116 / 138 Index of Economic Freedom 152 / 178 International Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 105 / 160 Inward FDI Potential Index 133 / 139 KOF Index of Globalization 162 / 187 Networked Readiness Index (NRI) 112 / 142 Open Budget Index 84 / 102http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/nepal/memo

Nepal’s Rank in various development Indices, 2016

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Common Parameters between HDI and GNH

Un-common Parameters between HDI and GNH

Formula to calculate HDI:Numerical Example:

1. High population growth rateNepal as an example:• Total population - 23151423 (2058 BS)• Population growth rate - 2.25 %• Would be double by 2095 BS (2039)• 2010: 29959364• 2009: 29432743• 2008: 28905358, according to the World Bank.

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10 Common Features of Developing Countries

http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&idim=country:NPL&dl=en&hl=en&q=population+growth+rate+nepal

2. Low level of living (low income, inequality, poverty)S. No. Countries GDP per capita (US

$)HDI

(177)1 China 2000 81/1012 Bangladesh 450 1403 Bhutan 1430 1334 India 820 128/1345 Maldives 3010 1006 Nepal 320/640 (2005) 142/1577 Pakistan 800 1368 Sri Lanka 1310 99

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Economic Survey July 2008/2011. HDI calculation method changed since 2010.

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GDP Growth Rate: 2008/9/10/11: 6.1/ 4.9/ 4.6/ 4.5GDP Per Capita – PPP: 1329 International Dollars, 2005

http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/212-nepal-gdp-country-report.html#axzz1l22MoAdi

• 30.85 % below poverty line (NLSS 2003/04) based on Rs. 7696 as the average national poverty line.

• 24.1 % below poverty line as per 1 dollar per day based on purchasing power parity (PPP).

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2071/72: PCI increase Rs. 3800

Inequality

S. No.

Description % below poverty line

1 Dalit 46

2 Janajati living in hilly areas 44

3 Muslim 41

4 Terai Janajatis 35

5 Minority castes 31

6 Newars 14

7 Brahmin/Chettris 18

8 Middle level 21

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Three Year Interim Plan, Mangsir, 2064

3. Low levels of productivity

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Low nutrition

Low health

Low productivity

Low income

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4. Agro based economy

S. No

Industries 2000/01 2004/05 2007/08

1 Agriculture & forestry 36.15 34.71 32.12

2 Fishing 0.43 0.47 0.48

3 Manufacturing 9.03 7.92 7.06

4 Construction 6.01 6.47 6.44

5 Real estate, renting & business activities

8.29 8.69 9.91

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Composition of GDP in percentage

(Economic Survey, July 2008)Agriculture Industry +

ManufacturingManufacturing

onlyServices

34 16 7 51

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5. Unemployment and underemployment

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S. No.

Descriptions % age

1 Population relied on agriculture as main occupation

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2 Employed (15 years above) 74.33 Unemployed (Male 3.1 % & Female 2.7) 2.9

4 Inactive 22.8

Based on NLSS 2060/61Three Year Interim Plan, Mangsir, 2064

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yearEconomic growth

GDP current U.S. dollars

GDP constant dollars

GDP per capita current dollars

GDP per capita PPP

GDP per capita constant dollars HDI Inflation

Capital investment percent of GDP

Capital investment in dollars

Household consumption percent of GDP

Household consumption in dollars

Savings percent of GDP

2000 6.2 5.49 6.9 231.43 1539.77 459.13 0.449 2.5 24.31 1.34 75.88 4.17 21.62001 4.8 6.01 7.2 248.83 1586.88 473.18 2.7 22.39 1.35 80.23 4.75 17.722002 0.12 6.05 7.2 246.8 1564.42 466.48 3 20.25 1.23 82.11 4.89 15.812003 3.95 6.33 7.5 254.55 1603.13 478.02 5.7 21.41 1.36 82.77 5.15 23.52004 4.68 7.27 7.9 288.67 1656.27 493.87 2.8 24.53 1.78 79.61 5.68 25.972005 3.48 8.13 8.1 318.75 1693.15 504.87 0.477 6.8 26.45 2.15 79.55 6.34 26.272006 3.36 9.04 8.4 350.61 1730.61 516.04 6.9 26.85 2.43 82.33 7.3 26.692007 3.41 10.33 8.7 396.17 1771.16 528.13 5.7 28.69 2.96 80.98 8.18 28.152008 6.1 12.55 9.2 476.56 1860.61 554.8 0.501 9.9 30.32 3.8 80.28 9.86 27.452009 4.53 12.85 9.6 483.4 1925.39 574.12 11.1 31.67 4.07 79.79 10.05 35.852010 4.82 16 10.1 595.43 1996.86 595.43 0.527 9.3 38.27 6.12 78.56 12.3 33.62011 3.42 18.91 10.4 695.88 2042.14 608.93 0.533 9.3 37.99 7.18 76.46 14.14 36.12Source: http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/indicators_data_export.php

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http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Nepal/Unemployment_rate/

As per national census 2058• Youth unemployment – 11.43 %• Among total labor force – 70.6 % are involved on agriculture and

29.4 % on non-agriculture sector.• It is estimated that in 2064 total labor force has reached 11.4

million with the annual increment rate of 2.6 %. • Also estimated is yearly 3,00,000 labor force will enter Nepalese

labor market

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6. Technological backwardness

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7. Underutilized natural resources

• Though Nepal is rich in natural and human resources, the resources have not been optimally utilized, thereby, Nepalese people sometimes referred to as “poor in a rich country”.

Economic Survey July 2008

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Identified locations for cement industries:Baitadi, Udayapur, Dhankuta, Salyan, ArghakhanchiIdentified locations for iron – mine based industries:Dang, Salyan, Rolpa, Palpa

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8. Foreign trade orientation

• Trade deficit increased by 37.7 % to 102.85 billion in the first eight months of FY 2007/08

• Share of trade deficit with India was 62.1 % and with other countries by 37.9 % in the review period.

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9. Low concern over time

• Time is not considered as important.• People enjoy more free time• “Will do tomorrow” attitude• “Personal problem” considered• Strikes, Chakkajam, • long list of holidays

– democracy, loktantra, republic– Death of people, student, teacher, official …

• Road maintenance at office time … • Project delay

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10 Low moral orientation

• High level of bribery• Low level of

– (a) Work ethics – (b) Professionalism and – (c) Integrity

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11 Too many organizations (?)

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Common Characteristics

Impact on CMDC Different Characteristics

Impact on CMDC

Test yourself. Answer them using different resources.Chapter 1: Concept of Development, Characteristics of developing & developed countries

• Select the most critical intrinsic (only one) and extrinsic (only one) cause of underdevelopment of a country. Defend your selection (i.e., explain why that particular cause is most critical in comparison to other causes.

• Nepal is aspiring to be promoted to “developing country” from its current status of “lease developed country”. To achieve this goal, which national development parameters (select only two) should be improved, and why?

• What should be the proper development model for a developing country: (a) state led, (b) Market led and (c) Society led? Explain with reasons and examples.

• Nepal has practiced planned development since the last half century, yet Nepal is still one of the least developed countries. List top three reasons for this state of Nepal (reasons for failure of planned development), and propose practical solutions to overcome each of them.

• Despite abundant natural resources (like fresh water, forest, herbs, natural beauty, bio-diversity) many developing countries, including Nepal, are reeling under extreme pressures of underdeveloped infrastructure. Analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of underdeveloped state of Nepal.

• Defining development of a country is a complex issue. Discuss the economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors that may be used to define development.

• The traditional economic indicators of development of a country have been challenged by recent scholars of development. Can a country be economically developing and still be underdeveloped?

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Test yourself. Answer them using different resources.Chapter 1: Concept of Development, Characteristics of developing & developed countries

• The basic economic indicators of development of a country may be increasing positively, but the country may still be underdeveloped for many years. Agree or disagree? Give reasons.

• Discuss the basic similarities (common features) and differences among different developing countries?

• Is there any relationship between the Human Development Index and Gross National Happiness? Explain.

• Which one should be the ultimate measure of development: Human Development Index or Gross National Happiness? Explain with appropriate reasons.

• Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of underdevelopment of a country. Explain these factors in context of Nepal.

• Is there any relationship between the level of development of a country and the construction management methods used in the country? Discuss.

• Discuss the major factors of underdevelopment of a country. Explain these factors in context of Nepal.

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साइकलमा कार्याालर्याएउटा डरलाग्दो रोग नेपाली समाजमा वि�स्तार हुँदै गरेकोमा मलाई चि�न्ता लाग्छ। समाजका वि�द्धत् �ग$ पविन सञ्�ारमाध्यममा आएका समा�ारका भरमा वि��ार बनाउँछन्। सं�ारमाध्यमहरू आग्रहराखेर समा�ारका शीर्ष$क बनाउछन्। मविहलाहिहंसामा सरकारले �ालेका कदमबारे प्रेचिस�ज्ञप्ती प्रकाचिसत गय7 तर कुनैपविन पवि9काले छापेन। गेरखाप9ले समेत छापेन तर गरेको कामको पविन गरेन भनेर गाली र सरकारको अलो�ना भने सबैले छापे। जनतालार्इ$< सुसूचि�त गन$ त गरेकाकाम छापेर कमजोरी देखार्इ$<दिदनु पन? चि@यो तर हाम्रो दुभा$ग्य। मान्छेहरू दल/अनुहार, भूगोल �ा आफ्नो <च्छा स्�ा@$सँग जोडेर कसैका कामको प्रशंसा �ा आलो�ना गछ$न्। वि�र्षय�स्तुको गविहरा<मा पुगेर साङ्गोपाङ्गो वि�शे्लर्षण गरेर आग्रहरविहत �स्तुपरक वि��ारको सट्टा सतही दिटकादिटप्पणी र कविहलेकाहीं तुरुन्तै विनष्कर्ष$ मा पुग्छन्। कवितपयले समस्याको जड एउटा नेतामा �ा समस्या समाधानको छडी अकM नेतामा देख्छन्। मान्छेलाई दे�त्� �ा दान�त्�करण गन?, जटील सामाजिजक आर्थि@कं समस्याको एउटा सपाट उत्तर खोज्ने, फलानो ठीक भएपचिछ सबै ठीक हुन्छ भने्न मान्यता राख्ने बौजिद्धक जमात बढीरहेको छ। आफ्नो खास काम बाहेक सबै काम जाने्न हुनखोज्ने, अका$को आलो�नामा रमाउने, आफ्नो कत$व्य हो<न, अधिधकारका मा9ै कुरा गन?, सजिजलै र तुरुन्तै उत्तर खोज्ने, अधैय$, उत्तजेक र हिहंसक बन्दै छ यु�ा पुस्ता। अका$को दुःखमा रमाउने, अह्राएको काम मा9 गन?, जोखिखम नउठाउने, अन्य मुलुकलाई राम्रो र आफ्नालाई नराम्रो देख्ने, व्यचि`, परिर�ार आफन्त, <ष्टधिम9 र दलगत नाफाघाटामा रमाउने, पढ्ने पढाउने एउटा तर व्य�हार अकd गन?, आत्मवि�श्वास नभएको, अरुले सहयोगको अपेक्षामा दिदनरात दौड्ने तार त्यही समय सृजनाशीलता र धिमविहनतमा नख�$ने, भनसुन, द�ा� �ा पैसामा सबैकाम हुन्छ भने्न धारणा राख्ने, आफ्नो सन्तान वि�देशीको गुलाम बनेकोमा ग�$ गन?, आफ्नै माटोमा गरिरने शारीरिरक कामलाई हेय ठाने्न, पढेको तर केही पविन सीप नभएको, कसैलाई लगाएको गुणको प्रवितफल खोज्ने, पैसालाई सबै@ोक ठान्न,े आफ्ना बाबुआमा र बालबच्चाको स्याहार नगन? तर युरोप-अमेरिरका �ा <जरायलमा बृद्ध र बच्चाको साहd राम्रो स्याहार गन?, दयामाया, ममता, सदा�ार, सँस्कृवित, <वितहास, भूगोल बारे बेख�र जमात पविन देखिखदैछ। उपयु$̀ �रिर9ले समाजलाई पतनोन्मुख बनाउँछ। अविहले हामीलाई धिमविहनती, दुरदृष्टीयु`, दृढ, सक्षम, स्�च्छ, मुलुकप्रवित माया भएको (राष्ट्रप्रेमी), आत्मवि�श्वास भएको, पौरखमा वि�श्वास गन?, चिसक्ने तत्परता र <च्छाशचि` भएको, सामाजिजक प्राणीको खाँ�ो छ।लीलामणिण पौड्याल, १ जन�रिर २०१३

11. DualismDualism holds to the belief that there are two elements of existence:

Physical and Spiritual

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American values(Robin Williams, 1970)

• Achievement and success• Activity and work• Moral orientation• Humanitarianism• Efficiency and practicality• Progress• Material comfort• Equality

77CM in Developing Countries/Ch 1_HKS

American values(Robin Williams, 1970)

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o Freedomo External conformityo Science and rationalityo Nationalism – patriotismo Democracyo Individual personalityo Group – superiority themes