construction equipment (19.11.11)
TRANSCRIPT
Indian construction equipment market among the top 10
•In 2007, the size of the Indian construction equipment market was about US$ 2.4 billion to US$ 2.64 billion, a fraction of the US$ 75 billion global market.•The market grew more than 30 per cent over 2006 in comparison to a growth of 5 per cent globally.•The Indian market comprises 200 domestic manufacturers (small, medium and large) and the top six players account for about 60 per cent of the market.•The import market was in excess of US$ 375 million in 2007.•There is a huge scope to improve revenues from services for construction equipment.•Global service revenues scaled up 11 per cent to 20 per cent as compared to Indian companies.•Exports are expected to be worth US$ 100 million to US$ 200 million by 2010, after having registered a Compound Annual Gowth Rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent over the period 2001 to 2005.
Basic Skills needed by Construction Managers
– Estimating– Computer– Leadership/supervisory– Communication = writing and oral skills– Negotiating
– Team Building
Construction Methods & Management
Construction Methods & Management
Construction Management Functions
• Coordination
• Planning & Scheduling
• Purchasing & Expediting
• Supervision
• Cost Control
• Documentation and Reporting
Construction Methods & Management
Construction Management Functions
• Quality Control/Quality Assurance
• Estimating
• Safety and Risk Management
• Contract Administration
• Claims Analysis/Avoidance
Construction Methods & Management
Additional Skills & Knowledge needed by Construction Engineers
• Surveying (GPS, GIS, Hydrographic)
• Structural Design
• CADD/Drafting
• Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical,
Chemical, or Environmental disciplines
Construction Methods & Management
Construction Engineering Functions
• Preparation and Review of Shop Drawings
• Constructibility & Sequencing Studies
• Value Engineering
• Erection Diagrams and Procedures
• Survey & Layout
Construction Methods & Management
Executive Functions
• Corporate Management
• Strategic Planning
• Marketing & Business Development
• Public Relations
• Labor Relations
Construction Methods & Management
Executive Functions
• Ultimately responsible for quality, safety, production, and general financial health.
Construction Methods & Management
Construction training can be valuable to design professionals……
• To enable them to produce practical and efficient designs
• Develop needed management skills
• Learn scheduling techniques that can be applied to the preconstruction process
Construction Methods & Management
Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility
1. Concept and Feasibility
2. Engineering and Design
3. Procurement
4. Construction
5. Startup and Implementation
6. Operation or Utilization
Construction Methods & Management
What is Construction?
Application of art and science
Inherently dangerous
Organized chaos
Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength, determination, and persistence to control his environment
Problems Facing Construction Industry:
• Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new technology
• Restrictive/outdated building codes
• Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues
• Liability and legal considerations
• Lack of profit motive or other incentive
Problems Facing the Construction Industry:
• Government regulation
• Environmental constraints
• NIMBY syndrome
• Global competition
Overview of the Construction Industry
• 10% of GNP
• Employs over 10,000,000 workers
• Annual Volume exceeds $800 billion
• Vital to the Nation’s economic health and quality of life
Construction Methods & Management
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction
2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction
3. Heavy Construction
4. Industrial Construction
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction
2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction
3. Heavy Construction
4. Industrial Construction
Overview of the Construction Industry
Residential • Types
– Single family houses
– Multi family dwellings
– High-rise apartments & condominiums
• 30-35 % of the industry
• Low capital and technology requirements
Overview of the Construction Industry
Residential (continued)
• Largely private
• Often speculative
• Developers = surrogate owners
• Designed by architects, builders/developers
Building Construction
• Institutional and Commercial Construction
– Schools and universities
– Medical clinics and hospitals
– Recreational facilities and sports stadiums
Overview of the Construction Industry
Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
– Retail stores and shopping centers
– Warehouses and light manufacturing
– Office buildings (single story to sky scrappers)
– Hotels, convention centers, and theaters
Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction• Institutional and
Commercial Construction– Churches and
Synagogues– Prisons– Courthouses and other
government buildings
Building Construction
• 35-40 % of construction market• Larger and more complex than
residential • Various owners (mostly private)• Designed by architects and engineers
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Horizontal Construction
• 20-25% of the construction industry
• Mostly public financing or large consortium
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Highway & Bridges• Railroads & Urban Transit
Systems• Tunnels and Dams• Airports• Canals• Port & harbor structures
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Pipelines• Sewer Systems• Water treatment & distribution
systems• Power & communication
networks• Landfills
Overview of the Construction Industry
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Mass quantities of basic materials: earth, rock, steel, timber, and concrete
• Constructors need knowledge of engineering and geology
• Engineers and builders are often specialized
Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Greatest impact on land and water
• High degree of mechanization
• Contracts awarded through competitive bidding
Industrial Construction
• Very large scale projects
• High degree of technological complexity
• Designed and built by the largest firms with the highest level of technical sophistication
• Represent 5-10% of the market
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Petroleum refineries
• Steel mills & aluminum plants
• Chemical processing plants
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Fossil fuel & nuclear power plants
• Other heavy manufacturing facilities
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Complex mechanical systems, process piping, and instrumentation
• Civil, but also mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering disciplines involved
• Mostly private ownership (in western countries)
Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Negotiated contracts are typical
• “Turnkey” contract arrangements are common
• Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the technology and operations of the facility
Overview of the Construction Industry
Construction Industry is further subdivided into sectors or segments by:
• Public vs. private ownership/funding• Union labor vs. open shop• Organization and method of project delivery• Type of work: new vs. rehab/retrofit/restoration• Contract type
Overview of the Construction Industry
Construction equipment are heavy duty vehicles, specially designed for executing Civil Engineering and construction tasks.Modern construction is a complex affair, projects are quite big and are complicated.They require a long duration for their completion and huge amount of fund.It has become essential now to use construction equipment to economies the cost of construction.Advantages of using Construction equipment:• Tough work which is beyond the scope of the manual labour can be performed efficiently and speedily.• At the time when human labour is uncertain, machines are the only alternatives, further these equipment are not affected by social and economic conditions of the region. • Due to use of machines, proper planning and execution of work can be made which reduces the overall cost of project.• Equipment utilization help in rapid industrialization of country.
Drawback of using machines are: It creates unemployment to human labour. Requires regular maintenance, work progress stops during break down. It requires to have stand byes – increases the total cost of the project. Requires huge early investment.
Factors considered at the selection stage: suitability for the job with specific reference to climate and other operating conditions. Size of the equipment. Standardization and variety reduction. Degree of utilization. Suitability of local conditions. Adaptability. Technical considerations.
Technical considerations:• Strength• Vibration stability• Resistance to wear and Tear• Reliability• Maintainability
Planning of Construction Equipment:o Equipment planning on major construction project besides its relation includes type of equipment, number and size of machines, type and amount of works to be done, availability of equipment and its parts including facilities for repair and maintenance etc.o The type of equipment depends on type of work, amount of work, soil conditions and type of material to be handled. o The number and size of equipment depend on amount of work, working days availability, number of shifts, availability of labour etc.o Along with planning of selection of the equipment, planning of equipment operation, its relation with other jobs under execution etc. should be done properly.o Many times due to lack of knowledge of equipment, either equipment lies idle or work is not taken from the equipment of his capacity.o Topographical conditions where the equipment is to be used should be considered properly while selecting and planning execution operation of equipment.o Proper records of operation of equipment must be maintained. This gives an idea about the production, usage, break-down hours, amount spent on repairs etc.
Selection of Construction Equipment:Proper selection of equipment increases the speed of construction and makes project most economical. Some general considerations for selection of equipment are:
As far as possible only equipment available with ease should be selected. Unless & until it is ascertained that new equipment will earn more than its cost can be used in future also, it should not be purchased.
Choice should be restricted to standard equipment, special equipment should be selected if job justifies its selection.
Topographical conditions, type of soil, existing approaches and roads working conditions etc., must be studied.
Less variety of equipments should be used, more varieties means more skilled workers, more spare parts requirements and more production cost.
It is always better to purchase an equipment manufactured within the country.
Size of equipment should be made according to the amount of work. It is better to use more than one equipment of small size than using of one of large size.
Obsolescence of the equipment should not be overlooked.
Equipment should be capable of doing more than one job, but it should be versatile.
The technical and economic aspects should be analysed before selection.