construction and performance of curtain wall system
TRANSCRIPT
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Development of Curtain Wall Systems inHong Kong
1st Generation Early to late 1970s
features: mainly non-proprietary products design
by local window manufacturers.
common systems: stick-type, spandrel and cover,
unit-in-frame types
material: aluminium sections, fabricated locally
and erected in-situ using manual means
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Development of Curtain Wall Systems in
Hong Kong (Cont.)
2nd Generation Early 1980s to early 90s
features: mainly proprietary products usually instandard design out from the manufacturersinventory
common systems: stick-type, spandrel and cover,
unit-in-frame and sometimes unitized types
material: sections in aluminium or its alloys,
fabricated overseas and delivered to site for
installation.
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Development of Curtain Wall Systems in Hong
Kong (Cont.)
3rd Generation mid 1990s onward
features: mainly proprietary or expert productsusually tailor-designed and made for highlyspecific purposes
common systems: majority are in unitized types
material: sections in aluminium alloys, some in
stainless steel, large areas of glass was also used,large amount of accessories and fixing components
are involved, components fabricated overseas (incl.
China) and delivered to site for installation.
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Use of Curtain Wall Systems in Hong Kongsbuildings (Cont.)
1) Office buildings
2) hotels
3) Shopping centers
4) Public/Functional buildings
5) Residential buildings
6) Other types
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The city profile of Hong Kong as viewed from the
Kowloon Peninsula. Generations of tall buildings sprung
up from the harbour side since the 1970s can be seen.
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Aerial views of the downtown
area of Central District
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Close up seeing the buildingfaades of some high-rise
buildings in downtown areas
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Buildings using Curtainwall of the first generation
- The office zone of East
Tsim Sha Tsui developed
in the late 1970s
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Common types of curtain wall systems forhigh-rise buildings
1) Stick system
2) Unit system
3) Unit and mullion system
4) Column-cover and spandrel system
5) Various types of glass wall system
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Typical stick system wall
the Gateway at Tsim Sha Tsui
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Typical unitized system wall the Cheung Kong Center
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Glass wall and skylight for the Festival Walk Shopping Mall
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Glass wall for the Terminal
Building at Hong Kong Chek
Lap Kok International Airport
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Glass wall used for the
Hong Kong Conventionand Exhibition Center
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The glass wall for the
International Finance Center(Hong Kong Station)
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Glass Hubs at podium roof of the
International Finance Center
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Curtain wall for the
Cyberport Development
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Functions and performance requirements of
curtain wall for high-rise buildingssituations where buildings in Hong Kong are
expected to face
Very large building envolop (say, up to 50000 sq m)
Typhoon situations (wind speed up to 60m/s) Thunderstorm situations
Extreme temperature difference
Exposure to salty or polluted atmosphere
Long period of air-conditioning/cooling time
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Functions and performance requirements ofcurtain wall for high-rise buildings
1) strength and stability dead load and wind load
2) weather resistance ability to keep out water & wind
3) thermal insulation and condensation max 30W/sq m
4) sound insulation 25dB or above
5) fire resistance usually no specific requirement if
enough separating distance from relevant boundary is
provided
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Testing of curtain wall
1) air infiltration
2) water penetration under static & dynamic pressure
3) structural adequacy under static & dynamic pressure
4) vertical and horizontal seismic movement
5) hinge and frame test6) in-situ pull-out test
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Installation process
1) transportation, storage and handling
2) anchorage and connection provision
3) installation arrangement
4) final fixing and inspection
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Handling of the
window units
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Built-in anchor andhanging brackets
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Cases for References
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Shun Hing Plaza
- 68-storey office
building constructed incomposite form (core
wall plus external steelframe)
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Installing of the curtain wall
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Close up of the mullion frame at the external faces of building
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Close up of the
walling frame with
mullion andtransom in position
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Wall to cover the
bracing memberslocated in the
building exterior
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Fixing the mullion onto
the floor structure
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Detail of the fixing bracket
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Wall framing components
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Manulife Tower
(Lee Garden Hotel
Redevelopment)
50-storey office
building in
compositeconstruction
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Overview of the buildings exterior
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Close up of the rebate on the sides of the building exterior
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Close up seeing the walling
arrangement of the sky garden
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The hanger brackets and the
secured units on the floor edges
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Transporting the wall units
into the building interiors
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Placing the window unit into position
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Close up of the standard units
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To be continued in Part II . . . .
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The Center- A 80-storey office
building constructed instructural steel frame
(mega-structure).
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The configuration of the building frame
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A separating line between the curtain wall and the building structure worksuspended pending to the approval of the fixing detail
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Gondola set up to facilitate the
installation of the curtain wall units
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Hanging, fixing and
joining detail of the units
Pyramid feature at
h b ildi
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the building corners
The backing structure of
the pyramid feature
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the pyramid feature
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Detail of the backing frame before placing of the glass panes
Forming the inverted
pyramid feature at one
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pyramid feature at one
of the building corners
i h i d f
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Seeing the window from
the pyramids interior
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Wall cleansing machine and the sliding door on the penthouse
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Rail track for the hanging-typesliding door to provide a flush
exterior look for an opening
for the wall cleansing machine
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Stretching out of the
wall cleansing machinefrom a hydraulic arm
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Close up detail of theautomatic cleansing robot that
mounted onto concealed track
provided on the window units
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Cheung Kong Center
- A 62-storey office
building in compositeconstruction
Cheung Kong
Center at night
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Center at night
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Installing the curtain wall during the construction of the superstructure
Belt truss at
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building top
Curtain wall installation close to the building top
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Belt-truss and
Outrigger systems
Transfer Truss
system
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Backing frame for the louvered
panels at the transfer truss level
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Installing the standard
panels on typical floors
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Fixing detail of the panels
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Fixing detail of the panels
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Detail of the louvered panels
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Exterior detail of the standard panels
Exterior detail of
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Exterior detail of
the standard panels
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Elevation and sectional detail of typical panels
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Enlarged detail of a typical panel unit
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Storage arrangement of the panel
units inside building interior
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Close up of standard panels seeing thesection and junction detail of the units
Stainless steel entrance
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canopy forming part ofthe building faades
Residential
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Development atStubbs Road
- A 66-storeyresidential building
with internal andexternal shear walls
forming the major
part of the buildingstructure
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Backing arrangement to thebuilding exterior before the
fixing of the wall panelling
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Detail of the built-in anchor
channel and the fixing bracket
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Touching up of the
window and wall units
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Detail of the fixing atthe rebate window
Maintenance Consideration
common problem sources where failures to
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curtain wall often occur
Design failure selection and appropriateness of the
system, non-compliance to design and performancestandards, imperfection in the jointing design and
detailing, improper use of materials etc.
Construction and structural failure wrong location
or method of fixing, improper anchorage and
connection provision (including failure in welding),failure in the walling components, unpredicted
deflection or deformation appears in the background
structure, poor supervision and workmanship.
Maintenance Consideration
common problem sources where failures to
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curtain wall often occur (cont.)
Aging and deterioration discolouring and surface
damaging due to weather action; corrosion due to airpollution, acid rain, or electro-chemical effect to
dissimilar metals; aging and hardening of the glazing
compound or sealing gasket, deteriorating of the
insulating materials that lead to further dampening of
the walling materials/components, disfiguring orloosening of the fixing and connections, loosening or
broken-off of the glazing or other fitting items.
Maintenance Consideration
Signs to observed during maintenance inspectio
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- Sign of distress and deterioration of the entire wall
system,
- cracked, loose or missing glass panels,
- bulging, bowing, separation, delamination, rotation,
displacement of panels,
- marks of water, staining and rust,
- damaged and missing parts, corrosion, loosening or
other defects,- extrusion, wrinkle, split, missing or other signs of
deterioration of the sealing materials.
- moisture appears around or behind the curtain wall.
End of presentation
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and
Sorry for the rough and not perfectly organized presentation. ThePowerpoint was prepared in a very hurried manner.
If you wish to know more about the research output of the Author,
you can visit Raymonds Homepage at
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/
Thank you
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