constitutional affairs journal 11 - ibiblio affairs journal 11.pdftwgufwyfrawmfqdkwjh...

tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif

trSwfpOf (11)/ -o*kwfv/ 2001 1

EdkifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;a&;

awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;

wifarmifoef;

ouf}uD;&G,ftdkocif}uD;awGu tpvlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifawG/ jynfwGif;jynfy EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ oHwrefawGtv,f/ omrmefjynfolawG&Jh yvufazmif;vuf buf&nf0dkif;tqHk; pdwf0ifpm;ae-uwJh EdkifiHa&;ta-umif;uawmh a':atmifqef;pk -unfeJ@wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG-um; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;ygyJ? tOD;qHk;pdk;&drfruif; jzpfcJh-uwmuawmh 'DawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;[m atmifjrifEdkifyghrvm;qdkwJh oHo,yg yJ? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; wdk;wufr+&Sdaew,fqdkwJh twnfrjyKEdkifwJh owif;awGxGuf vmwJhtcg jrefrmjynf&J@EdkifiHa&;uH-urRm[m b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@xGufvmrvJqdkwJh trSef; tqawG-um;&jyefygw,f? jynfwGif;jynfyrSm&SdwJh vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifawGu vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;awGudkcsefxm;jyD; Armtcsif;csif; vuf0g;&dkufxm;wJhoabmwlnDcsuf rsKd; xGufvmavrvm;qdkwJh &wufrat;oHawGvnf; -um;&w,fcifAs? aqG;aEG;ae-uwm udk;vausmfvmwJhtcg odk@avmodk@avm oHo,awGyGg;vm awmhvnf; rqef;vSygbl;? bmowif;rSvnf;xGufrvmav [kwfyghrvm;pdk;&drf-u avaygh cifAsm? wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; 'DvdkawG@qHkaqG;aEG;-uwJhtcg jrefwmawG&Sdovdk -um wmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? v#Kd@0Sufxm;-uwmvnf; 'gvkyfaeusygyJ/ aqG;aEG;csuf awG[m trsm;xJydka&mufav ESpfzufacgif;aqmifawGtzdk@ rv+yfomae&musOf;av udk,fhvlrsufESmydkjyef-unfh&av oabmwlnDcsufa&mufzdk@ ydkcufavóuH&wwfygo wJh? 'ghtjyifaqG;aEG;yJGygvmwJh tzG@JawGrsm;vmav oabmwlnDcsuf&zdk@uvnf; -umavyJwJhcifAsm? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;rSm ESpfzufacgif;aqmifawGutjyeftvSef ol wdk@oabmwlnDvdkufor#udk ESpfzufaemufvdkuf toD;oD;uvufcHr,fvdk@ ,Hk-unf rSvnf;wnf_idrfwJh oabmwlnDcsufrsKd; &Edkifw,fcifAs? 'Dtcsufuta&;}uD;yg w,f? bma-umifhvJqdkawmh oabmwlnDcsufxGufvmwJhtcg aemufvdkuftoD; oD;u us,fus,fjyef@jyef@qef@usif-u&if tul;tajymif;jzpfpOf}uD;wpfckvHk;[m ysuf

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD


oGm;jyefa&mcifAs? 'DtEW&m,fudkawmh &ifqdkif-u&wmygyJ? 'ga-umifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;-uwJhtcgESpfzufpvHk;[m tao;pdwfEdkifor#xd awmh qufaqG;aEG;-urSmygyJcifAs? 'gayrJhwbuftzGJ@twGif;rSm&SdwJhtjcm;vlawGudk rqef@ usifrdatmifeJ@qGay;ovdkrjzpfatmifvnf; ppfwyfxJuoabmxm;wif;rmolawG xºuGrvmatmif-unfh&ovdk wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGtaeeJ@vnf; EdkifiHa&;t zG@JtoD;oD;xJu 'Drdkua&pDpHepfay:vma&;twGuf tajctjrpfuajymif;ypfcsifol awGudk tav;xm;&wmygyJ? 'ga-umifhynm&SifawGu ESpfzufacgif;aqmifawG[m 'Drdkua&pDrqefvSwJhenf; vrf;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpHepfqDudkoGm;-uwmvdk@ qdk-uaywmayghcifAsm? [m;Awf wuUodkvfuygarmuQ Samuel Huntington uqdk&if “&nfrSef;csufudk taumif txnfazmfEdkifzdk@twGuf aemufvdkufawG&J@ tusKd;pD;yGg;udkopPmazmufjyD; acgif; aqmifawG[m 'Drdkua&pDudkazmfaqmif-uwm r-umr-umawG@&w,f” vdk@ajymo As? pwif;zdk@ wuUodkvfuygarmuQ Terry Kort uawmh “EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif; qdkwm tqifajyzdk@OD;wnf&wJh tcspfrygaom vufxyfyGJav;”wJhcifAsm? bma-umifhvJqdkawmh oabmwlnDcsufawGrSm wpfbuf&J@ta&;}uD;vSwJh t usKd;pD;yGg;udk tjcm;wpfbufutjyeftvSef tmrcHcsufay;-u&wmudk;? t&yfpum; eJ@ajym&&if tul;tajymif;a-umifhjzifh cifAsm;wdk@remap&ygbl;ayghav? tul;tajymif;EdkifiHawGudk òcH-unfhvdkufwJhtcg oabmwlnDcsufykHpH (3)rsKd;awG@ &w,fvdkk@ ynm&SifawGjzpf-uwJh O'Donnell eJ@ Schmitter uqdkw,fAs? yxrwpfrsKd;uawmh EdkifiHa&;uaeppfwyfub,fvdkjyefqkwfrvJqdkwJh oabm wlnDcsufygyJ? 'kwd,uawmh ygwDt&a&mvlyk*~dKvft&yg EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifh ta&;awGeJ@ yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhawG wdk;csJ@a&;qdkif&mEdkifiHa&;oabmwlnDcsufjzpfo As? wwd,uawmh pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufawG csrSwfa&;twGufoabmwlnD wJh vlr+pD;yGg;oabmwlnDcsufygyJ? jrefrmjynfEkdifiHa&;t& ajym&r,fqdk&ifawmh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGtae eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk-unfeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aewJhwcsdefwnf;rSm tm%m,lxm;wJh twGufwyfrawmfqdkwJh tzG@Jtpnf;taeeJ@ ay;qyf&wJhwefzdk;awGudk pOf;pm;zdk@ wdkufwGef;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwpfOD;csif;taeeJ@qdk&ifawmh tkyfwwfav tusKd;&SdavayghcifAsm? t rsm;pku tkyfvnf;tkyf-uygw,f? wpfOD;wpfOD;udk odef;&mcsDaxmifcsDcsrf;omae-ujyD vdk@ &efukefjrdK@pD;yGg;a&;todkif;t0dkif;u rSef;q-uygw,f? puFmylEdkifiHom; jrefrmbD ,mvkyfief;vkyfcJhwJh a':0if;0if;EkzGifh[oGm;ovdk 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif;uawmif; wJh wpfvodef; (150)eJ@wGuf&if wcsKd@rsm; odefaygif;aomif;eJ@csD csrf;omaejyDvdk@ qdk Edkifygvdrfhr,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;rSm tqifhwdkif;rSmtusifhysufwJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmif ta&twGuf[m b,facwfrSmrS 'Dacwfavmuf rrsm;cJhzl;ygbl;? tm%meJ@yl;vdkuf wJhtwGuf jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m tzG@Jtpnf;taeeJ@udk *k%foduQmawmfawmfrJh oGm;cJhygjyD? rqva-umifh tqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHjzpfatmif vkyfcJhwJhtzG@J/ uwdu0wfawG



ay;cJhayrJh rwnfcJhwJhurBm@vlnm}uD;rsm;&J@tzG@J/ vlxkudk&uf&ufpufpufypfcwfEdSrf eif; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifwJhtzG@J/ tqifhqifhacgif;aqmiftcsKd@&J@ tusifhysufjcpm;/ udk,f usKd;pD;yGg;twGuf usefwyfrawmfom;awGcrsm tumtuG,fay;ae&&SmwJhtzG@Jt jzpfwyfrawmfcrsm vlxkutrsuf&ScH&&Smygw,f? wyfrawmftaeeJ@ 62 upjyD;u,fwif&SifjzpfcsifcJhayrJh vufawG@uawmh wdkif; jynfudk 'kuQay;wJhtzG@JyJjzpf&&Smygw,f? tm%meJ@yl;vdkufwJhtwGuf wyfrawmfqdk wJhtzG@Jtpnf;wpfckvHk;taeeJ@ ay;vdkuf&wJhwefzdk;u rwefr&m}uD;rm;vGef;vSyg w,fAsm? 'ga-umifhEdkifiHa&;uae b,fvdkjyefqkwfrvJqdkwm &dk;&dk;om;om;wdkif; jynftwGuf toufay;xm;-uay;cJh-uwJh vuf&Sdwm0efxrf;ae-uwJh wyfrawmf om;awGtwGufa&m t_idrf;pm;ppfr+xrf;twGufyg ta&;}uD;wJhudpPjzpfyg w,f? uae@awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrSm a':atmifqef;pk-unf&J@*k%foduQmeJ@twl wyfr awmf[m udk,fh&J@*k%foduQmudkjyefqGJwifEdkifr,fh oabmwlnDcsufawG&&Sdvdrfhvdk@ u|efawmfar#mfvifh ygw,fcifAsm? ESpfOD;ESpfbufu awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk v#dK@0Sufxm;-uavawmh wjcm;EdkifiH awGrSm ajymif;vJyHkawGudk u|efawmfzwfrSwfzl;or#jyefpOf;pm;&if; jrefrmhtajymif; tvJudk ajc&maumuf-unfhyghr,f? EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;jzpfpOfrSm odyfta&;}uD;wJhtqifhwpfqifhuawmh uef@ owfcsKyfcs,fxm;wmawGudk ajzavsmhay;wJhtqifhygyJ? t*Fvdyfvdkawmh liberali-zation vdk@oHk;w,fcifAs? EdkifiHawGul;ajymif;&mrSm tawG@tóuHawGrwl-uwJht avsmuf 'DaESmifóud;ajzyHkawGvnf;rwll-uygbl;? oD0&DoabmcsKyfajym&&if oHk;rsKd;&Sd w,fvdk@ qdk&r,fxifyg&J@? yxrwpfrsKd;uawmh jynfolvlxk[m olwdk@&J@tcGifhta&;awGudk usifhoHk;cHpm; Edkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;wJhjzpfpOfygyJ? wenf;ajym&if EdkifiHawmfuxif&mpdkif;Oya' rJhvkyfaqmifaewmawGuae vlwpfOD;csif;pDeJ@ tpktzG@JawGudk tumtuG,fay; vmwJhoabmygyJ? vlwpfOD;csif;taeeJ@ajymr,fqdk&if udk,fhtdrf&mudk txdtyg;r cH&wm vlwpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf qufoG,fajymqdkwmawGudk 0ifa&mufrxdyg; wm Oya'a-umif;eJ@avsmfnDpGm r#r#ww&SdwJhw&m;pD&ifr+pHepfrSm udk,fhudk,fudk,f umuG,fcGifh&Sdwm vGwfvyfpGmc&D;oGm;vm v+yf&Sm;Edkifwm/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkEdkif wm/ apm'uwuft,lcHEdkifwm tp&SdwJhtcGifhta&;awGygyJ? tpktzG@JtaeeJ@ajym r,fqdk&if tpdk;&&J@ay:vpDawGeJ@ oabmuGJvGJwJht,ltqtjrifawGudk azmfjyEdkifcGifh &Sd&r,f? tJ'Dvdkazmfjyvdk@ ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&wmrsKd;r&Sdap&bl; qifqmr&Sd&bl;? vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzG@J zG@JydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? wu,fvdk@ 'DtcGifhta&;awGudk w&m;Oya'eJ@ rjyÏmef;&ao;bl;? 'grSr[kwfjy Ïmef;jyD;ayrJh vufawG@rSmvkyfydkifcGifhr&SdcJhbl;? tckvlxkuvkyfEdkifcGifh&Sdae_yDqdk&ifvnf; 'gudkaESmifóud;ajztqifh&J@ yHkpHwpf&yftjzpf ynm&SifawGu owfrSwfvufcH-uyg w,f? 'ga-umifh'DtcGifhta&;awGudk Oya't&r[kwfapOD; tkyfpdk;olu todtrSwfjyK vmw,f? wu,fvnf;vlxku usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdvmw,fqdk&if 'g[maESmifóud;ajy;



vrf;a-umif;udk wu,fhudkppfppfrSefrSef oGm;ae_yDvdk@ajymEdkifygowJh? 'gu O'Don-nell eJ@ Schmitter wdk@&J@tjrifyg? 'kwd,wpfrsKd;uawmh ygarmuQ Huntington &J@oHk;oyfcsufygyJ? aESmifóud;ajz umvtqifh[m tm%m&SifpHepfudk wpfydkif;wpfpzGifhvdkufwJhtqifhvdk@ oluajymyg w,f? vGwfvyfpGm,SOfòydif&wJh a&G;aumufyGJuwqifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmifawGudk a&G; cs,fEdkifcGifhuvGJvdk@ csKyfxm;wmawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; zGifhvdkufw,f? EdkifiHa&;t usOf;om;awGudk v$wfay;w,f? EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk vlxk-um;ajymqdka&;om; jiif;ckefcGifh zGifhay;vdkufw,f? qifqmvkyfwmav#mhay;vdkufw,f? tm%modyfr&Sd vSwJh tqifhawGtwGuf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;w,f? &yfuGufaus;&Gm tqifhrsKd;vdk EdkifiHawmfeJ@rywfoufwJhoif;zG@Jpkpnf;vkyfudkifv+yf&Sm;r+rsKd; cGifhðyw,f? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a-umif;udk OD;wnfwJhajcvSrf;awGvSrf;vmw,f? tJtm%mudkawmhvufv$wf ray;ao;bl;wJh? 'guvGJ&if csKyfxm;wmawGjznf/ EdkifiHawmf&J@vkyfaqmifr+tcef; u¾awG jyef&kyfodrf; 'g[m aESmif}udK;jznftul;tajymif;tqifh ('grSr[kwf vpfb &,fusatmif vkyfwJhtqifh)yJvdk@ ygarmuQ Huntington uqdkw,f? ynm &SifawG&J@ t"dyg,fzGifhqdkyHk&+axmifhuGJjym;vdk@om oD0&Doabmt& ESpfrsKd;vdkjzpfaeyg w,f? O'Donnell wdk@uvlxkusifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&SdwJh vl@tcGifhta&;axmifhucsOf;uyfjyD; Samuel Huntington utkyfcsKyfol&J@vdkufavsmaphpyfvmwJhaxmifhu csOf;uyfyHk uGmwmygyJ? oabmuawmh awmfawmfqifygw,f? ckajymchJwmawGudkaygif;csKyf&&if tm%mpkcsKyfxm;wJhpHepfuae 'Drdkua&pDpep fqDudk ajymif;vJ-u&mrSm oabmobm0tajymif;tvJ ESpf&yfukdawG@&ygvdrfhr,f? aESmifóud;jznftqifh 'grSr[kwfvpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwJhtqifheJ@ 'Drdkua&pDus atmifvkyfwJhtqifhygyJ? vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfw,fqdkwm csKyfwmawGav#mh vdkufwm qHk;jzwfcsufcswJhjzpfpOfudkzGifhvdkuf_yD; yg0ifcGifhay;vmwmvufawG@t aumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufwJh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk txufrSmpkcsKyfxm;&mu tqifhqifhjzpfap/ ab;wdkufjzpfap vkyfydkifcGifhydkay;vmwmawGayghcifAsm? 'Drdkua&pD usatmifvkyfw,fqdkwmuawmh tm%mudpPrSm vlxktqHk;tjzwfudkcH,lwmw oD;yk*~vyJjzpfjzpf/ ygwDawGtaeeJ@yJjzpfjzpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf,SOf jydKif-u_yD; tEdkif&&SdwJhygwDeJ@ vlyk*~dKvfawGudkpDrHcef@cGJr+tm%meJ@ Oya'jyKr+tm%mv$J tyfusifhoHk;cGifhðywm ygyJ? 'Dvpfb&,feJ@ 'Drdkua&pDusatmifvkyfwJhoabm (2)&yf[mwcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSm tqifhoabmeJ@ul;ajymif;ayrJhh wcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSmusawmh a'G;a&m,Sufwiful;ajymif; -uwmawG@&ygowJhcifAsm? tcsuftvuftay:jrifyHk t"dyg,faumuf,lyHkuGJvGJ&muae EdkifiHa&;ed*Hk;csKyf csufeJ@r[mAsL[mcsrSwfaqmif&GufyHkxd uGJjym;-up_rJygyJ? jrefrmEdkifiHa&;c&D;udk-unfh &mrSmvnf; wpfpkwpfzG@Jtm%mcsKyfEdkifiHa&;pHepfuae 'Drdkua&pDpHepfqDul;ajymif;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@tm%modrf;ppfwyf[m b,fwkef;urSrvkyfaqmifcJhbl;vdk@ aumuf csufcsolawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 1988 Zlvdkif (23)ygwDnDvmcHrSmwifvmwJh wpfygwD vm; ygwDpHkvm;tqdkwifcJhwmutp 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtxd[m vdrfvnfvS!fh



zsm;aqmif&GufcsufawGomjzpfw,fvdk@ owfrSwf-uwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? aemuf qHk;,ckvkyfaewJhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;[m ppffwyf&J@vlxkqufqHa&;qdkif&mtuGufwpf uGufyJjzpfw,fvdk@ xifjrif-uolawGvnf; renf;vSygbl;? wcsKd@uEdkifiHa&;udk csOf;uyf&mrSm&kd;om;r+udk yifwdkifxm;-unfhwwf-uygw,f? olwdk@&dk;om;&if'gawGvkyfrSmayghqdkwJh tEkrmetqdkwpf&yfeJ@ “'gawG”udkpm&if;owf rSwfygw,f? _yD;awmh tJ'Dpm&if;eJ@jyefcsdefxdk;-unfh_yD;awmfawmfvGJae&if r&dk;om;bl; vdk@ aumufcsufcs-uwmayghav? u|efawmfuawmhtxufuajymcJhwJh csOf;uyfyHkawGeJ@rcsOf;uyfbJ EdkifiHa&;t ul;tajymif;oD0&doabmt&csOf;uyf_yD; jrefrmjynfrSmjzpfysufcJh jzpfysufaewmawG udk oHk;oyfygr,f? 1988 ckESpfupvdk@ayghav AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; OD;ae0if;eJ@wyfxGuf rqv acgif; aqmiftenf;pkav;up_yD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpHepfudk jyefoGm;zdk@ajymcJh-uwmrsm; t oHtwdrfteufoHk;E+H;yHkomuGmjcm;r,f ,ae@ etz AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tenf;pkav;txd ygyJ? 'gayrJhwjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvdk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fwmawGudk ajzavsmhcJhovm; w enf;=vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfcJhovm;qdkawmh tcsdefumvtrsm;pkrSmrvkyfaqmif cJh-ubl; vdk@ajz&ayvdrfhr,fcifAs? t&yfom;xJu OuUXjzpfvmwJha'gufwmarmifarmif&J@ wpfvwm umvav; rSmyJ csKkyfcs,fwmawGudk ajzavsmhcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? ppftkyfcsKyfa&; &kyfodrf;w,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tcsKd@ jyefv$wfw,f? pmapmifxkwfa0cGifhawGudk qifqmucGifh ðyvmw,f? vGwfvyfcGifhudk w&m;0ifxkwfjyefay;wmr[kwfayrJh tpdk;&ydkifowif; pmt,f'DwmtzG@JawGu olwdk@oabmeJ@olwdk@ qHk;jzwfa&;om;xkwfa0vm-uw,f? wpfygwDvm;/ ygwDpHkvm; qENcH,lzdk@zG@Jxm;cJhwJhtzG@J&J@ OuUXOD;wifatmif[def;u 'g qENcH,lzdk@rvdkawmhbl;? vlxkuygwDpHkoGm;zdk@vHkavmufwJhqEN jyo_yD;wma-umifh 'DtzG@Judk oluzsufodrf;vdkufw,f? 'Dvdkaqmif&GufcsufrsKd; t&ifub,fvkyfEdkifyghr vJ? 'ghtjyif tul;tajymif;oD0&Dt& ta&;}uD;wJhEdkifiHa&;qHk;jzwfcsufwpf&yfu awmhygwDeJ@EdkifiHawmfudk cGJjcm;vdkufwmygyJ? OD;ae0if;u wpfygwDvm;/ ygwDpHkvm;/ p&Hkpvrf;a-umif;ay;jyD;xGufoGm;cJhyg w,f? rvkyfcJhygbl;? a'gufwmarmifarmifu vkyfvmygw,f? olvkyfwmawG[mw jcm;EdkifiHawG&J@tul;tajymif;rSm vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwmawGeJ@ tawmftwef qifygw,f? 'gayrJhtJ'Dwkef;u u|efawmfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu 'Drdkua&pDusatmif vkyfwmyJjrifcsifw,f? olom&dk;om;cJh&if -um;jzwftpdk;& zG@Jay;rSmayghqdkwhJ “cJh&if” pOf;pm;yHkeJ@ ol@udktuJjzwfw,f? 'Dtcg a'gufwmarmifarmifudk ,Hkp&mta-umif; r&ddSawmhygbl;? 'Dumvuae u|efawmfwdk@ oifcef;pm (2)&yf ,lzdk@vdkr,fxifygw,f? yxroifcef;pmu u|efawmfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu ,l&r,fhoifcef;pm ygyJ? vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwJhtqifh[m 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;a&;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tqifhwpf&yfjzpfw,f? 'Drdku&pDul;ajymif;a&;rSm ta&;t&mudkpOf;pm;wJhtcg tkyf



pdk;oltwGif;rSm vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfr,fholawG ay:aygufa&;/ ay:vm&ifvnf; olwdk@ taetxm; cdkifvma&;awGudk wGufqzdk@ vdkr,fxifygw,f? 'kwd,oifcef;pmuawmh tkyfpdk;olwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG,l&r,fh oifcef; pmygyJ? (88)upvmwJhvrf;a-umif;udkjyef-unfh&ifOD;ae0if;u ygwDpHkajym/ OD;pdefvGif u ypfcwf ESdrfeif; axmifcs/ a'gufwmarmifarmifu vpfb&,fusatmifvkyf/ ppfwyfuypfcwf/ ESdrfeif;/ csKyfcs,f/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJvkyf/ tm%mv$Jray;yJtrsKd;rsKd; zdESdyf/ 'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGvufawG@}uHK&_yD; vlxkjrifae&wmuawmh [kwfrvdkvdkpum;av;-um;vdkuf& vufoD;eJ@xdk; &if0aqmifhtuefcHvdkuf&wJht jzpfrsKd;ygyJ? ae@w"l0owif;pmawGuvnf; atmufwef;ususig;pdrf;onf xrDvSef &efawG@yHkrsKd;eJ@ a&;om;aeawmh ppfwyftay:vlxku b,fvdkrsm;,Hk&ygrvJ? ygwDpHk'D rdkku&pDudk aoewfrdk;ay:axmifrypfbl;qdkwJh jcdrf;ajcmufenf;eJ@oGm;vdk@r&ygbl;? 'D awmh wyftay:vlxk,Hk-unfr+ jyefxlaxmifcsif&if vpfb&,fuswJhvkyf&yfawG vkyf zdk@vdkayvdrfhr,fcifAs? 'gayrJh uae@EdkifiHa&;udk-unfhwJhtcgusawmh jrefrmjynfrSmu a&G;aumufyGJu vnf; usif;yjyD;cJh_yD? vlxkuvnf;tpdk;&tzG@JeJ@Oya'jyKa&;rSm acgif;aqmif-uzdk@ a&G; cs,fay;_yD;_yD? 'Drdkua&pDusatmifvkyfa&;&J@tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfu &Sd_yD;om;jzpfae_yD qdkygawmh? qdkvdkwmu vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwJh tajymif;tvJawGu csKd@wJhae _yD; vlxka&G;aumuf_yD;yk*~dKvfawGeJ@ ygwDawGu&Sdaew,f? 'Dtajctaeudk b,fvdk ul;ajymif;-urvJ? u|efawmfwdk@ qufpOf;pm-unfh&atmif? vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwJhtawG@t-uHK (3)rsKd;&Sdw,fvdk@ u|efawmfajymcJhayrJh wwd,wpfrsKd;ta-umif; u|efawmfrajymcJhao;ygbl;? 'Dwwd,wpfrsKd;u ppfwyf ua&;aewJhzG@Jpnf;yHkeJ@ awmfawmfwlygw,f? O'Donnell wdk@ajymovdk vlxk&J@tcGifhta&;awGudkumuG,fay;wmrsKd; Hun-tington ajymovdk tm%mrv$wfao;wmuvGJ&if vGwfvyfcGifhawG zGifhay;vdkuf wmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? Luciano Martins &J@tvdkt& 'DvdkEdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkawG udkawmh csrSwf-uw,f? 'gayrJh 'Drdkua&pD&J@rl}uD; (4)&yfudkawmh rusifhoHk;Edkifatmif vkyfxm;-uw,fwJh? tJ'Drl (4)&yfuawmh yxrtkyfcsKyf&mrSm trsm;oabmwlr#& r,fqdkwJhrl/ 'kwd,tkyfcsKyfolawG[m EdkifiHa&;wm0efcH&ovdkvlxkupHkprf;ar;jref;ppf aq;wmudkajz-um;zdk@ wm0ef&Sdw,fqdkwJhrl? wwd,vlrsKd;pkeJ@EdkifiHa&;vlenf;pk tkyfpk awGtygt0if EdkifiHa&;udk,fpm;jyKr+ vHkvHkavmufavmuf&Sd&r,fqdkwJhtcGifhta&; qdkif&mrl? pwkwˆtm%mudk ydkif;jcm;cGJjzef@xm;&r,fqdkwJhrl? wyfuqGJaewJh vuf&SdzG@Jpnf;yHkudk-unfh&if wyfrawmfucs,fvS,fEdkifa&;udkOD; wnfxm;jyD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk tm%mtrsm;}uD;ay;xm;wm awG@Edkifygw,f? ppfwyf[m EdkifiHawmfwGif;u EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfyJ? ajymcJhwJhrl (4)&yfodyftm;enf; wmawG@&ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga-umifh'Drdkua&pDusatmiful;ajymif;&mrSm a&G;aumufyGJvkyf&kH v$wfawmf &Sd&kH eJ@rjyD;bJ 'Drdkua&pD&J@tESpfom&awG&Sdzdk@vnf; ta&;-uD;vSygw,f?



'Drdkua&pDqdkwm ppfwyfacgif;aqmifawG bk&ifvkyfzdk@twGuf w&m;0ifatmif vkyfay;wJh pHepfr[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDpHepfudk vlxkuvnf;rjynfhrpHk em;vnfae-uyHk&ygw,f? 'Drdkua& pDpHepfay:aygufvmwmeJ@ wdkif;jynf[m tvdkvdkaumif;vmr,f? bma-umifhvJqdk awmh tpdk;&opf[m vlxkjzpfcsifwmawGudk vkyfay;rSmrdk@yJ xif-uwmudk;? u|efawmfuawmh bmx&ef&yfqJ&J@ pum;udkoGm;owd&rdawmhwmygyJ? 'DawG; ac:&Sif}uD;uajymzl;w,fAs? “'Drdkua&pD.wefzdk;onf t[ef@twm;oabmudk aqmif.? 'Drdkua&'Donf tpdk;&aumif;jzpfa&;udk tmrcHcsufray;yg? odk@aomft csKd@aom raumif;qdk;0g;r+rsm;udkum; tumtuG,fay;ygvdrhfrnf” wJh? 1962 uae uae@xd u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf }uHKawG@ae&wJh jy\em[m tJ'D “tcsKd@aom raumif;qdk;0g;r+rsm;” yg? 'Draumif;qdk;0g;wmawG b,fuay:vm& wmvJ? rmwifajymwJh 'Drdkua&pD&Jhrl (4)&yfuif;rJhwJh wpfpkwpfzG@JcsKyftm%moHk; tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHa&;pHepfa-umifh ay:vm&wmyg? trsm;oabmudk pHepfuudk,fpm;rjyKEdkifbl;? tkyfcsKyfolu trsm;oabmudk rsufuG,fjyKvmw,f? EdkifiHa&; udk,fpm;jyKr+ tvHktavmufr&Skdbl;? tkyfcsKyfolawG[m vlxkqENudktav;rxm;awmh vlxkeJ@a0;vmygw,f? pHepf xJrSm rwlwJhEdkifiHa&;tjrifawG/ vlenf;pkudpPawGazmfjyp&m ae&mr&Sdbl;? 'Dawmh vlrsKd;pkawG&Jhjy\em tHkºuGvmw,f? tm%mudkoD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh cGJjzef@xm;yHkr &Sdawmh tm%m&Sdoluxifovdk}uJygava&m? vlxkrSm pHkprf;ar;jref;ppfaq;Edkifwm bmrSr&Sdygbl;? 'Dawmhtm%mtvGJoHkpm;r+awG&Sdvmw,f? rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif/ n‡if;yef;/ ESdfyfpufwmutp/ tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;jyK jcpm;wmtqHk; 'Draumif; qdk;0g;r+awGu jrefrmjynfudk EdSyfpufcJhwmygyJ? 'Dawmh tm%mudkb,fvdk xdef;ausmif;rvJqdkwm 'Drdkua&pD'*Fg;jym;&J@ rsuf ESmwpfbufjzpf_yD; trsm;oabmqENjynfh0a&; rwlwJhtkyfpktoD;oD; auseyfa&;eJ@ vlenf;pkudk tumtuG,fay;a&;qdkwmu tjcm;bufwpfrsufESm jzpfygw,f? tm%mudk xdef;ausmif;&mrSm 2 rsKd;eJ@csOf;uyfvdk@&ygw,f? wpfrsKd;utm%m ydkifyk*~KdvfawGudk uef@owfwmjzpf_yD; usefwpfrsKd;u vkxk&Jhvl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ vkyfydkif cGifhudk EdkifiHawmfu0ifa&mufpGufzufvdk@r&atmif vkyfaqmifwmygyJ? 'Drdkua&pDul; ajymif;a&;rSm vpfb&,fusatmif vkyf-uwJhtcg 'Dvm;&mESpf&yfeJ@ oGm;-uwmudk; cifAs? ajymcJhovdkygyJ O'Donnell wdk@&J@csOf;uyfr+u tcGifhta&;udkyifwdkifxm; jyD; Huntington utm%mcsKyfxm;wmawG ajzavsmhwmudk yifwdkifxm;wmygyJ? t ul;tajymif;rSm 'Dvm;&m (2)&yfvHk; oGm;-u&rSmaygh? a':atmifqef;pk-unfeJ@ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSmvnf; 'D vm;&m (2)&yftwdkif;oGm;zdk@ OD;wnfaqG;aEG;-ur,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif a&G; aumufyGJuvnf; &SdcJhjyD;_yD? igwaumraumygbl;? vlxkqENudk av;pm;ygw,f qdk wmjyozdk@vnf; wyfrawmfrSm wm0ef&SdayrSmayghcifAsm? jcHK_yD;ajym&&if u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHtaeeJ@ pOf;pm;&r,fhEdkifiHa&;acgif;pOf (4)&yf&Sd vdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfxifygw,f? wpfcku “vlxk&J@ 1990 ckESpfqENrJ” qdkwJhacgif;



pOfygyJ? a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&J@ tajccHyJr[kwfygvm;? 'ghtjyifwyfrawmf tm%m,lxm;pOfumv 'Drdkua&pDpHepfay:aygufa&;twGuf tjyKoabmeJ@tysuf oabm aqmif&GufcsufawG&SdcJh&mrSm 1990a&G;aumufyGJ[m tjyKoabmtaqmif qHk;jzpfwmrdk@ vlxkqENrJudk b,fvdkwkef@jyefr,fqdkwm wyfrawmftwGufvnf; t a&;}uD;vSaywmayghcifAsm? 'kwd,acgif;pOfuawmh “tm%mudkuef@owfa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; tjynhft0 &&Sda&;” jzpf_yD; “xdxda&mufa&muf pGrf;aqmifEdkifwJhtpdk;& pDrHcef@cGJr+ jzpfa&;” u awmh aemufqHk;acgif;pOfaygh cifAsm? yxrta-umif;t&muvGJvdk@usefta-umif;&yfawG[m a':atmifqef;pk-unf eJ@wyfrawmfqdkwJhEdkifiHa&;udk,fpm;jyKr+ESpf&yf&Jhabmifxuf ydkrdkus,fjyef@wJhta-umif; &yfawGjzpfaewm awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk&J@ t"duta-umif;t&mawG vnf;jzpfwmayghcifAsm? 'ghtjyif 'Drdkua&pDusa&;c&D;pOfudkoGm;&mrSm u|efawmfajym cJhwJh vpfb&,fusa&;aqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@ wdkuf&dkufywfoufaewmvnf; awG@&yg r,f? 'Drdkua&pDpHepfqDudkul;ajymif;&mrSm t}udKvdktyfcsufwpf&yfuawmh trsKd;om; nDnGwfa&;yJvdk@ ynm&Sif Rustow uqdkw,fcifAs? trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;qdk&mrSm wnfqJEdkifiHa&;tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ vlrsKd;pkawG&Jhtjrif oabmxm;udkav;pm;a&;yg0if ovdk wdkif;jynf&Jhtem*wfa&;rSm wnfqJEdkifiHawmftajctaeawG wpfpHkwpf&m yg0ifvmrSmudk vufcHa&;vnf; (to accept the existing state as constituting the relevant political unit for the future) yg0ifygw,f? wenf;qdk&if wnf qJEdkifiHa&;taetxm;ay:rSm vpfb&,fusatmif aqmif&Gufa&;yJvdk@ ajymEdkiffyg w,f? 'gutm%m&SifEdkifiHtjzpfu tul;tajymif;umvrSm tajccHygyJ? ynm&Sif awGjzpf-uwJh Linz eJ@ Stepan wdk@&Jhtvdkt&qdk&if e,fy,fig;&yf&J@ tjyeftvSef wkef@jyeftm;jznfhaqmif&Guf-uyHku 'Drdkua&pDpHepf tm;aumif;a&;twGuf odyft a&;}uD;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'De,fy,fig;&yfuawmh

(1) vGwfvyf&SifoefwJh vlxkqdkif&mvl@tzG@Jtpnf;awGwnf&Sda&;? t*Fvdyfvdk awmh civil society ayghcifAsm? vlxkxJrSm&Sd-uwJh vlyk*~dKvftoD;oD;[m udk,fxm;wJh vlr+wefzdk;wpf&yf&yftwGuf tzG@JawGzG@J-ur,f? pnf;&Hk;-u r,f? v+yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf-ur,fayghAsm? qdkygawmh jrefrmabmfvHk;wdk;wuf a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifcsif-uwJh olawGqdkygawmh? olwdk@oabmeJ@ olwdk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zG@Jpnf;v+yf&Sm;cGifh&Sd&r,fcifAs? tpdk;&u 'DvlxktzG@Jt pnf;awGudk }oZmay;0ifrpGuf&ygbl;? 'guu|efawmfw@dk vlr+b0rSmjref rmawGawmfawmfav; 0goemyg-uwJhudpPav;wpf&yfudk u|efawmf Oyrm ay;wmyg? 'ghxufru ta&;}uD;wJh udpP&yfawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?

(2) vGwfvGwfvyfvyf qHk;jzwfvkyfudkifcGifh&SdwJh edkifiHa&;qdkif&mvl@tzG@Jtpnf; wpf&yf&Sd&ygr,f? 'De,fy,ftwGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh ol@bmompkpnf; jzpfay: vmr,f? vlxka&;&mpDrHcef@cGJr+ tm%mudk ,lEdkifcGifh&Sd&r,fcifAs?



(3) EdkifiHom;awG&Jh vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ zG@Jpnf;vkyfaqmifydkifcGifhb0udk tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;wJh w&m;Oya'a&;&m pdk;rdk;r+&Sd&ygr,f?

(4) 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&utoHk;jyKEdkifwJh EdkifiHawmfAsL&dkua&pD wpf&yf&Sd&ygr,f? 'gu xdxda&mufa&mufpGrf;aqmifEdkifwJh tpdk;&jzpfay:zdk@ta&;-uD;aywm udk;? pGrf;aqmifr+nHhzsif;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;eJhcsnf; -uKHae&&if vlxku'Drdkua&pD pHepftay: vnf; ,Hk-unfr+ enf;vmwwfygw,f?

(5) ol@ae&meJ@ol tawmftweftom;us_yD; pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mvltzG@JJtpnf;&Sd &ygr,f? EdkifiHawmfeJ@aps;uGuf-um; owfrSwfqufqHwJhpHE+ef;awG pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;awG&Sd&ygw,f? Oya'taqmufttHkeJh owfrSwfxm;wJh abmif awGuvnf; avsmfuefoifhjrwfpGm &Sd&ygr,fwJh?

'De,fy,fig;&yfvHk; zG@H_zdK;av 'Drdkua&pDu usef;rmoefpGrf;avaygh cifAsm? u|ef awmfwdk@EdkifiHrSmawmh 'De,fy,fig;&yfvHk;[m -uHKvSDaewm txl;taxGajymp&mvdk r,frxifygbl;? &nf&G,fonfjzpfap/ r&nf&G,fonfjzpfap/ wyfrawmf&Jh vkyfaqmif cJhor#[m e,fy,fig;&yfvHk;udk 'kudQwjzpfapavmufatmifudk tm;enf;apcJhygw,f? bma-umifhygvJ? 'Drdkua&pDudk oGm;&wJhvrf;a-umif;vdktyfcsufawG[m ppfwyfqdkwJh tzG@Jpnf; &Jh xHk;pH"avheJh u¿aump jzpfaewmudk;cifAs? 'DtxJ 1988 vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+ t&Sdeft [kefa-umifh wyfuGJrSmudkpdk;&drfxdef;odrf;&if; ppfwyfonfom rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdwJhvlxkt wGufvkyfEdkifwJh pDrHcef@cGJr+pHepf tvGefaumif;wJh tzG@Jtpnf;jzpfw,fqdkwJh t,lt qu wyfrawmftwGif; rodpdwfrSm }uD;xGm;vmcJhw,fcifAs? t&yfpum;eJ@ajym& &if [dk[mus,fwJh tpGef;a&mufa&m*g 0ifvmw,fqdkygawmh? wyftxufpD;&a&; 0g'ayghAsm? 'ga-umifhvnf;wyf[m txufpD;bk&iffvkyfzdk@vm;? vuf&SdcH,lxm;wJh etz trnftwdkif; EdkifiHzG@HjzdK;wdk;wufzdk@ ulnDaqmif&GufrSmvm;vdk@ }uHKwdkif;u|ef awmf ar;cGef;xkwfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tcka':atmifqef;pk-unfeJ@ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;rSma&m tJ'Duwqifhqufvm Edkifp&m&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;awGrSmyg ppfwyf[m udk,fhudk,f udk,f'Dar; cGef; tjrJar;ae&OD;rSmygyJ? 'ghtjyif vpfb&,fusatmifvkyfwJh EdkifiHa&;tpDtpOfeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@zG@Jpnf;tkyf csKyfyHk[m oabmobm0rwlbl;qdkwmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ owdjyK-u&ygr,f? vpf b&,fusatmif aqmif&Gufwmu 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&;twGuf a&S‹ajy;tpDt pOfumvwdkudpPjzpf_yD; zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk&Jhoabmuawmh a&&Snftwlaexdkifa&; udpP 'Drdkua&pDrlawGeJhtm;jznfhxm;wJh trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;qdkif&m umv&Snfo abmwlnDcsuf jzpfw,fcifAs? 'gudk u|efawmfajymae&wm ta-umif;&Sdygw,f? t ckwyfuvkyfaewJhzG@Jpnf;yHk[m wpfpHkwpf&mvpfb&,fusa&;tpDtpOfudk a&&Snf jzpfatmif vkyfxm;wma-umifhygyJ? ,m,Doabmjzpf&rSmawGudk xm0&oabm aqmifatmif -udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&if trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;&zdk@ tifrwefcufcJwwf ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppftpOftvm&SdcJhwJh wdkif;jynftzdk@ tifrweftEW&m,f}uD;yg w,f?



awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHay:xGef;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHhjyKwJh oabmwlnDcsufawG&&Sdygap? trsKd;om;jyefvnf nDnGwfa&;twGuf tEW&m,f jzpf apEdkifwJh oabmwlnDcsufawG a&SmifEdkifygapvdk@ u|efawmf qkawmif; vdkufyg w,f cifAsm? yxrqHk;xGufvmwJhowif;uawmh t&yfom;tpdk;&wpfzG@J (2)ESpfuae (4) ESpftwGif;rSm ay:aygufvmzdk@ar#mfvifhwJh owif;ygyJ? ukvor*~txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwm&mZmvDtpPar;eJ@ eD;pyfwJhoHwreftodkif;t0dkif;u xGufvmwJhowif;vdkk@ qdkw,fcifAs? 2001 ck ESpfv,favmufa&mufawmh Asiaweek r*~Zif;rSm Roger Mitton u ESpfukefrSm EdkifiHa&;oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yf ay:vmEdkifw,fvdk@ a&;jyef ygw,f? 'gayrJh r-umao;rDu RFA eJ@trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@JcsKyftwGif;a&;rª; OD;vGif wdk@ tifwmAsL;vkyf&mrSm jrefrmpum;vHk;aqG;aEG;w,fqdkwmu t"dyg,ft rsKd;rsKd;&Sdaew,f? OD;vGif&J@rSef;qem;vnfcsufqdk&if xJxJ0if0ifaqG;aEG;0dkif;udk oGm;zdk@ twGuf t}udKpum;ajym-uwmyJ &Sdygao;w,fwJh? dialogue r[kwfbl;? discus-sion yJ&dSkao;wmygwJh? ,Hk-unfr+wnfaqmufae-uwJhtqifh qdkygawmh? ESpfbufwdkufcdkufr+awGjyif;xefcJh-uawmh ,Hk-unfr+xlaxmif&w,fqdkwm vdk tyfygw,f? pum;ajymwmawGudk v#Kd@0Sufxm;zdk@vnf; vdktyfygw,f? a':atmif qef;pk-unfudk tjcm;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@awG@qHkcGifhray;bJ xdef;csKyfxm;wm vnf; em;vnfvdk@&Edkifygao;w,f? 'gayrJh wpfbufrSmvnf; tcsdefawGrukefoifhbJukefrsm;aeovm;qdkwm pOf; pm;p&myg? jrefrmjynfvdk qif;&JacwfaemufusaewJhEdkifiHtzdk@ urBm}uD;udkrajymeJ@ tdrfeD;csif;tmqD,HEdkifiHawGudk trDvdkufzdk@vdktyfaeygw,f? ukefcJhwJhESpfaygif; (40) twGuf olrsm;xufq,fquJ tm;xkwfvkyfudkifEdkifrSom u|efawmfwdk@b0u wef umusr,fqdkwm rarhtyfygbl;? enf;ynmacwfrSm EdkifiHawG&J@wdk;wufr+E+ef;u ordkif;rSm-uHKcJhwJh b,ftvsif E+ef;eJhrSrwl tifrwefjrefqefvSw,fqdkwm u|efawmftxl;taxGajymzdk@vdkr,fr xifygbl;? wpf&ufqdkwpf&ufyJvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ rav;eufcJh&if jrefrmjynf&J@tem *wf[m om,mEdkifzdk@a0;jrJa0;aeOD;rSmyg? 'Dvdku|efawmfajymaewma-umifh temusufzdk@twGufeJ@ a&S@qufqHa&;twGuf tkwfjrpfcsaewJhumvudk tvsifpvdkaqmif&Gufvkyfudkifzdk@ wdkufwGef;aewmvdk@t "dyg,fraumufapcsifygbl;? tul;tajymif;umvtwGuf aqG;aEG;&r,fhta-umif; t&mawGudk a&;a&;r#jrif&&kHeJ@wif aqmif&Gufp&mawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdwmudk oabm aygufEdkifygw,f? 'ga-umifhrdk@ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf,Hk-unfr+ wnfaqmufaewmeJ@w jydKifwnf;rSmyJ jzpfEkdifzG,f&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;ajz&Sif;r+vrf;a-umif;trsKd;rsKd;udk &SmazGxm; wmaum aqmif&Gufvdk@rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;? 'gu|efawmfpOf;pm;-unfhaewmjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm tvkyfoabmt& (2)rsKd;&Sdr,fxifygw,f? wpfrsKd; u 1990 a&G;aumufyGJvlxkqENudk todtrSwfjyKwJh EdkifiHa&;ajz&Sif;r+wpf&yf &&Sdzdk@ jzpfygw,f? aemufwpfrsKd;uawmh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&Jh ta&;udpPjzpfygw,f? 'DESpfrsKd;vHk; tusKH;0if&avatmif ukvor*~tygt0if EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGu



oHk;yGifhqdkif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk ajymae-uwmygyJ? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGu 'DtvkyfawGvkyfzdk@ tqifh (2)qifhcGJ-unfhxm;yHk &oAs? wpfqifh_yD;rSwpfqifhoGm;r,fayghav? tzG@JawGrsm;vmav/ EdkifiHa&;jy\em awGu euf&+dif;&+yfaxG;vmav/ oabmwlnDcsuf&zdk@cufav jzpfwwfawmh 'DcsOf; uyfr+u EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;oabmt& tusKd;oifhta-umif;oifhygayw,fvdk@ qdk&rSmygyJ? 'gayrJh tcsdefodyfukefp&m &Sdygw,f? 'ga-umifh u|efawmft-uHjyKcsifwmuawmh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&; taxmuft uljyK tzG@Ji,f (2)zG@J zG@Jzdk@ygyJ?

(1) 'DtzG@JESpfzG@JvHk;[m tvkyfoabmtzG@JawGyJjzpf&ygr,f? b,fEdkifiHa&;udkrS udk,fpm;jyKwJhtzG@JawG rjzpf&ygbl;? tvkyfoabmtzG@J jzpfwma-umifh jzpfEdkifzG,f&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;a-umif;awG&SmazGa&;[m 'DtzG@J&Jh rpf&Sifjzpfyg w,f?

(2) 'DtzG@J[m qdkif&mEdkifiHa&;tzG@J 'grSr[kwf wdkif;&if;om;tzG@Jacgif;aqmif awGudkawG@qHk_yD; olwdk@uwdkif;jynftwGufta&;}uD;w,f,lqwJh 'grSr [kwf wefzdk;xm;wJh 'grSr[kwf &wufrat;wJh ta-umif;&yfawGudkem; axmifrSwfom;ygr,f? 'Dta-umif;&yfawGudk pOf;pm;zdk@ OD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwfay;zdk@vnf; arwWm&yfcHcsif&yfcHygvdrfhr,f? wenf;ajym&if tvkyf oabmt& vdktyfwmawGudkulnDzdk@ tzG@Jtm;vHk;udk arwWm&yfcHygr,f?

(3) 'DtzG@Ju EkdifiHa&;tajztrsKd;rsKd;udk &Smygr,f? tajztrsKd;rsKd;[m qdkif&mt zG@JtoD;oD;&J@ tusKd;pD;yGg;awG jznfhqnf;Edkifor# jznfhqnf;Edkif&ygr,f?

(4) tzG@Jt&G,ftpm;[m (5)a,muf 'grSr[kwf (7)a,mufxufrydkoifhyg bl;? tvkyftzG@Jjzpfwma-umifh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkudk,fpm;jyKp&m rvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh jzpfEdkifzG,fvrf;a-umif;awGpOf;pm;wJh tpnf;ta0;awGrSm tkyfpk udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk t-uHOm%fay;Edkifzdk@ zdwfac:Edkifygw,f?

(5) tzG@J0ifawG[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@ &if;ESD;&ygr,f? EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif; obm0udkvnf; em;vnf&ygr,f? udk,feJ@rwlwJh wbufvlae&mudk0if pOf;pm;Edkifol jzpf&ygr,f? zGifhxm;wJhpdwf &Sd&ygr,f? todynm A[kokw ºuG,f0olawGjzpf&ygr,f? 'DZdkif;pOf;pm;yHk &Sd&ygr,f? tzG@J0iftjzpf tzG@JpHku tqdkjyKn‡dE+dif; a&G;cs,f&ygr,f?

(6) pOf;pm;&mrSm vrf;a-umif; trsKd;rsKd;&&Sdzdk@ EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;tul;t ajymif;tawG@t}uHKvdktyfygw,f? 'gayrJhtzGJ@0iftjzpf EdkifiHjcm;om;ynm &Sifyg0ifvmwm[m EdkifiHa&;t&vufcHzdk@ wcsKd@ucufaumif;cufaeygvdrfh r,f? 'ga-umifh 'DtzG@JtwGuf ukvor*~taeeJ@ twdkif;yifcHygarmuQtzG@J wpfzG@Judk cef@xm;ay;oifh ygw,f?

(7) oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifzdk@twGuf 'DtzJG@udk ukvor*~txl; udk,fpm;vS,f&Jh atmufrSm xm;&Sdzdk@ygyJ?

'DtzG@J[m taxmuftuljyK tvkyftzG@Jjzpfwma-umifh olwdk@wifjyor#ajz&Sif; yHkudk tkyfpktoD;oD;u pOf;pm;zdk@ygyJ? a':atmifqef;pk-unfeJ@ wyfrawmfacgif;



aqmifawG&Jh vuf&SdaqG;aEG;yGJuvnf; qufoGm;aevdk@&ygw,f? 'DtzG@JawGzG@JwJht wGuf xdcdkufp&m&Sdvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfrxifygbl;? toifhjyifqifay;xm;wJht wGuf acgif;aqmifawGtaeeJ@ tcsdefukefoufom acgif;cJp&moufomygao;w,f? acgif;aqmifawGu tao;pdwfjyefn‡d-u&kHygyJ? vufrcHcsifvnf; 'DtzG@Jvkyfor#y,f csvdkuf&HkygyJ? b,folrSbmrS epfemp&mta-umif; r&Sdbl;xifygw,f? 'ghtjyiftzG@J toD;oD;[m ydkem;vnfvm ydkus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pOf;pm;vmEdkifwJh tusKd;aus;Zl; udkvnf; &&Sdygvdrfhr,f cifAsm;? ?



Oya'ESifhbmoma&;

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Oya'ESifh bmoma&;

Peter Gutter

1824=26 / 1852=53 ESifh 1885=86 ppfyGJ oHk;}udrfumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH onf _Adwdo#vufatmufcH EdkifiHtjzpf odrf;oGif;jcif; cHcJh&onf? udkvdkkeDpepf tp jyKcsdefwGif (tjcm;udkvdkeDvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;enf;wl) a'oEW&ta&;wGif 0if a&mufpGufzufr+rjyKjcif;qdkaom jAdwdo#tpdk;&0g'&SdcJhonf? ‚if;rSmjAdwdo#tpdk;&t aeESifh ydkI&ifqdkif&rnfhtjzpfrsKd; rzefwD;vdkjcif;jzpfonf? T0g'udkvufcHusifhoHk;jcif; rjyKcJhv#if jynfolrsm;twGif; xºuGr+ESifhra-ueyfr+rsm; wdk;yGg;vmcJhrnfjzpf_yD; jAd wdo#tpdk;&.&yfwnfr+udk tEW&m,fjzpfzG,f&Sdonf? ,if;0g'onf (18)&mpk ESpfrsm; twGif; tdENd,jynf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;wGif udkvdkeDpepf }udK;udkifolrsm;wdk@. tawG@ t}uHKudk a&mifjyef[yfapcJhonf? ‚if;tawG@t-uKHwGif 1753 ckESpf jrdK@0efw&m;&Hk;awmf. ay;tyfaom txl;t cGifhta&;ay;pmcsKyf jyKjyifjcif;yg0ifonf? TpmcsKyfrSm jAdwdo#e,fyg,ftwGif;&Sd tdENd , ÏmaeOya'ESifh "avhxHk;wrf;1 oD;oef@xm;&Sdjcif;udk azmfn$ef;cJhonf? 1772 ckepf Warren Hastings . 23}udrfajrmuftkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifa&;wGif T0g'udk jyefvnf usifhoHk;cJhonf? 1781 ckESpf pD&ifcsufyk'frwGif TudkvdkeD0g'vrf;n$efwGif yg0ifcJhonf? ,if;yk'f rwGif [dENLESifh rlpvif bmomqdkif&m Oya'rsm; xdef;odrf;a&;udk twnfjyKcJhonf? tarGqdkif&m/ t&dkuft&m qufcHjcif;qdkif&mESifh pmcsKyfqdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh pyfvsif;I [dENLESifhrlpvifwdk@. Oya'twdkif; qHk;jzwf&efESifh rlpvif odk@r[kwf [dENLwpfrsKd; wnf;&Sdaomtr+rsKd;wGif rdrdw&m;cHESifhqdkifaom Oya't&qHk;jzwf&ef Tvrf;n$ef u jyXmef;xm;onf? 1833 ckEpf pmcsKyfyg Oya'onf tqdkygOya'rsm;udk azmfn$ef;cJhonf? ‚if;Oy a'rsm;udkpDpOf&ef/ odk@r[kwf jyÏmef;&ef/ odk@wnf;r[kwf wnfap&efESifh jyKjyif&efvdk tyfygu vdktyfovdkaqmif&Gufrnf[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;cJhonf? Tta&;



a-umifh Oya'aumfr&SifwpfzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? ‚if;tzG@Jonf tdENd, EdkifiHxJwGif jynfoltm;vHk;udk Oya'wpf&yfwnf;jzifh tkyfcsKyfIr&Edkifa-umif;udk od&SdcJhonf? xdka-umifh ‚if;aumfr&Sif. rlrSm= “wnDwnGwfwnf; &Edkifonfhae&m wGif &,lap&ef/ cGJjcm;aqmif&Gufoifhonfhae&mwGif cGJjcm;aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfaomf vnf; t&mcyfodrf;wGif aocsmygap2 ” [lI&SdcJhonf? b,fvdkyifjzpfap Oya'rsm; pkpnf;onfhvkyfief;rSm rnfonfhtcgrS _yD;pD;jcif;r&SdcJhay? tENd,EdkifiHtwGif; jynfe,fOya'wdkif;3Y bmoma&;ESifhqdkifaom c|if;csufrsm; udk awG@&avonf? Oya'rS twnfjyKaom bmoma&;qdkif&m "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk yef*s jynfe,f4wGif Oya'todtrSwfjyKonf? (rpGufzufjcif;) rl0g'udk 1914= 35 ESpf tdENd,EkdifiHawmftpdk;&. Oya'rsm;xJwGif Oya'twnfjyKjyefonf? xdk@a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonfhtcg bmoma&;avmuwGif Oya' xdef;odrf;a&;onf topftqef;w&yf r[kwfawmhay?

Oya'/ bmoma&;ESifh jAdwdo#om;rsm;

jAdwdo#om;rsm;taeESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jynfol@w&m;pD&ifa&; tkyfcsKyfr+udk tqifhwdk;jr‡ifhvmaomtcg 18725 ckESpf. jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&mOya'tydk'f (6) Y Ak'< bmomqdkif&m Oya'udk yÏrt}udrftjzpf awG@&onf? Ttydk'fonf jrefrmEdkifiHt wGif;&Sd jAdwdo#tpdk;&. w&m;&Hk;/ txl;ojzifh t&dkuft&mqufcHjcif;/ tarGqufcH jcif;/ odk@r[kwf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;udpPrsm;/ ESpfzufaomtr+onfrsm;rSm t u,fI Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpfaeaomtr+rsKd;wGif udkifwG,fpD&if&eftwGuf Ak"Nbm omqdkif&m Oya'vrf;n$efjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif ,if;tydk'fonf jAdwdo#ydkif jrefrmEdkif iHtwGif; Oya'twnfjyKr+t& odk@r[kwf rnfonfh"avhxHk;wrf;wdk@udkrqdk qef@ usifaomtm%m&Sdaeonfh jAdwdo#Oya'rsm;wdk@jzifh ajymif;vJjcif; odk@wnf;r[kwf zsufodrf;jcif;cH&aom Ak'<Oya'rsm;wGifrlum; tusKH;0ifjcif;r&Sd? tvm;wljyKjyifr+rsKd;udk 1898 ckESpf jrefrmjynftufOya'xJwGif xyfrHawG@&Sd& jyefonf? ,if;Oya'rsm;udk tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;rSmrl jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sd? ‚if;udpPwGif thH}o&jcif;rSm udkvdkeDOya'onf tusKH;0ifaeaom w&kyfESifhtdENd, wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&Sdjcif;a-umifhyif? jcm;em;vmonfh tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;u Oy a'r#wr+udk vdkvm;aecJh-uonf? odk@aomf 1898 ckESpf jrefrmjynfOya'xJwGif t usOf;csKyfuav; r#omazmfjyyg&SdcJhonf? ‚if;Oya'wGif vdk&if;tcsufrsm; jynfhpHkr+r &SdyJ Ak'<Oya' (jrefrm "avhxHk;wrf;Oya')rSm v$wfawmfrSmtwnfjyKaom bmom a&;qdkif&m e,fy,fESifhqdkifaom Oya'tjzpf jyKvkyfjcif;cH&onf? tpPvefbmomxdef;odrf;r+rSm jynfhpHkjcif;r&Sd? &S&d, (Shariat)tufOya'rSty tpPvefOya'udk rwWD&m(Madhya Pradesh) Oya'/ ta&S@ESifhtaemufyef*sjynf e,f/ tm*srm=rm0&(Ajmer-Merwara)ESifh tl'(Oudh) jynfe,frsm;wGif tpOf



tvmt &toHk;jyK&eftwGufom xda&mufr+&Sddonf? ‚if;udk ygwDrsm;/ odk@r[kwf bHkabjynfe,f rlzqm (Mufassal) twdkuftcHtzG@JESifh &efukefw&m;&kH;rsm;wGif vnf; toHk;jyKonf? odk@&mwGifjrefrmjynfwGif tjcm;a'orsm;Y usifhoHk;jcif;r&Sd? tdEdN,jynftwGif; tjcm;w&m;&kH;rsm;wGif tpPvefOya'udk w&m;r#wr+/ omwlnD r#&Sdr+ESifh -owyw&m;ausatmif tpOftvmt& usifhoHk;onf? &efukeftxuf v$wfawmfw&m;&kH;u ‚if;udkrSm;,Gif;aomusifhoHk;r+jzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonf? ‚if;qHk; jzwfcsuf jzpfvm&jcif;ta-umif;um; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpPvefOya'onf tpOft vmt&omusifhoHk;&efjzpfjyD; rlt&usifhoHk;&rnfh tpPvefOya'r[kwf/ odk@&mwGif tpPvrfOya'tydk'f 129 t& w&m;r#wr+/ omwlnDr#&Sdr+ESifh }owyw&m;ausr+ rsm;tay: oD;oef@xm;&aomrl[laom ypPnf;ajymif;vJay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'oD; oef@xm;&Sdr+ r&SdcJhay? xdk@a-umifh tydk'f 1236 uffdk usifhokH;&jcif;jzpfonf?

Ak'<bmom Oya' (Ak'<"rRowf)

rlpvifbmom0ifrsm; ta-umif;ESifhpyfvsif;I uGJjym;aom ausmif;/ odk@r[kwf *dk%f;/ Zmwfrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; rlpviftm;vHk;qdkif&m Oya'w&yf &Sdaevsufyifjzpf onf? xdkenf;wlpGm jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tjyif tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk yg0if vsuf&Sdaejcif;a-umifh us,f0ef;aompum;toHk;tE+ef;&SdrnfjzpfjyD; Oya'pum;quf t& wdrf;apmif;vGJacsmfr+yg0ifp&mta-umif;&SdEdkifonf? Ak'<bmom0ifwdkif;jynft rsm;tjym;wGif Vinaya7 udktrsm;tjym; vufudkifxm;&Sdaomfvnf; Ak'<bm om0iftm;vHk;twGuf usifhoHk;&ef wckwnf;aom Oya'um;r&Sdao;ay? ‚if;onf avmuDusifh0wfESifh uif;uGmpGmusifhvsufaeaom oHCmESifhoDv&Sifrsm;ESifh ouf qdkifvsuf&Sdaeaomfvnf; oHCm0wf&kHESifh pm;aomufcsdefrsm;tay:udkom-unfhI ao;Ekyfaomt&mjzpfonfrSwyg; tjcm;bmr#r&Sd[kxifrSwfrdygu rSm;oGm;ayrnf? Samantapasadika (CPD 1.2,1)8onf VinayawGif yOPr&mpkESpfrsm;.t}uD;jrwf qHk;ynwfawmfjzpf_yD;/ oD&b'NAk'<bmom0if wpfOD;b,fvdkjzpf&rnfudk opPmawmfcH ,lcsuft& vufawG@oabmtm;jzifh t"dyg,fzGGifhqdkxm;onf? ‚if;usrf;.oHk;yHkwyHk rSm cdk;,ljcif;/ vl@toufudkowfjcif;ESifh rw&m;aomarxHkrSD0Jjcif;wdk@yg0ifonfh ygwd armuQ(Patimokkha)9 0Omnf; 227yk'fteuf 3yk'fudkom &Sif;vif;a&;om;xm; onf? ta&S@awmiftm&Susrf;jyKq&mrsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;onfhtwdkif; Vinaya rSul; ,lxnfhoGif;xm;cJh -uonf? tu,fI bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;tjyifwGif aexdkifolrsm;twGuf TAk'<0ifOya' onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sdw&m;&kH;rsm;rS vufcHxm;&Sdonfhtwdkif; jrefrmAk'<bmom Oya'10jzpfcJhvsif tjcm;wdkif;jynftoD;oD;11&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;tay: jrefrmjynf &Sdw&m;&kH;rsm; wpdwfwa'otjzpf rusifhoHk;yJrae&aom oabmoufa&mufr



oufa&mufonfudk w&m;0ifar;cGef;xkwf&ef ta-umif;&Sdonf? tjcm;ar;cGef;w yk'frSm Arm(Burman)ESifh (Burmese)[laoma0g[m&ESpfvHk; rnfuJhodk@ uGmjcm;yg oenf;?= [lIjzpfonf? ‚if;a0g[mESpfvHk;udk udkvdkeDacwfwGif vJvS,fItoHk;jyKcJh onf? 1935ckESpfrSpI Arm(Burman) vlrsKd;udk jrefrmEdkifiHArm (Burman) ‘vlrsKd; pk’twGuf t"dyg,fazmfaqmif_yD; jrefrm(Burmese) vlrsKd;udkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;ae xdkifaom wdkif;&if;om;12 toD;oD;udk ac:a-umif;xif&Sm;onf? jrefrmAk'< Oya'wGif ajymif;vJr+rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; rl&if;pum;vHk;rsm;aysmuf ysufjcif; r&SdcJhay? jAdwdo#udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufwGif usifhoHk;olrsm;teuf jrefrmAk'<bmom0ifrsm;tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;udk oD;jcm;w&m;&Hk; ESifh oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&; &Hk;vkyfief;pepfrsm;&Sd_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifa&;ESifhrwlyJ rdrd [email protected]'ESifh usifhxHk;rsm;toD;oD; &SdcJh-uonf? 1898ckESpf/ jrefrmjynf tufOya't& Oyrmtm;jzifh &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd jynfol@tkyfcsKyfr+&mZ0wfr+ESifh tcGefawmf&Hk; ponfwdk@twGuf jynfe,fOD;pD;csKyf13udk tm%mtyfESif;xm;onff? jrefrmEdkifiH jynfol@w&m;pD&ifa&;&Hk;wGif wm0efusaom jAdwdo#w&m;ol}uD; rsm;rSm Ak'<bmomqdkif&mOya'rsm;udk u|rf;usifpGm em;vnfjcif;r&Sdacs? xdk@a-umifh &Hzef&Hcg jrefrmw&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfrsm;ac:“"rRowf 3614 ”udk toHk;jyK wwfonf? jAdwdo#ydkifjrefrmEdkifiH jynfol@w&m;a&;0ef}uD; qm*|ef*sm'dkif; (Sir John Jar-dine)onf jrefrmAk'<Oya't0ef;ukd qufvufpl;prf;&SmazGr+15 jyKvkyfcJhao;onf? odk@&mwGifrdrd.vkyf&yfrSm jAdwdo#w&m;ol}uD;rsm;twGufrsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&muf r+r&SdcJhay? rdrd.Oya'a&;twGuf pl;prf;&SmazGa&; rÀmef;}uD; Manugye ac: jref rmAk'<bmomOya'usrf;onf tjynfhpHkqHk;usrf;wpfapmifjzpfonfudk awG@&onf? ‚if;usrf;onf jrefrmpum;ajyjzifha&;om;xm;ojzifh weoFm&Dwdkif;rif;}uD;. vuf axmuf'kausmif;tkyfq&m}uD; Richardson ubmomjyefqdkcJhonf? ‚if;udk 1847 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmjynf atmufydkif;udk jAdwdo#wdk@rodrf;ydkufrDumvtwGif; yXrOD;qHk;aom t*Fvdyfbmom jyefusrf;pmrljzpfjyD; tjynfhpHkqHk;aom Ak'<bmomqdkif&m Oya'usrf;pmtkyftaejzifh ay:aygufvmcJhonf? 1951ckESpf w&m;&kH;csKyfumvtwGif;Y rÀmef;Oya'usrf;t ay:,Hk-unfr+ESifh wnf_idrfjcif;ajymif;vJoGm;cJhavonf? rÀmef;usrf;udk bmomjyef qdk&mwGif rSm;,Gif;vGJacsmfr+&Sdjcif;a-umifh Ak'<Oya'16tm%mtuJjzwf&mY w&m; &Hk;wGif tcuftcJ}uD;pGm }uHKawG@cJh&avonf?

bmoma&;ESifh "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m Oya'

jAdwdo#tifyg,m vufatmufcHEdkifiHjzpfaom tdENd,jynf. wGJzufEdkifiHtjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;oGif;cJhpOfumvY Ak'<bmomqdkif&mOya'rlwGif jrefrmAk'<bm



om0ifESifhrlpvifrsm; odk@r[kwf [dENLbmom0ifrsm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;cGifhudk w &m;ojzifh&&efudpPtay: tacstwifar;jref;r+rsm;ESifhqdkifaom c|if;csufwpHkw&mr &SdcJhjcif;a-umifh tcuf}uD;pGm-uHKawG@cJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sdw&m;&Hk;rsm; r-umc %qdkovdk ,if;uJhodk@bmomuGJvufxyfxdrf;jref;r+udpP txl;ojzifh vifr,m;uGm &Sif;r+ odk@r[kwf t&dkuft&mqufcHr+ESifhqdkifaomudpPrsm;udk -uHKawG@cJh&onf? trSef tm;jzifh rlpviftrsKd;om;ESifhAk'<bmomtrsKd;orD; odk@r[kwf Ak'<bmomtrsKd;om; ESifh rlpviftrsKd;orD;wdk@ w&m;0ifvufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifhum; vHk;0r&Sday? tu,fI tpPvefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;aomtcgrsKd;wGif w&m;0ifbmomuGJvufxyfr+t ay: ‚if;vifodk@r[kwf r,m;.,cifurdrdudk;uG,fcJhaombmom17udk ta&;rxm;yJ vufxyfpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkay;onf? udk&rfusrf;wGif r,m;rsm;pGm,ljcif;udk w&m;0if cGifhjyKcsuf&Sd_yD; a,musfm;wOD;rSm r,m;av;a,muf18txd ,lcGifhjyKonf? jrefrmEdkif iHudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; r,m;rsm;pGm,lkEdkifaom rlpviftrsKd;om;rsm; onf trsm;tm;jzifh jrefrmtrsLd;orD;rsm;udk rdrd.rlpvifr,m;}uD;tjyif t&Hr ,m;tjzpf,lcJh-uonf? ‚if;onfw&m;0ifjy\emrsm;pGm r&SdcJhvifhupm; jrefrmt rsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;tjzpfjzifh tcGifhta&;rsm;pGm qHk;&+H;cJh&mypPnf; ydkifqdkifr+ESifh tarGqufcHa&;ESifhqdkifaom tcGifhomr+rsm;vnf; qHk;yg;cJh-uonf? vif r,m;uGm&Sif;r+rsKd;omv#if w&m;&Hk;odk@ a&mufwwfchJonf? udk&rfusrf;Y r,m;uGm &Sif;r+ av#mufwifydkifcGifhtwGuf tEdkifusifhr+ESifh a-umuf&GHjcif;udpP19rSwyg;rnfonfh c|if;csufrsKd;rS ray;yg? (vifa,musfm;rsm;om uGm&Sif;awmif;cHcGifh&Sdonf?) 1898 ckESpfjrefrmEdkifiHOya'rsm;u ‚if;udpPrsKd;ESifhqdkifaom tr+rsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufcs20

&ef tpPvefOya'udk cGifhjyKaomtm%mtyfESif;r+rsKd; ,ae@txd&SdaeqJyif? bmom uGJxdrf;jrm;vufxyfr+Y [dENLtrsKd;om;ESifhvufxyf,laom jrefrmAk'<bmomtrsKd; orD;rsm;twGuf tqdk;qHk;tajctaersKd;wGif usa&mufae-u&onf? tdENd,trsKd; om;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@0ifvmcJh&m [dENLbmomOya'ESifh "avhxHk;wrf; rsm;udk rodem;rvnfyJ [dENLtrsKd;om;ESifhvufxyf,lrd&mY rdrdtm;jrefrm"avhxHk; wrf;qdkif&m Oya'rSay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;yg r-umc%qHk;&+H;cHcJh-u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; qifhbmom0ifwdk@onf [dENLESifhrlpvifESpfbmompyfjzpfvifh upm;rdrd.tajccHw&m;"rR,lqcsufrSmrl [dENLbmomw&m;"rRESifhwlvsufaeonf? (odk@aomf Zmwftedrfhtjrifh cGJjcm;r+&Sdonf?) 1898ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHOya'rsm;onf c&pf,mefbmomtwGuf usifhoHk;&rnfh tcsufrsm; wpHkw&mazmfjyjcif;rjyKjcif;rSm c&pf,mefbmomudk jAdwdo#Oya'pepf t& qGJ,lxm;&Sdr+a-umifh jzpfonf? 1872ckESpf c&pf,mefbmomqdkif&m tufOy a' XV t& jrefrmAk'<ESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifwdk@. w&m;0ifvufxyf xdrf;jrm;r+ twGuf c&pf,mefbmom. vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& w&m;a&;armfuGef;xdef;a&S@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;jzifh‚if;/ vufxyfpmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkifonf? TtufOya't& bm omwckrSwckodk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;rSm ta&;r}uD;vSaomfvnf; tdENd,jynf uGm&Sif;r+ Oya't& Ak'<bmom0ifwOD;onf c&pf,mefwOD;tm; vifr,m;uGm&Sif;r+tay: w&m;pGJqdkr+ rjyKEdkif?



Oya'tydk'f 13t& jrefrmxHk;wrf;pOfvmOya'onf jAdwdo#Oya'jzpfoGm; onf? jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;qufum; jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf bmoma&;t zGJ@tpnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm uGJjym;vmjyD; tjcm;pnf;rsOf;Oya't& yx0Dtaetxm; tvdkuf ydkif;jcm;r+rsm;pGm jzpfvmcJhonf? Todk@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uGJjym;&mwGif zGJ@pnf; aeaom toif;tzGJ@rsm;pGm bmoma&;t& -uhHcdkifvmcJh-uonf? Ttajcaeudk udkvdkeDtpdk;&/ jrefrmhtrsKd;om;0g'Drsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;trsm; od&SdoGm;cJhonf? tusKd;qufum; 1872 ckESpf txl;vufxyfxdrf;jref;r+qdkif&mOy a'udk 1923ckESpfwGif jyefvnfjyifqifjyD; bmomuGJvufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+ ydkvG,ful oGm;aponf? TwGifwqifhwdk;vmonfjzpfaomfvnf; tjynfht0auseyfr+um; r &&SdcJhao;ay? xdk@a-umifh 193921ckESpfwGif Oya'opfw&yfxGufay:vmcJhjyD; ‚if;aemufwGif Ak'<bmomtrsKd;orD;rsm; txl;vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifhESifh qufcHa&; qdkif&mOya'udk 195422ckESpfwGifa&;qGJ_yD; ygvDrefrScGifhjyKvdkufonf? ,if;Oya'onf Ak'<bmom0iftrsKd;orD;[email protected]&;udkumuG,f&eftwGuf tm&SwGifwckwnf; aom Oya'w&yfjzpfvmonf? ‚if;Oya'.tykd'f 21onf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; qdkif&m rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk jyKpka&;qGJjcif;jzifh Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfaom a,musfm;ESifh vufxyfaom Ak'<bmomtrsKd;orD;. tajctaeudk wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmapcJh onf? tu,fIAk'<bmomr[kwfaom a,musfm;wOD;onf Ak'<bmomtrsKd;o rD;wpfOD;ESifh twlwuGaexdkifaygif;oif;I jrefrmhxHk;wrf;pOfvmt& vifr,m;jzpf onf[k,lqygu rdrdwdk@wGif vifr,m;qdkif&mrSwfyHkwifa&;om;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf oufqdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; r&Sdvifhupm;/ TOya't& ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;onf xdkp wifaygif;oif;aomae@rSpI w&m;0ift-uifvifr,m;jzpfonfudk TOya'u cdkif _rJaponf? xdkuJhodk@aom udpPrsKd;Y xdkolwdk@onf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;tr+udk w &m;0ifvkyfxHk;t& aqmif&GufI‚if;/ TOya't& xifjrif,lqonfhtwdkif; ‚if;wdk@ onf qufvufaygif;oif;aexdkifEdkifonf? xdkenf;rsm;teuf wckckudk aqmif&Guf jcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@. vifr,m;tjzpfudk jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mOya'23u tkyfxdef; umuG,fonf? bmomul;ajymif;r+tay: Ak'<bmom trsKd;orD;rsm;. txl;vufxyfxdef;jrm; jcif;ESifh qufcHa&;qdkif&m Oya'uazmfjyxm;onfrSm jynfol@trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;_yD;pOfwGif Ak'<bmomodk@ 0ifa&muful;ajymif;vmv#if rdrd. tdrf axmifpkwpfckvHk;onf jrefrm "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'. tkyfcsKyfr+twGif;&Sdonf? 1909 ckESpf jynfol@usifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 92t& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; toD;oD; aombmomw&m;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@. (Ak'<bkef}uD;ausmif;/ bk&m;ykxdk;wifomru rlpvifAvDausmif;/ c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;/ Ak'<bmom AdARmefawmfrsm;/ [dENL0wf ausmif;) rsm;wGif bmomw&m;ESifhqdkifaom aqmif&Guf&efwm0efrsm;udk v$wfvyf pGm pD&ifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh ay;onf?



Ak'< oHCm avmu

,cktcsdeftxd oHCmhavmu. tjyifavmuESifhqdkifaom Oya'ta-umif; rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;wifjycJhavjyD? (ygVdtm;jzifhpHCm/ jrefrmtm;jzifhoHCm [kac:aom) oHCmhavmurSmvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;zG,f jzpfayonf? ,if;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t pOft_rJ t&Sdeft0g}uD;rm;/ cef@jim;aom tzG@Jtpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? 19&mpkwGif &dk refuufovpf*dk%f;tkyf bkef;awmf}uD;wpfyg;u Ak'<omoem bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tzG@J . t&Sdeft0gESifhqdkifaom ta-umif;rsm;udk ajym&efrpOf;pm;cJhay? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vkyfief;ydkif;odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;a&;qdkif&m udpPrsKd;wGif rdrdwdk@(oHCmwdk@) taeESifh yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef r&nf&G,fvdkyHk&cJhonf? odk@aomf omoemh&+axmifhtm;jzifh-unfh aomf [email protected]&Sdeft0grSm }uD;rm;vSygayonf? ‚if;tzG@Jonf Ak'<omoemt zG@Jtpnf;w&yfvHk;udk tcsuftcsmusus &yfwnfvsufaeygonf? ‚if;.A[dkcsufyif &if;tprSae_yD; jynfolw&yfvHk;twGuf ,Hk-unfudk;uG,fr+udk }uD;xGm;oefrmaeap ygonf? Ak'<bmomtzG@Judk bmoma&;udkif;&+dif;olrsm; taejzifh‚if;/ rsm;jym;vSaom jynfolvlxk}uD;. n$ef-um;vrf;jyoltaejzifh‚if;/ vli,frsm;tm; }uD;rª;apmifhxdef; aomtaejzifh‚if; jrifawG@Edkifygonf? TuJhodk@aomt*Fg&yfESifh t&nftcsif;wdk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;. pdwf"mwf25udk -uhHcdkifpGmcsKyfudkif jyKjyifEdkifvSygayonf? Todk@jzpf jcif;a-umifh tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf oHCmawmfrsm;udk tjcm;aomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; wGifryg0if&efESifh Oya'udkrcsKd;azmufrd&ef t_rJrjywf-unfh&+vsuf csKyfudkifxm;ae&yg onf? rdrd. taumif;qHk;aom pGrf;aqmifcsuftm;jzifh Ak'<oHCmawmftzG@J. t"du wm0efESpf&yfrSm vlom;wdk@.&yfwnfr+ESifhqdkifaom pdwfaeoabmxm;udk tjrJr jywfjyKpk&efESifh jynfoltrsm;ESifheD;uyfqufpyfr+&Sd&efwdk@jzpfonf? ‚if;wm0efESpf&yf vHk;rSm wlnDpGmta&;}uD;vSayonf? tu,fI Ak'<bmom.usifh0wfESifh 0dOmefwef cdk;rsm;udk ywf0ef;usifvl@todkif;t0dkif;odk@ ul;ay;&rnfjzpfygu oHCmawmfrsm;t wGif;ESifh jyifyvlr+qufqHa&;rSm vdktyfaomt&mrsm;jzpfayonf? ‚if;qufqHr+ESifh wr# ta&;}uD;aomvdktyfcsufrSm pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaom touf&Sifaexdkifr+ &&Sd &ef/ wnf-unfrSefuefaom usifhpOfyifjzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynfta&; wGif yg0ifywfoufr+vkyf&ef r&nf&G,fyJ/ oHCmawmfrsm;onf wdkif; jynf.om,m 0ajymr+ESifh _idrf0yfydjym;r+udk wenf;wzHktm;jzifh ulnD&ma&muf_yD; Oya'udk}uH&G,f vkyfaqmifaomusifh0wfESifhrnDonfh tr+ESifhuif;uGmjyD; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+atmuf wGif oHCmawmfrsm; tkyfcsKyfr+cH&zG,f r&Sdawmhay? Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. aemufqHk;}o0g't& w&m;"rR26onf oHCmawmfrsm;.w ckwnf;aom vrf;n$efjzpfayonf? Ak'<oHCmawmfwpfyg;onf avmukwW&mudkpGef@ v$wf_yD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf EdkifiHa&;wGif0ifa&mufvkyfaqmifjcif; rjyKtyfay? odk@&m wGif 1921ckESpfrSpjyD; YBA27ESifh KSA28tp&Sdaom &[ef;oHCmtzG@Jtpnf;rsm;



pGmay:aygufvmcJhonf? oHCmhta&;qdkif&m tpdk;&tzG@JXmecGJu EdkifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+ onf oHCmawmfwdk@. usifh0wf29ESifh o[Zmwrjzpf[k tjrJrSwf,l.?

OD;EkESifh bmoma&;vGwfvyfr+

1961 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf Oya' w&yfjyKcJhaomfvnf; “Ak'<bmomonf jynfaxmifpk (jrefrmEdkifiH)twGif;&Sd vlrsm;pk .,Hk-unf udk;uG,f usifhoHk;aombmomwckjzpfonfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taeESifh todtrSwfjyKonf? TtajccHzG@Jpnf;yHkonf vmrnfh&ufwGiftwnfjyKrnfjzpfI xdktwnfjyKaomae@&ufrSpI EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tpPvef/ c&pf,mef/ [dENLESifh rd &dk;zvm (oufrJht&mudk ouf&Sdtaejzifh)udk;uG,f,Hk-unfr+tygt0if wdk@udkvnf; jynfaxmifpkw0Srf;wnf;&Sddaeaombmomrsm;[k todtrSwfjyKcJhonf? tpdk;&onf bmomt,l0g'rsm;ESifhpyfvsif;I rnfonfhbmomudkrqdk pnf;-uyfuGyfuJjyD; rnfonfhtm;aysmhapr+udkaomf‚if;/ cGJjcm;r+udkomf‚if; vkyfaqmifrnfr[kwf? bm oma&;ckwHk;vkyfjyD; EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf vkyfaqmifr+udkvnf;wm;jrpfonf” [l aom 1947ckESpfEdkifiHawmftajccHzG@Jpnf;yHkOya' tydk'f21 . rdrdwdk@ .&yfwnfr+udk tmrcHay;aejcif;a-umifh tjcm;aombmom0ifrsm;u rwkefv+yfyJaecJh-uayonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif “,Hk-unf=udk;uG,f=usifhoHk;” [laom pum;pk.aemufwGif “vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkr+” [laompum;pkudkyg xnfhoGif;&eftwGuf tjcm;bmom a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. awmif;qdkr+t& 1947 ckESpfEdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHk Oya'tydk'f 20 udk jyifqifcJhygonf? OD;Ektpdk;&taeESifh tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;udkyg qufvuf axmufcHchJjyD; AmwDuef(theVatican) jrdK@awmf&Sd jrefrmc&pf,mef acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh‚if; aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;&Sd jrefrmrlpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh‚if; oGm;a&mufawG@ qHk&ef tpDpOfrsm;yg vkyfaqmifcJhao;onf?

&[ef; oHCmrsm;ESifh ppfwyf

1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Armhvufudkifwyfrsm;u tpdk;&tm%mudk tvkH;pHk wdkuf&dkufwuf,l_yD; odrf;,lvdkufonfhtcgwGif 1947 ckESpfEdkifiHawmf zG@Jpnf; yHktajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;vdkufonf? ppfwyfu Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom tjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;ukd raxmufcHcJh (vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u z,f'&,frl udk awmif;qdkaecsdef) jcif;ta-umif;rSm jynfaxmifpk_ydKuGJr+tEW&m,f&Sdonf[k t a-umif;jycJhonf? Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;tay: tm;xm;r+&Sd_yD; rpfpf .oabmw&m;udk rvdkvm;aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf avmuDwyfrufjcif;&Sda-umif; ay:vGifcJhyg onf? olonfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD (xdktcsdefwGiftpdk;&.trnf) taeESifh rnf



onfhbmomudkr# OD;pm;ray;oifha-umif; ,Hk-unfcJhonf? ‚if;udkcdkifrmpGmajym&cuf onfrSm &[ef;oHCmESifh EdkifiHawmfqdkonfrSm 'GefwGJaejcif;a-umifhyif? jrefrmvlrsKd; trsm;pkrSm Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpfaejcif;a-umifh AkdvfcsKyfrsm; (wyfrawmfxdyfwef;t &m&Sdrsm;)u jrefrmhtrsKd;om;0g' aqmufwnf&eftwGuf Ak'<0g'onf tvGeftoHk; 0ifaea-umif;udk awG@&Sd&onf? &[ef;oHCmrsm;onf cdkifrmpGmzG@Jpnf;I tm;tif awmifhwif;onfhtjyif Ak'<bmomwGif ppfwyfudkrvdkvm;onfhoabmazmfjyaejcif; ponfhta-umif;rsm;jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf [laomtawG;rsKd;jzifh &[ef;oHCm ppf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tEœ&m,fw&yftaeESifh &kwfw&ufay:aeonf? vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf v+yf&Sm;aeaomvlxkxJwGif &[ef;oHCmt rsm; yg0ifaeonf? ppfwyftkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usifaeonf xif&aom&[ef;oHCmrsm;udk zdESdyf&ef twGuf ppftpdk;&onf rnfonfhtcgrS qdkif;ihHjcif;r&Sdyg? “&[ef;oHCmrsm; c&D;oGm; vma&;wGif c&D;oGm;vufrSwfudk oufqdkif&ma'o wyfrawmft&m&Sd30rsm;xH vufrSwf,l&ef odk@r[kwf rnfolrqdkoHraumabmifodk@0if&ef qEN&Sdolwdkif;ouf qdkif&m ppfwyftm%mydkifrsm;xH tcGifhawmif;cH&ef”ponfhtrdef@rsm;udkxkwf jcif; jzifh&[ef;[email protected] csKyfudkifcJhonf? 1964ckESpf {jyDvwGif oHCmh toif;t zG@Jtm;vHk;wyfrawmftpdk;&wGif rSwfyHkwif&eftrdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf? ‚if; vkyf&yfum; “EdkifiHa&;&[Eœm”rsm;udk z,fxkwfokwfoifjcif;omjzpfonf? 1971 ck ESpf n$ef-um;r+wpf&yfrSm “cef@xm;jcif;cH&aom q&mawmfbkef;}uD; wpfyg;twGuf oufqdkif&m a'oppfbufaumfrwD. yl;wGJvufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnf” [kyg&Sdonf? Tpmc|eftrdef@awmfrSm ,ckwdkiftm%mwnfvsufyif? Oyrm 1974 ckESpftajccH Oya'yk'fr(153)wGif “wdkif;&if;om;wdk@onf rdrd}udKufESpfouf&m rnfonfh bmom w&m;rqdk vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,f,Hk-unfcGifh&Sdonf? TtcGifhta&;t& bmomw &m;vkyfaqmif&mwGif trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr+ESifh qdk&S,fvpfvlr+ tzG@Jtpnf;31

tm; xdcdkufepfemr+rjzpfap&”[kyg&Sdonf? xdkodk@bmoma&; oufwrf;wdkonfxuf wdkap&ef tpdk;&onf 1950 ckESpf ta&;ay:,m,DOya'udk 1908 ckESpf(1957ckESpf jyifqifaom) w&m;r0iftoif;zG@Jpnf;jcif; 1975 (1991 ck ESpfjyifqifaom) EdkifiH awmfumuG,fr+qdkif&mOya'ESifh 1990ckESpfoHCOya'ponfwdk@udk xkwfjyefcsrSwfcJh onf? oHCmawmfrsm;udk ppfaxmufvSef;a&;. v#Kd@0Suftaxmufawmf (owif; ay;ol)rsm;u vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm tjrJwrf;apmifh-unfhvsuf&Sdonf? ta&;ay: ,m,DOya't& EdkifiHawmf.wyfrawmftzG@Jtpnf;ESifh tpdk;&tr+ wrf;ESifh tpdk;&.w vHk;w0wnf;tjzpf vkyfaqmifcsufESifh*k%foduQmudk usL;vGef onfjzpfap/ azmufzsufonfjzpfap/ odk@wnf;r[kwf tpdk;&tay: r[kwfrrSefo wif;udk jzpfay:apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf jzef@csDjcif;/ odk@r[kwf vlwpk odk@r[kwf jynfol tm;vHk;. jyKrlcsuf/ odk@r[kwf pdwf"mwfa&;&m ysufjym;apv#if/ odk@r[kwf ysufjym; atmif -uH&G,faev#if (&)ESpftxd axmif'g%fuscH& ygvdrfhrnf [kyg&Sdonf? 1991 ta&;ay:,m,DOya't& rEœav;rS oHCmwpfyg;u ‘Ak'<bm om,lqcsufESifhouf qdkifaom t-urf;rzuf0g'’ta-umif; aqmif;yg;wpfapmifa&;cJh&mrS axmif (3)ESpf



uscHcJh&onf? rnfolrqdk t-urf;zufr+wpf&yfudk vkyfaqmif&ef odk@r[kwf -uH&G,f vkyfaqmif &efulnDaom odk@r[kwf tm;ay;aomjynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiHawmf orRw/ odk@r [kwf orRwuw&m;r0iftoif;[k a-umfjimaomtoif;. toif;0ifjzpfv#if/ okd@r[kwf yhHydk;ulnDol odk@r[kwf vufcH odk@r[kwf ay;urf;&efaxmufcHv#ifaxmif '%f (5)ESpfuscH&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? TOya'onf toif;tzG@Jwckudk rw&m;toif;jzpfonf[kausnm&ef tpdk; &tm;tuef@toef@r&Sd (0g) tm%mukef ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf? (at;csrf;aomenf; vrf;ESifh vGwfvyfaomrGefjynfe,fudk vdkvm;aom rGefoHCmrsm;toif;ac:) MSA ESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,&Sdaom ar_rdK@rSoHCmawmfwpfyg;tm; 1989 ckESpf csrSwfaom rw&m;toif; Ota't& axmif'%f (4)ESpf tcscHcJh&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif jyifqifjyD;aom 1975 ckESpf. EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;Oya' onf EdkifiHawmfudk wpHkw&mrxifrSwfaom “tzsuftiftm;pk”&efrSumuG,f&ef jzpfonf? ‚if;.tqdkrSm rnfolrqdk EdkififiHawmf.vkHjcKHr+ odk@r[kwf jynfolwdk@._idrf; csrf;om,mr+ESifh at;csrf;_idrfoufr+udkzsufqD;&ef odk@r[kwf zsufqD;&ef-uH&G,faom ta-umif;&Sdv#if odk@r[kwf zsufqD;_yD;onf[krouFmygu vkyfydkifcGifhtrdef@t& xdk oludkppfaq;ar;jref;onfhw&m;&Hk;t& ppfaq;r+r&SdyJ (5) ESpftxd xdefodrf;jcif;cH& rnfjzpfonf? TOya'onf a&&mr+r&Sd twdkif;twmr&SdyJ xdef;odrf;r+udkav#mhaygh&eftwGuf vnf; toem;cH&ef av#mufcGifhrjyKyg? TOya'udk &[ef;oHCmrsm;twGufomt oHk;csonfomr[kwfyJ rlpvifESifhc&pf,mefrsm;twGufyg toHk;cscJhonf? &cdkifjynf e,fESifh awmifwef;a'orSmaeaom rlpvifESifh u&ifjynfe,frS u&ifponfhaxmif aygif;rsm;pGmaomolwdk@onf ppfwyf.zdESdyfjcif;trsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;ae&qJyif jzpfay onf? csif;/ ucsif/ u,m;ESifh u&ifjynfe,f awmawmift&yfa'orsm;wGif aexdkif -uaomrlpvifwdk@onf c&pf,mefrsm;uJhodk@yif vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkif olykefrsm;. tiftm;pk32rsm;udk tm;ay;ulnDonf[k ppftpdk;&u,Hk-unfonf? T,Hk-unf csufonf ppfwyf. zdESdyfr+udk rD;xdk;ay;onf? xdk@tjyif 1908ckESpf aus;&Gma'oqdkif&mOya'udk‚if;/ 1907ckESpf _rdK@jyqdkif&mO ya'udk‚if; twnfjyKcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrDumv Oya'ESpfckonf t"rRvkyf tm;ay;jcif;udk cGifhjyKcJhonf? wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vuf a'ovlxkudk EdkifiHawmf pDrHudef;vkyfief;/ Ak'<apwDykxdk;33/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;udk rGrf;rHjcif;/ aqmufvkyfjcif;rsm;twGuf aiGa-u; odk@r[kwf vkyftm;udk twif;t usyfawmif;onf? ‚if;xuf vGefuJI ppftpdk;&u t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apr+udk “Ak'< bmomEdkifiH34wpfEdkifiH. rGefjrwfaom apwemh0efxrf;”[k uifrGef;wyfajymqdkcJ hjcif;rSm Ak'<bmomtay: qdk;0g;aom“bmoma&;ckwHk;jyKapmfum;r+omru vlom; [email protected]"dyg apmfum;jcif;jzpfonf? 1994ck }o*kwfvwGif aus;&GmESifh rEœ av;_rKd@&Sd Ak'<bmombk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf _rdK@jyOya'rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf? &[ef;awmfrsm;udkpkpnf;ap



um pdkufysKd;a&;wGif vkyfcdkif;aponf? &[ef;awmft rsm;t"rRvl0wfvJap_yD; jynf wGif;ava-umif;twGuf av,mOfuGif;rsm;wdk;csJ@&ef rEœav;eef;awmfusKH;}uD;wGif ajrwl;cdkif;onf? (xdkpOfu EdkifiHawmfjidrf 0yfydjym;a&;ESifh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;aumifpD ac: e0wonf 1990ckESpf atmufwdkbmv wGif “w&m;r0if”oHCmhtzG@Jtpnf;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoifypf&eftwGuf 1981 ckESpf rlvwnfaxmifxm;aom &[ef;oHCm rsm;qdkif&m tpdk;&XmecGJudkjyefvnf toHk;cscJhonf? ‚if;Xmetm; wm0efay; _yD;aemufwae@wGif trdef@ausnmpmtrSwf 7§90udk xkwf_yD; omoem vkyfaqmifr+rsKd;udkvkyfaqmif&ef/ pnf;urf;azmufzsufaom rnf onfh&[ef;awmf/ odk@r[kwf bkef;awmf}uD;/ q&mawmf}uD;rqdk omra%abmifrS xGufapjyD;“Ak'<"rRowfESifhrtyfpyfaomvkyf&yfrsm;jzpfonfh Ak'<bmom w&m;udk xdcdkufapr+tay: oufqdkif&mwyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;tm; tm%mv$Jtyfum ppfckH &Hk;Yppfaq;a&;cH&rnfjzpfonf[k trdef@xkwfjyefxm;onf? aemufwae@wGif vHk xdef;wyfrsm;u rEœav;_rKd@&Sdbkef;}uD;ausmif;aygif; 130 udk 0ifa&muf&SmazGawmh onf? Oa'udkqef@usifonf[k xifrSwf&aom&[ef;&Sifvlrsm;udk zrf;qD;_yD; “usifh 0wfrnD/ Oya'ESifhrnDaom ocFef;0wfvlyk*~dKvf (ppfwyftjriftm;jzifh ouFm ruif;zG,faom yk*~dKvfrsm;udk aemufwae@wGif owif;axmufrsm; a&S@Yvltrsm;udk xkwfjyvdkufonf?

oHCmh"rRowf (Oya')

&[ef;oHCmrsm;udk wdkufcdkufvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh oHCmhtzG@Jtpnf;qdkif &mOya'ac: e0w Oya' 20§9 odk@r[kwf oHCmhOya'udk 1990 ckESpf atmufwdk bm 31&ufae@wGif twnfjyKvdkufonf? TOya'onf wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd &[ef;oHCm rsm;udk oufoufxdk;ESufjcif;yifjzpfayonf? ra&S;raESmif;umvwGifyif &[ef;oH CmESifh &Sifomra%tyg; 200ausmfudk Oya'pnf;urf;azmufzsufonfqdk_yD; vl 0wfvJapum omra%35abmifrSxGufaponfudk awG@&onf? TwGifrSwfcsufrsm; ESifhwuG tydk'f (18) ydk'fygaom Oya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?

oHCmhOya'

tydk'f (1) .tqdkrSm= “oHCmhtzG@Jtpnf; qdkif&mOya'” [kac:wGifonf? tydk'f (2) .tqdkrSm= ax&0g'36(Theravada)ESifh oHCm(Sangha)[laom a0g[m&ESpfvHk;.t"dyg,fudk &Sif;vif;azmfjy_yD; oHCmnDvmcHrScsrSwfaompnf;urf; csufrsm;udk oHk;oyfonf? tydk'f (3) .tqdkrSm=“pnf;urf;Oya't& Ak'<bmom*dk%f;*%tm;vHk;udk pk



pnf;EdkifaomomoemhtzG@J wpfzG@Jwnf;om&Sd&rnf?” rSwfcsuf? jrefrmEdkiftwGif;&Sd wdkif;ckepfwdkif;ESifh jynfe,fckepfjynfe,fwdk@rS jynf e,fESifhwkdif;wpfckpDrS q&mawmf37tyg; 120 udka&G;_yD; aemufqHk;oHCmtyg; 1400 ygaom orRKwWd(Sammuti)oHCmhaumifpDudk zG@Jvdkufonf? ToHCmhaumifpDrS jref rmwpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd oHCmtaygif;wdk@udk udk,fpm;jyKaom oHCmhnDvmcHudk ac:,lcJh onf? TnDvmcHwGif tm;vHk;oabmwlr+&,lonfhyHkpHjzifh oHCmtyg; 300udka&G; cs,f_yD;/ ‚if;rSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m EdkifiHawmfoHCmhaumifpD. r[mem,u tzG@JtwGuf q&mawmf}uD; (47)yg;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? Ak'<*dk%f;tkyfrax&f }uD;onf TaumifpD.obmywdjzpfonf? Tr[mem&utzGJ@udk jrefrmEdkifiHw 0Srf;vHk; Ak'<bmomta&; tm;vHk;twGuf tjrifhqHk;twdkifyifcH aumfrwDwpfzG@J[k owfrSwfonf? jrefrmhAk'<oHCrSm*dk%f;aygif; (9)*dk%f;&Sdonfhteuf ok"rRm*dk%f;ESifha&$usif*dk%f; rSm txif&Sm;qHk;jzpf-uonf? tjcm;*dk%f;rsm;rSm a0VK0%f/ "rREk"rRm r[m'gG&/ "rR 0ded,evHkrrkv'gG,/ "rR,kwdum eduQ,r[m&if/ auwkbkrdum r[mpwd ywem ESJ@w0if/ *g%0drkuwdk;ESifh tEkc|H'Gg, wdk@jzpf-uonf? oHCmOya'tydk'f (3)wGif t oHk;jyKaom "sects" *dk%f; qdkonfrSm euQ, [laompum;vHk;twGuf roifhavsmf vSjcif;rSm eduQ,toD;oD;wdk@wGif uGJjym;aom}o0g'=t,ltq39r&Sd-ujcif;yif? jref rmEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;. Ak'<omoemh*dk%f;csKyfrax&f}uD;onf tqdkygeuQ, (9)ckrSxGuf vmygonf? tydk'f (3) .tqdkrSm tpdk;&taejzifh TuJhodk@oHCmtzG@Jtpnf;rSm oCm habmifudk yXrt}udrf0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif;r[kwfao;ay? 1886 ckESpf _Adwdo#t pdk;&onf rEWav;_rdK@ eduQ,aumifpDtm; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%mudk twnfjyK xm;_yD;rS omoemh*dk%f;csKyftm; w&m;0iftm%mtyfESif;ay;onf? TwGif Nika-yas r[kwfyJ Nayaka aumifpDrS &[ef;oHCmrsm;ESifh qdkifaom jynfol@w&m;pD&ifr+ tm%m &,lcJhonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tarGqufcHjcif;ESifhqdkifaom tr+rsKd;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif 1935 cSESpfwGif&efukef_rKd@ txufv$wfawmf w&m;&Hk;u em,u aumfr wDESifh omoemh*dk%f;csKyfESpfOD;xHrS tm%mtm;vHk;udk &kyfodrf;vdkufonf? bmom a&;ESifhqdkifaom tr+rsm;yifv#if jynfol@w&m;pD&ifa&;rS pD&ifqHk;jzwfaeonf? T enf;jzifh usef&Sdxm;aom ta&;ygr+ jzpfonfh w&m;pD&ifr+ tm%mrSm qHk;&+H;cJh&onfh ta-umif;rSm Vinaya40 wGifrdrdwdk@. aqmif&Gufcsufudk &nfn$ef;xm;jcif; rawG@& onfudk ta-umif;jyKI omoemh*dk%f;csKyf. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mukd todtrSwfr jyKjcif;a-umifhyifjzpf&onf? 1950 ckESpfwGif Ak'<bmomw&m; ppfaq;a&;(cHk)&kH;udk wzeftm%mtyfESif;aom Oya'wpf&yfudk csrSwfxkwfjyefvdkufonf? Tw&m;cHk&Hk; .tzG@J0ifrsm;rSm eduQ,rsm;rSvmaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;omjzpf&rnf? vGefcJhaom umvrS &SdcJhaom Oya'rsm;t& oHCmawmfrsm;udk tyfESif;xm;aom tm%mrsm; tm;vHk;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu rdrdxkwfjyefxm;aom Oya'trSwf (1) t& &kyf odrf;vdkufonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf Ak'<bmomw&m;. t,ltq0g'rsm;



tay: Oya'rsm; rlwnf&jcif;rSm t"dyg,fr&dSk[k jrifcJhonf? ,if;Oya'tay: 1980 ckESpf Oya' trSwf (3) t& EdkifiHawmfoHCmhr[mem,u aumifpDqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; udk twnfjyK&eftwGuf w&m;&kH;odk@wifjy&efawmif;qdkcJhonf? ppftpdk;&rS 1984 ckESpf xkwfjyefaom ausnmcsuftrSwf(1)wGifygaom trdef@pmt& “oHCmaumif pDxJ&Sd eduQ,toif;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;&eftrdef@xkwfcJhonf? ta-umif;jycsufum; ‚if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifv+yf&Sm;ae-uonf[k qdkcJhonf? “&[ef; oHCmrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&41”[kyg&Sdonf? ESKdif;,SOf-unfhcJhaomf “pnf;urf;O ya't&” ‚if;.azmfjycsufwGif Nikaya rsm; tkyfcsKyfr+cH&onf/ rcH&onf[laom ar;cGef;udk rajzyJxm;cJh jcif;tm;jzifh oHCmhOya'tydk'f (3)onf ydk Ira&&monfudk awG@&onf? tydk'f (4) .tqdkrSm “&[ef; oHCmtm;vHk;wdk@onf oHCm jynfaxmifpkjref rmEdkifiHoHCm tzG@J0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf” rSwfcsuf= tydk'f (4)wGif vG,fulpGmem;vnf EdkifatmifjyKvkyfonfrSm “ppft pdk;&taeESifh EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifae-uonf[k xifrSwf&aom &[ef;oHCmtoif; tzG@Jrsm;udk zsufodrf;&efomjzpfonf”[k tydk'f (4)wGif ay:vGifatmif azmfjyyg&Sd onf? tjcm;a&G;cs,f&ef bmr#r&Sday? tydk'f (5).tqdkrSm “eduQ, (9)oif;wdk@onf [email protected];urf;csufwGif oH CmhA[dktzG@J. vufatmufcHtzG@J[k ryg&SdcJhygv#if oD;jcm;zG@Jpnf;cGifhrjyK” rSwfcsuf= TwGifoHCmtzG@JcsKyftwGif;&Sd eduQ,toif;rsm; tusOf;tusyf aom ppftpdk;&.csKyfudkifr+ twGif;odk@0ifoGm;Edkifapaom ajcvSrf;i,fwpfvSrf;jzpf ayonf? tydk'f (6).tqdkrSm “rnfonfhtzG@Jtpnf;rqdk tydk'f (5)wGifazmfjyaom eduQ ,rsm;wGif&Sd&rnf” rSwfcsuf? qdkvdkonfht"dyg,frSm '\rajrmuf eduQ,toif; ray:xGufvm &ef tpdk;&uqdkonf[kt"dyg,f&ygonf? Vinaya oHCmxJwGif tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpf&efzefwD;jcif; rjyK&[kyg&Sdaomfvnf; &[Eœmrsm;trsm;pkrJqENt&42 jzpfoifh onf[k oabmwlnD-uv#if ausmif;uefrsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifygonf? ta&;-uD; aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm tpkvdkufaqG;aEG;wdkifyifr+tay:wnfonfudk Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmavmu ordkif;a-umif;wav#mufY xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdayonf? 'Drdkua&pDt& qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef vkyfenf;rSm Ak'<bmom0if tpOftvmt& trsm;oabmwlnDcsufvdkaeonfudk cdkifrmaomtodtrSwfjyKcsufudk awG@&onf? &[ef;awmf 'vdkif;vm;rm;u “Ak'<&[ef;oHCmwdk@. tjyKtrlESifh touf wmudk xdef;uGyfaom Vinaya .pnf;urf;rSm 'Drdkua&pDusaom tpOftvmjzpfonf”[k qdk.? rltm;jzifhqdkv#if Ak'<t&Sifjrwf. }o0g'yifv#if vdktyfaomtcsKd@tcsuft vufrsm;udk oduQm&q&mawmf&[ef;jrwfrsm;43 tpka0;rSoifhawmfaom OD;a&tm; jzifh ajymif;vJEdkifygonf? oHCmtzG@Jtpnf;. pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD44pepfwpfckudkzefwD;



onf? taygpx (Uposatha)45. pwkwajrmufaomnwGif oHCma&;&mrsm;udk yXrOD;qHk;taeESifh wnDwnGwfwnf; pkaygif;rJjzifh‚if;/ Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;.oufawmf &Sifaeaomaemufydkif;wGifvnf; trsm;qHk;rJqENtay: qHk;jzwfcJh-uonf? tu,fI jy\emwpf&yfrSm tvGef&+yfaxG;_yD; qHk;jzwfcsufonf vdktyfcsufESifhuif;uGmoGm; ygu ,if;udpPudk aumfrwDi,ftqifhwGif jyefvnfn$ef;&efjzpfonf? tu,fI xdkaumfrwDu qHk;jzwfI r_yD;Edkifao;ygu oHCmnDvmcHwGif trsm;qHk;rJqHk;jzwf& ayrnf? oHCmrsm;. wnDwnGwfwnf;jzifh trsm;oabmwlnDr+t&‚if;/ trsm; qHk;rJqENESifh‚if;/ oHCmhnDvmcHonf pnf;urf;azmufzsufaom oHCmwpfyg;t ay: ta&;,l&ef pD&ifqHk;jzwf&aayonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh 0gt&ifhqHk;oHCmawmf wpfyg;u qHk;jzwfcsufcs&efESifh usifh0wfrsm;csrSwf&eftwGufaqmif&Gufonf? odk@ aomf‚if;0g&ifhq&mawmf rqHk;jzwfEdkifcJhv#if twwfynmESifh pGrf;&nfydk&SdaomoHCm wpfyg;u qHk;jzwfay;&ygrnf? Toabmw&m;twdkif; Vinaya. pnf;rsOf;Oya' rsm;udk vkyfief;twdkif;twmay:rlwnf_yD; tzG@Jtpnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkaqmif &Gufonf? oHCmhtzG@Jtpnf;ESifhqdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tpdk;& xkwfjyefaom Oya'rsm;udk toHk;rjyKyJ Vinaya rSoHCmhOya'udkom oHk;onf? tydk'f (7).tqdkrSm “tydk'f(5)wGif azmfjyaom*dk%f;*%rsKd;rSm tm;vHk;o abmwlnDr+tay: vGwfvyfpGm pk&kH;cGifh &Sdonf? rSwfcsufrsm;= “tm;vHk;oabmwlnDr+” qdkaompum;&yfrSm oabmwlIcGifh jyKjcif; (odk@r[kwf)“cGifhjyKcsuf”[k qdkvdkonf? cGifhjyKcsuf&&eftwGuf rnfol@tm; ta-umif;t&mudkn$ef;&rnfrSm Oya'urqdkyg? “tm;vHk;oabmwlnDcsuf”udk t pm;xdk;IoHk;oifhonf? odk@&mwGif Vinaya wGifta&;}uD;aom ta-umif;udpPjzpf vifhupm; “wnDwnGwfwnf;”[laomoabmrSm jrefrmpum;wGifr&Sd? tydk'f (8) .tqdkrSm “tydk'f (5)wGifazmfjyaom *dk%f;*%rsKd;rSwpfyg; rnf onfh*dk%f;*%topfrsKd;r# wnfaxmifjcif;rjyK&” Ttydk'fonf tydk'f (6)ukdxyfrH I razmfjyjcif;rSm ‚if;onfa'otqifhudk azmfn$ef;jcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? tydk'f (8) rSmrl trsKd;om; EdkifiH tqifhudk azmfn$ef;onf? tydk'f (9) .tqdkrSm “oufqdkif&m bmoma&;tzG@Jtpnf; uGyfuJr+atmuf&Sd tzG@Jtpnf;rSwpfyg; (oHCmtwGif;)rnfonfhtzG@Jtpnf;rS rzG@Jpnf;&”[k qdkjcif; a-umifhtydk'f (6) ESifh (8) wdk@udk xyfrHazmfjyonf? tydk'f (10) .tqdkrSm “bmoma&;w&m;udk zsufqD;&ef odk@r[kwf acsr+ef;&ef twGufrnfolr# rajymqdk& odk@r[kwf ra&;om;&”[kqdkxm;jcif;a-umifh TOya' tydk'fonf twW}uD;vSaom ra&&mr+jzpf.? tydk'f (11).tqdkrSm “oHCmh(aumifpD)onf pnf;Oya'/ enf;Oya' odk@r [kwf vkyf&yftay:csKd;azmufaom vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufaom tcgwGif oabmwlnDr+&,lxm;aomygwDonf oHCmaumifpD. qHk;jzwfcsufudk vdkufem&rnf? (EdkifiHawmfr[mem,u. qHk;jzwfcsufudk vdkufem&efrvdk) rSwfcsuf? Ttydk'fonf pnf;rsOf;Oya'/ vkyfenf;Oya' odk@r[kwf/ vkyfaqmif



csufrsm;ta-umif;wdk@udkajymqdk_yD; ppfa&;/ bmoma&; odk@r[kwf tjcm;ta&;udpP [lI txl;ajymqdkjcif;r&Sd? tydk'f (12) .tqdkrSm “tu,fI tydk'f(8) odk@r[kwf (9)wGifygaom csKd;azmufr+rsm;udk usL;vGefjyD; qef@usifwdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyEdkifcJhv#if usL;vGefolonf axmif'%ftenf;qHk; (6)vrS oHk;ESpftxd uscH&rnfjzpfonf? ” rSwfcsuf= Ttydk'fonf Vinaya ESifh qdkifaom csKd;azmufr+rsm;ta-umif;udk bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;Y a&S;OD;pGm pOf;pm;_yD;a-umif;rajymyg? tydk'f (13) .tqdkrSm “tu,fI csKd;azmufr+rsm;onf tydk'f (10) t& usL; vGefcsKd;azmufolonf axmif'%ftenf;qHk; (6)vrS oHk;ESpftxduscH&rnfjzpf onf?”(tjypf'%fay;jcif;rSm tydk'f(12)ESifhwlnDaomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr+jcif;rwlay?) tydk'f (14) .tqdkrSm “tydk'f(11)t& csKd;azmufr+udkusL;vGefv#if tjypf'%f rSm axmif'%f (6)vjzpfonf?” rSwfcsuf= (a'o)oHCmhaummifpDwdk@. ppfcsufrsm;yg&Sdaom tr+rsKd;twGuf tydk'f (11)aomf‚if;/ (14)aomf‚if; txl;rvdk? tydk'f (15) .tqdkrSm “tydk'f (12) odk@r[kwf (13)t& tr+wpfpHkwpf&mppf aq;&ef&Sdv#if xdktr+udk jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeomv#if ppfaq;& rnfjzpf onf?” rSwffcsuf= qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&a&S@aeonf jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD; XmerS t&m&Sdjzpf&rnf? TzG@Jpnf;yHkt& ‚if;tpdk;&a&S@aerSm wyfrawmft&m&Sdyifjzpf rnf? tb,fa-umifh jynfwGif;a&;&mESifh omoema&;&mudk 0ef}uD;XmewpfckxJwGif aygif;xnfh&ygoenf;? (yl;wJGay;&ygoenf;) ‚if;onf bmoma&;tzG@Jtpnf;. t csKyftcsmtm%mudk zsufqD;jcif;omjzpfonf? “ppftpdk;&0ef}uD;Xmewckonf w &m;pGJqdkr+udk csKyfudkifxm;onf”[k oHCmhOya'uoHCmhtay: tpdk;&.csKyfudkifjcif; udk &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdkxm;onf? tydk'f (16) .tqdkrSm “tu,fI tydk'f (14)t&w&m;pGJqdkr+w&yfudk udkif wG,f&rnfqdkygu omoema&;qdkif&mXme n$ef-um;a&;rª;csKyfonf OD;wdkufwifxm; aompGJcsufudk a&G;cs,fcH&olwpfOD;udk ppfaq;ap&rnf? ” rSwfcsuf= omoema&;Xme n$ef-um;a&;rª;csKyfonf jynfxJa&;ESifhomoem a&;0ef}uD;XmerS wdkuf&dkufcsKyfudkifaom wyfrawmft&m&Sd wpfOD;yifjzpf&m xdktcsdef wGif 'kAdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@yifjzpfonf? tydk'f (17) .tqdkrSm rdrd0wW&m;udk wu,f0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufaeaom jynf ol@0efxrf; wpfOD;tay: ta&;,ljcif; odk@r[kwfw&m;pGJqdkjcif; vHk;0rjyK&” TOya' tydk'frSm tEœ&m,f&SdvSonf? rSwfcsuf= tjcm;aomOya' tydk'fwdk@wGifc|if;csufrsm;yg&Sdaomfvnf; Ttydk'f (17)rSm rnfonfhc|if;csufr#r&Sd? tm;enf;csuf tjypfuif;pifonfhyHkjzifh ajAmifusus trdef@rsKd;omjzpfaeonf? azmfjycsuft& rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrqdk rnfonfhoHCm ausmif;wGif;rqdk &Jrsm;0ifa&muf_yD; rnfoludkrqdk zrf;qD;Edkifonfjzpf.? TOya't ydk'fonf jynfol@0efxrf;wpfOD;udk bmoma&;txufrSm ae&may;onfomru Oy



a'tay: ae&m,lEdkif&m usa&mufaeonf? tydk'f (18) .tqdkrSm “vkyfief;vnfywfaeEdkif&eftwGuf jynfxJa&;ESifh om oema&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf EdkifiHawmfoHCmhr[mem,uaumifpDESifh n‡dESdKif;aqG;aEG; vsuf aemufxyfpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; qufvuftwnfjyKIaernf” rSwfcsuf= 0ef-uD;Xmeonf oHCmhaumifpDESifh n‡dESdKif;aqG;aEG;vsufaeonf? odk@&mwGif 0ef}uD;Xmeu pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk trdef@tm%m wnfapjcif;;omjzpfonf? ‚if;onftydk'f (18)udk rwnfjidrfEdkifaomtajctaexJodk@ &dkufoGif;ay;jcif;omjzpf onf? ta-umif;rSm “n‡dESdKif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif”[laompum;.t"dyg,fum; b,fvdk oabmudk aqmifygoenf;? aumifpDtaejzifh 0ef-uD;XmeESifh oabmwlnDEdkifonfh t"dyg,f xGuf&efrvdkay?

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;. tjyKwfwdkufy GJ

EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;oma&;,ma&;ESifh zG@HjzdK;a&;aumifpD etz vuf&Sdppftpdk;& onf EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpn;fyHktajccHOya'r&SdyJ wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvsufaeayonf? n$ef-um;csufESifh &mZoHpmc|eftrdef@rsm;jzifh tajccHOya'udkaqmufwnfaeygonf? tjcm;vGwfvyfr+rsm;uJhodk@ bmoma&;vGwfvyfr+rSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;. oabmawmf twdkif; &Sdae&ayonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@JcsKyfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&;yg wDrsm;wGif oHCmtzG@Jtpnf;rScef@tyfolrsm; ryg0ifrd&ef etz rStrdef@ausnm csuftrSwf 85 udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? ppftm%mydkiftzG@Jonf bmoma&;qdkif&m yHkESdyfxkyfa0jcif;rsm; udkwif;usyfpGm ppfaq;wnf;jzwfjyD; ‚if;rSwqifh orRmusrf;pm47rS pum;vHk;tcsKd@udk yif ajymif;vJcJhao;onf? “rnfolrqdk EdkifiHawmf. wnfwhHcdkifjrJr+ &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,mr+/ at;csrf;_idrf oufjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwpf0Srf;vHk; Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk uGJjym;atmif odk@r[kwf edrfhusysuf jym;atmif vSKH@aqmfa&;om;/ ajymqdkI‚if;/ jzef@a0I‚if;/ qef@usifqENjywdkufcdkuf v#if odk@wnf;r[kwf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;cdkifrmr+udk zsufqD;wdkufcdkufv#if odk@wnf;r [kwf jynfoltwGif; xifjrifr+rsm;ap&efzefwD;v#if axmif'%f 3vrS tESpf20uscH& rnfjzpfonf”[laom 1996 Oya'trSwf 5udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? orRmowd (pdwf xm;ajzmifhrwfjcif;) pmv$mwpfapmifukd oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;xH }udKwift cGifhawmif;cHjcif;rjyKrdyJ jzef@a0rdjcif;a-umifh 1996ckESpftwGif; rEœav;rSoHCmawmf wpfyg; e0w Oya'trSwf 5 t& axmif'g%f 2ESpfuscHcJh&onf/ ,if; orRmowd (Samma-sati)onf EdkifiHawmf.wnfwhHcdkifjrJr+udk rnfuJhodk@_ydKuGJapwwfonfudk ‚if;/ jynfoltwGif; rnfuJhodk@txifjrifrsm;apEdkifyHkudk‚if; [laomar;cGef;udk w&m;pD &ifa&;rS ajz-um;cJhjcif;r&Sday? ppftpdk;&onf vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkjcif;/ pk&Hk;jcif; tay: &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk qufvufIom zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifvsuf &Sdaeayonf? armfv_rdKifc&dkif/ rk'kH_rdK@e,frSoufawmf 66 ESpf&Sdq&mawmf t&SifeENmqdkolonf



trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@JcsKyf/ ygvDreftzG@J0ifwpfOD;u oHCmhtzGJ@odk@ay;vSLaom ajr uGufuav;wuGuftay: apwDwpfqludkwnfcJhygonf? 2001ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 6&uf ae@wGifq&mawmftzrf;cH&jyD; ZEM0g&Dv 19 &ufae@wGif axmif'%f 10 ESpftcscH&cJh onf? ta-umif;jycsufum; “ppfwyftm%mydkifrsm;xHrS apwDawmf48 tkwfjrpfcs &ef }udKwiftrdef@awmif;cHjcif;r&Sd” [lIjzpfonf? 1972 ckESpfn$ef-um;csufwpf&yfu “wyfrawmftm%mydkifrsm;xHrS cGifhjyKcsuf trdef@awmif;cHjcif;r&SdyJ ausmif;uefZ&yfodk@r[kwf apwDykxdk; wnfaqmufjcif; odk@ r[kwf jyifqifjcif;rjyK&”[kyg&Sdonfhtwdkif; tajcaerSm Ttwdkif;omqufvufI &Sdaeao;onf? ppfwyfonf vlrsKd;pk&Sd&m e,fajra'owkd@wGif bkef;}uD;ausmif;uef rsm;udk 0ifa&muf_yD; vk,ljcif; zsufqD;jcif;rSpI oHCmrsm;udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; odk@r[kwf Oya' rw&m;owfjzwfjcif;txd vkyfaqmifae.? ppftpdk;&. tjyKwfwdkufyGJonf EdkifiHa&;tusKd;tjrwfwpdwfwa'o jzpfonf? rdrd. rlt& jrefrmEdkifiHwGifbmoma&; vGwfvyfr+&Sdonf [kqdkaomfvnf; trSefw u,ftm;jzifh bmoma&;cGJjcm;r+yif jzpfonf? rlpvifESifh c&pf,mefrsm; aysmufysuf ap&ef zdESdyfr+rsm;vkyfaqmifvsuf Ak'<bmomudk rmefjyjr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfaqmifaejcif; om&Sdonf? etz . ‘trsKd;om;vltiftm;’jr‡ifhwifa&;twGuf tjcm;bmomrsm; twGuf ukefusp&dwfxJrS ppftpdk;&u Ak'<bmomudk jr‡ifhwifay;aejcif; jzpfonf? Ak'<bmomw&m;awmftusKd;49udk ppftpdk;&u aqmif&GufykHay:vmap&ef ppfAdkvfcsKyf }uD;u pepfwus 0g'tuGufcs wwfvSay.? Tum;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,ae@Oya' ESifhAk'<bmom&SdaeyHkomjzpfayonf? Oya' trdk;uG,fatmufwGif Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;twGuf vSKyf&Sm;aeoltrsm; &Sdjcif; jzifh zdESdyfjcif;cHae&jyD; &[ef;oHCmawmftrsm;rSm tpaysmuftjzwfcH ysufpD;qHk;&+H;r+ cH&vsuf aeayownf;? ? rSwfpkrsm;

1. B.S. Sinha, “Custom and Customary Law in Indian Jurisprudence”. Indian Sino Legal Journal, Vol. 2, 1976, p. 89.

2. Government of India, “Social Legislation: Its Role in Social Wel-fare”. New Delhi, 1956, p. 18.

3. For example, in section 37 of the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act of 1887, and in section 16 of the Madras Civil Courts Act of 1873.

4. For example, sections 5 and 6 of the Punjab Laws Act of 1872. 5. This was repeated in section 4 of the Burma Courts Act of 1875.



6. For example, the case of Ma Asha vs. B.K. Haldar (1936) Indian Law Reports Vol. 14, Rangoon Series 439.

7. Code of Monastic Discipline. 8. CPD numbers, used to identify Pali texts, refer to the bibliography

in “A Critical Pali Dictionary” edited by V. Trenckner. Copenha-gen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1924, 1:37-69.

9. The Fundamental Rules of a Buddhist monk. 10. In 1927 the High Court at Rangoon ruled that the term “Buddhist

Law” was to be interpreted as “Burmese Buddhist Law”. A further ruling in 1956 stated that it was to be interpreted as “Customary Law of the Burmese Buddhists”; in 1969 this law was changed to read “Burmese Customary Law”. This law does not apply to the whole Union of Burma, but only to cases involving Buddhists.

11. When the Burma Laws Act of 1898 was promulgated, British judges in Burma had difficulty in interpreting the term “Buddhist Law” and also in determining to whom the law should apply. Around 1930 however, the courts settled that also the Chinese Buddhists in Burma were to be governed by Burmese Buddhist Law.

12. According to Dr U Than Naung, in an interview with the author, 9 December 1995.

13. The same Act declared that “the punishments which may be awarded thereunder, or the practices which are permitted thereby, are in conformity with the spirit of the law in force in the rest of British Burma” (Report on the Administration of Burma for the year 1921-22, pp. 14-15).

14. This was an important digest of Burmese law, compiled by Kinwun Mingyi U Gaung between 1893 and 1897 for the Judicial Commis-sioner of Upper Burma.

15. Sir John Jardine, “Notes on Buddhist Law”. Rangoon: Govern-ment Superintendent of Documents, 1953.

16. This was the case of Dr Tha Mya vs. Daw Khin Pu. (Burma Law Reports, 1951).

17. Hidayatullah, M. and A., “Mulla’s Principles of Mahomedan Law”, 19th Edition. Bombay: N.M. Tripathi Ltd., 1990, p. 224.

18. The Holy Koran, 4:3. 19. The Holy Koran, 4:128. (However, “The Burma Code”, Vol. XI, p.

25 (Act No. 14 of 1953, still in effect today) regulates the divorce of Muslim women contrary to Islamic Law under certain condi-tions, “…without prejudice to any basic tenet of Islam”. Mr. B.K. Sen, Advocate, was confronted with a case under Act No. 14 be-fore the Rangoon District Court).

20. “The Burma Code”, Vol. I, Officially Published under the Author-ity of the Government of the Union of Burma, 1955, p. 9 (Article 13, Section 3).

21. Act No. 24 of 1939. 22. Act No. 32 of 1954. 23. Mr. B.K. Sen, Advocate, Burma Lawyers’ Council; personal com-

munication with the author, 6 April 2001.



24. This was repealed by Burma Act IV, 1944. 25. P. Bigandet, “The Life, or Legend of Gaudama The Buddha of the

Burmese”. Rangoon, 1866, p. 523. 26. Dhamma is a word from Pali, the ancient language which the Bud-

dha spoke. Dhamma is generally used to denote the Law or the Teachings of the Buddha.

27. Yahan Byo Ahpwe, or Young Monks’ Association, formed in 1938. 28. Kyaungtaik Sayadaw Ahpwe, or Presiding Sayadaws’ Association,

formed in 1948. 29. For an interesting background on the organized political monks’

reaction to the government’s policies and actions, see: Donald E. Smith, “Religion and Politics in Burma”. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1965, Chapter 8; and also: Tin Maung Maung Than, “The Sangha and Sasana in Socialist Burma”. Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 26-61.

30. According to Mr. B.K. Sen, personal communication with the au-thor, 1 May 2001.

31. Khin Maung Win, “Religious Freedom in Burma: A divisive and suppressive practice of the military regime”. Legal Issues on Burma Journal, No. 4, October 1999, p. 20.

32. According to the Reverend Cung Lian Hup, personal communica-tion with the author, 6 June 1996.

33. “Human Rights Yearbook Burma, 1999-2000”, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, Washington, D.C., August 2000, p. 225.

34. “Junta Leader Defends Forced Labor”, United Press International, 28 April 1994.

35. Press Conference No. 107 of 7 December 1990, reported in the Working People’s Daily (8 December 1990). The state deemed the actions of the dissident monks an attempt to divide and destroy the officially sanctioned Sangha organization.

36. Theravada is one of the two main schools of Buddhism, found in countries such as Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. The other main school is called Mahayana, found in countries such as Vietnam, Tibet and Korea.

37. Sayadaw is a term of respect for a monk who has spent ten years or more in the Burmese Sangha.

38. Nayaka is a title for the Head of a Buddhist school, or the chief monk among a group of monks.

39. Mendelson, E. Michael, “Sangha and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership”, edited by John P. Fergu-son. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1975, pp. 40-41, 86.

40. Peter Gutter, “Between Junta and Nirvana. Buddhism in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Study”. The Hague: Eurasia Group Ltd., 1997, p. 55.

41. U Mya Sein, “Customary Law”, 8th Edition (in Burmese). Chapter 20, “Monks and Judiciary”. Rangoon: Than Swe, 1993, pp. 383-



398. Thanks to Mr. B.K. Sen for translating. 42. For a thorough account of monastic discipline, see: Vajirananava-

rorasa, Sangharaja, “The Entrance to the Vinaya”, Vols. I & II. Bangkok: Mahamakuta Rajavidyalaya Press, 1969-1973.

43. His Holiness the Dalai Lama, “Buddhism, Asian Values, and De-mocracy”. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1999, pp. 3-7.

44. See: D. Gokuldas, “Democracy in the early Buddhist Sangha”. Cal-cutta: University of Calcutta, 1955.

45. Uposatha is the building in a Buddhist monastery where monastic ordination takes place.

46. This regulation according to Mahâvagga II. 47. Khin Maung Win, p. 24. 48. Khitpyaing, April 2001, p. 8. 49. For example, The New Light of Myanmar, Vol. VIII, No. 216, 18 No-

vember 2000, p. 12: “…the State Peace and Development Council is endeavouring under … the eminent Sayadaws for promotion, propagation and perpetuation of the Sasana [Buddhism]”.

t,f'DwmrSwfcsuf jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpDu xkwfa0aom Legal Issues on Burma Journal, No. 8, April 2001 wGif Peter Gutter a&;om;aom "Law and Religion in Burma" aqmif;yg;udk jrefrmpmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;twGuf bmomjyefqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? rl&if;pmrlESifh uGJvGJr_wpHkw&m&Sdygu bmomjyefqdkr_ csKd@,Gif;csufom jzpfyg onf?



tajccHOya'a&;&m

oRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&pepf

cifarmif0if; orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pD[k ajymvdkufv#if (18)&mpkaESmif;ykdif;umvY t wnfjyKcJhaom tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u yHkaz:xm;onfhOya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; wnf;[laom tm%m}uD;oHk;&yfukd oD;jcm;xm;jcif;pepf(separation of powers) t&zJG@pnf;xm;onfh tpkd;&zJG@pnf;r+ qdkonfukd od&Sdxm;-uonf? tar&duefzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyftajccHOya'onf orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdu a&pDpepfESifh tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;xm;jcif;pepf. ueOD;tpjzpfa-umif; okawoDtm vHk;.wlnDaom todtrSwfðyr}uKdcH&onfh tajccHOya'jzpfonf? (orRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&pepf(presidential government)udk wcsKd@uorRwOD;aqmif 'Drdkua&pDpepf (presidential democracy)[kvnf;aumif;/ ygvDreftpdk;&pepf (parliamentary government)udk ygvDref'Drdkua&pD (parliamentary democ-racy) [kvnf;ac:-uonf? Taqmif;yg; wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif orRwOD;aqmiftpdk; &pepftpm; orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD[kvnf;aumif;/ ygvDreftpdk;&pepftpm; yg vDref'Drdkua&pD[k vnf;aumif; ac:a0:oHk;pGJoGm;rnf?) tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;xm;&Sda&;twGuf tav;ay;awG;ac:cJhaom EkdifiHa&tawG;tac:ynm&SifESpfOD;rSm t*FvdyfEkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif *|efavmhcf (John Locke, 1632-1704)ESifh jyifopfEkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif rGefwufpfuGD (Char-les-Louis de Montesquieu, 1584-1655) wdk@jzpfonf? *|efavmhcfonft*Fvef EkdifiHYjzpfay:cJhaom bk&ifESifhygvDreft=um; tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh Oya'ðya&;tm %mvGefqJGyJGukd tqHk;owfapa&; enf;vrf;&Smonfhtaejzifh tm%moD;jcm;pDxm;&Sda&; (separation of powers)ukd pwifawG;ac:cJhonf? (17)&mpkESpfrsm;txd t*F vefEkdifiHwGifbk&ifonf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%momru Oya'ðya&;tm%myg &,lxm; ojzifh Oya'ðya&;tm%m udkusifhoHk;+yD; bk&if.vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ukd uef@owf&ef óud;



yrf;aeaomygvDrefESifh tm%mvGefqJGyJGrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf? xkdwif;rmr_rsm;udkacs zsuf&eftwGuf *|efavmhcftqkdðyonfrSm bk&ifonftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudkomusifh oHk;&efjzpf+yD; Oya'ðya&;tm%moD;oef@udkom ygvDrefuusifhoHk;&efjzpfonf? w &m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrSm ESpfckpvHk;rSuif;vGwf+yD; oD;jcm;wnf&Sdrnfh r¾dKifjzpfap&rnf [kqdkonf? *|efavmhcf. tawG;tac:rsm;onf bk&ifukd tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mtyfESif;xm;jcif;ESifhtwl EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#miftjzpf qufvufItodtrSwfðya&; jzpfaeonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;. tm%moD;jcm;pD xm;&Sda&;pepftawG;tac:onf rsufarSufacwf wGiforRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pD[k vlodrsm;aomEkdifiHa&;pepf twGufr[kwfbJ bk&if u EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#mifjzpfaeaom EkdifiHa&;pepftwGufjzpfonf? ,ae@acwfwGif bk &if odk@r[kwf bk&ifr okd@r[kwf ‚if;wkd@uJhodk@qufcHjcif;pepfjzifh EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#mif jzpfaeaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif tm%moD;jcm;pD xm;&Sdr_pepfjzpfonfh orRwOD;aqmif'Drdk ua&pDxuf tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;tm%m ygvDreftwGif;Y wpdwfwydkif;xyf wlusaeaompepfjzpfonfh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;aeonfudkom awG@=u &onf? t*FvefEdkifiHtwGuf OD;pm;ay;awG;ac:cJhaom *|efavmhcf. tawG;tac:rsm;onf ,ae@wdkif t*FvefEdkifiHwGif usifhoHk;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? odk@aomf ,ae@urBm@ t&yfa'o tawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif usifhoHk;ae=uaom tm%moD;jcm;pDxm;&Sd onfhpepfjzpfaom orRwOD;aqmif 'Drdkua&pDpepfonf *|efavmhcf. EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif rsm;pGmtajccHxm;onf qkdonfhtcsufESifh ywfoufIum; tjiif;yGm;zG,fr&Sdacs? tm%moD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdjcif;pepfukd az:xkwf&if; orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepf ukd tm;ay;cJhaom EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif aemufwOD;jzpfol rGefwufpfuGD. t,ltqrsm;ukd tar&duefEdkifiH zJG@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;wGif tajc cHxm;onfukdawG@&onf? rGefwufpfuGDonf ‚if;.t,ltqrsm;ukd "On the Spirit of Laws" trnf&SdpmtkyfwGif a&;om;az:jycJhonf? rGefwufpfuGd. tawG;tac:t& tpdk;&w&yfatmufwGif EdkifiHom;tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; a=umuf&GH@ jcif; uif;a0;ygrS EdkifiHom;[email protected]&;vGwfvyfr_&Sdrnfjzpf&m xdkodk@aomtpdk;&udk zJG@ pnf;az:aqmif&ef olut}uHay;cJhonf? ol.tawG;tac:rsm;t& azmfaqmif& rnfhtpdk;&rSm tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdonfhpepf&Sdaom tpdk;&jzpfonf? Oya'ðy a&;tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%monf vlyk*~dKvfwOD; odk@r[kwf tzJG@wpfzJG@wGif yl; aygif;wnf&Sdaeygu xdkvlyk*~dKvfodk@r[kwf tzJG@onf zdESdyfa&;Oya'rsm; jyXmef;um tkyfcsKyfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? wzef Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk yl;wGJ xm;jyefv#ifvnf; w&m;pD&if&onfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;wGifOya'ðyvkyfydkifcGifhtm%m yg &&SdoGm;ojzifh zdESdyfa&;bufodk@ OD;wnfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? odk@jzpfI EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_udk tmrcHaomtpdk;&w&yfjzpfa&;rSm Oya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD &ifa&;wnf;[laom tm%moHk;&yfudk oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdaompepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonfh tpdk;& jzpf&efvdkonf[k qdkonf? rsufarSmufacwf orRwOD;aqmif 'Drdkua&pDta=umif;avhvm&mwGif tm%m



rsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdjcif;pepf. ueOD;tawG;tac:rsm;udk avhvmouJhodk@yif orw EdkifiHa&;pepf (republicanism) ta=umif; udkvnf; avhvmod&Sdxm;oifhonf? t b,fa=umifhqdkaomf ,ae@orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDudk orRwEdkifiH (Republic)rsm; wGifom usifhoHk;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? rsufarSmufacwfurBmwGif EdkifiHawmfOD;ao#mif udkvdkufI EdkifiHESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cJGjcm;Edkifonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifr odk@r[kwf ‚if;wdk@uJhodk@ qufcHjcif;jzifhEdkifiHawmfOD;ao#mif&mxl;udk &&Sdvm=uaom bk&ifh EdkifiHrsm; (Monarchy odk@r[kwf Kingdom)ESifh jynfolwdk@u a&G;cs,faom orR w(President) wdk@u EdkifiHawmfOD;ao#mif tjzpf aqmif&Gufaeaom orRwEdkif iH rsm;(Republics) [lIjzpfonf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDudk orRwEdkifiHrsm;wGif om usifhoHk;=uonf? odk@aomf orRwEdkifiHtm;vHk;onf orRwOD;qmif'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;onf[lIum; rqdkEdkifyg? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;aom orRwEdkifiH rsm;vnf;&Sd=uonf? orRwEdkifiH (Republic)onf *&dbmompum; (Respublica)rS qif;oufvm jcif;jzpf+yD; t"dym,frSm jynfol@a&;&m[k t"dyg,f&onf? orRwEdkifiHa&;pepf(Re publicanism)onf a&S;acwf*&dðrd@jy EdkifiHa&;acwfuawnf;u wnf&SdcJhaomfvnf; tar&duefawmfvSefa&;}uD;+yD;onftxd ‚if;pepfonf wdrfðryfaejyD; urBm@EdkifiHtm;vHk;vdkvdkwGif bk&ifrsm;u tkyfcsKyfaompepf (monarchism) rsm;om&SdcJhonf? t ar&duefawmfvSefa&;}uD;+yD;aomtcg tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;aom tpkd;&yHkpHukd az:aqmif&mwGif EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#miftjzpf bk&ifukdrxm;bJ jynfolwdk@a&G;cs,f aom orRwukd cef@tyfvkdufonf? xkdorRwonf *|efavmhcfESifh rGefwufpfuGDwdk@ awG;ac:az:jyouJhokd@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mukd ykdifqkdifoloufoufjzpfvmcJhonf? jcm;em;csufwckrSm xdktawG;tac:ynm&SifESpfOD;u tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mukd bk&ifxH wGiftyfESif;&ef az:jycJh=uaomfvnf; tar&duefawmfvSefa&;+yD;csdefwGif tar&duef Y bk&ifpepfr&Sdojzifh orRwukd EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#mifae&mxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;tm %mtyfESif;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf acwfopfurBm Y yxrODqHk;aomorRwEkdifiHESifh tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdaompepf&Sdonfh orRw OD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&&Sd EdkifiHjzpfvmonf? xkd@aemuf jyifopfawmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf ay:aygufvmaom yxrjyifopforRwEdkifiH (rsufarSmufjyifopfEkdifiHonf yOPrajrmuf orRwEkdifiHjzpfonf) zifvef/ zdvpfykdif/ awmifukd&D;,m;/ AD,uferfESifh vufwiftar&duEkdifiHrsm;/ 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;&vmonfh &k&Sm;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ta&S@Oa&myuGefjrL epfEdkifiHa[mif;rsm;wkd@onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. tpdk;&yHko¾efukd rSDjirf;xm;onfh tpdk;&pepf&Sd EkdifiHrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? odk@aomf wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH jcm;em;csuf rsm;&Sdonf? xdk@a=umihforRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDukd avhvm&mwGif tar&duefukdt "duxm;I tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfavhvmEkdifonf?



tpkd;&zJGŒpnf;jcif;

orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDppfppf (tar&duefyHkpH)&SdEkdifiHwGif tpkd;&zJG@pnf;a&;onf orRw. wm0efjzpfonf? jynfolvlxku wkduf&dkufjzpfap/ xkdenf;ESifh tESpf om&wlnDaom tjcm;enf;jzifhjzpfap orRw udka&G;cs,fvkduf+yD; orRwu ‚if;tpkd; &tzJG@wGifyg0ifrnfh 0ef}uD;rsm;udk ‚if;pdwfóuduf a&G;cs,fcef@xm;cGifh&Sdonf? orRw ukd,fwkdifonf EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#mif&mxl;a&m tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJwm0efyg &,l ydkifqkdifoljzpfonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDwGif ae@pOf EkdifiHawmftm; pDrHcef@cJGtkyfcsKyfa&;Y tm%mt&SdqkH;yk*~dKvfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfouJhodk@ orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDwGif orRwrSm tm%mt&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkorwu ‚if;.tpkd;&tzJG@wGifyg0ifrnfh 0ef}uD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fvdkufolukd uGef*&uf (Congress). txufv$wfawmfjzpfaom qD;edwf (Senate)u twnfðyay;&onf? jynfol@ ukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfolwOD;ukd tpkd;&tzJG@0if0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;jzpf&m xdkol. ukd,fusifhoduQm/ t&nftcsif;oifh jrwfr_/ Oya'w&yf&yfESifh +idpGrf;jcif;&Sdr&Sd ponfwdk@udk qef;ppf&efvdktyfonf? orRw u trnfpm&if;wifoGif;olukd qD;edwfutwnfrðybJy,fcsygu orRwonft jcm;olwOD;ukd ajymif;vJI trnfpm&if;wifoGif;&onf? xkdokd@ orRwutrnfpm &if;wifoGif;olrsm;onf uGef*&ufv$wfawmf ESpf&yfpvHk;. trwfrsm;rjzpfap&ay? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdjcif; pepft& tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhOy a'ðya&;tm%m a&maxG;,Sufwifrjzpfap&eftwGuf Oya'ðytm%musifhoHk;onfh uGef*&uftzJG@0ifr[kwfaom jyifyrSyk*~dKvfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&ef vkdtyfjcif;a=umifhjzpf onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzJG@wGif orRw/ 'kwd,orRwESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;yg&Sd onf? 0ef}uD;csKyf[lI ryg&Sdacs? orRwa&G;cs,fa&;tzJG@u orRwwpfOD;ESifh 'kwd,orRwwpfOD;wdk@ukd (4)ESpfoufwrf;twGuf a&G;cs,fay;vkdufonf? tar&duef orRwonf (4)ESpfoufwrf; ESpf}udrfxufykdI ta&G;cHcGifhr&Sday? orRwtjzpf ta&G; cH&olonf tpkd;&ukd wm0ef,lzJG@pnf;&+yD; ‚if;zJG@pnf;aomtpkd;&tzGJ@onf vnf; ‚if;. oufwrf; (4)ESpfw}uDrfukefqHk;onfESifh wòydifwnf;ukefqHk;avonf? tcsKd@aom orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;wGif tpkd;&tzJG@ zJG@pnf;a&;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhokd@yif orRwu tjynfht0vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdaom udpPjzpf onf? Oyrm- uGef*dkEkdifiH/ ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHa[mif;/ aumfpwm&Dum/ tD*spf/ zifvef/ wleD;&Sm; uJhokd@aomEkdifiHrsm; jzpf=uonf? tcsKd@aom orRwOD;aqmif'Drdku a&pDEkdfifiHrsm;wGifrl jynfolvlxku orRwukda&G;cs,fay;aomfvnf; tpkd;&zJG@pnf;a&;wGifrl orwwOD;wnf;. vkyfykdifcGifht&aqmif&GufEkdifjcif;r&SdawmhbJ ygvDref.twnfðycsufjzifhom orRwucef@tyf&onf? Tokd@aom orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua& pDEkdifiHrsm;onf tar&duefyHkpHppfppfr[kwfawmhacs? orRwwGif w0ufwysufom



vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdawmhaom orRwOD;aqmif 'Drdkua&pD (Semi-Presidential Democ-racy)[k vlodrsm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%musifhoHk;jcif;wkd@wGif orRwESifh tprfAvD ac: ygvDrefatmufv$wfawmfxJrS tcsKd@aomtrwfrsm; tm%mukdcGJa0usifhoHk;jcif;a=umihfjzpfonf?

orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. tm%mt&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfaom orRwa&G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufyGJonf tar&duef jynfaxmifpk'Drdkua&pD. toufjzpfonf[k avhvmol rsm;u todtrSwfðy=uonf? oufwrf; (4)ESpfwmumvtwGuf tajccHOya't & ta&;,lcH&jcif;rSwyg; ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&rsm;uJhokd@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rcH&bJ at;aq;wnf+idrfpGm tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sdrnfh orRw&mxl;twGuf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGjzpf onf? xdkr#ta&;}uD;aom orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJusif;y&mwGif toHk;ðyaom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHk pepfonf urBmwGif wrlxl;jcm;aomyHkpHpepfjzpfonf? tar&dueforwudkjynfolvlxku wkduf&kdufyg0ifrJay;jcif;r[kwfbJ a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@u rJay;onfh oG,f0kdufrJay;pepft& a&G;cs,fonf? okd@&mwGif ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif&Sdaom oG,f0kdufaom rJay;pepfrsKd;um;r[kwfyg? tar&d uefjynfolvlxk.qENrJrsm;onf tar&dueforRwa&G;cs,fa&;wGif rsm;pGmv$rf;rkd;v#uf&Sdygonf? orRwtjzpf rnfol@udka&G;cs,fvkdonfqdkaomtqifhwGif tqHk;t jzwfay;&olwkd@rSmum; tar&duefjynfolwkd@r[kwfbJ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@ jzpfonf? tar&dueforRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@wGif yg0ifolOD;a&ta&twGuf onf uGef*&uf&Sdv$wfawmfESpf&yfaygif;rS trwfOD;a&ta&twGufESifh nDwlnDr#jzpf onf? oufqkdif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;onf ‚if;wkd@jynfe,frS uGef*&ufv$wfawmfESpf &yfpvHk;wGif udk,fpm;ðycGifh&aom OD;a&ta&twGuf&Sdonfh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@ tzJG@0ifrsm;ukd cef@xm;ay;&onf? xkda&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@. tzJG@0ifrsm; onf uGef*&ufv$wfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;. tzJG@0ifrsm;/ tjcm;tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;um; r jzpfap&ay? jynfe,f wkdif;onf txufv$wfawmfwGif ukd,fpm;vS,fESpfOD;pD ukd,f pm;ðycGifh&xm;ojzifh xkdESpfOD;ESifh atmufv$wfawmfwGif xkdjynfe,fukd,fpm;ðycGifh& aom ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ESpfckaygif;onf xkdjynfe,forRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@ tzJG@0ifOD;a&rsm;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh jynfe,ft}uD;ti,fudkvdkufI a&G;cs,f fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@wGif yg0ifcGifhrSmjcm;em;onf? Oyrm t}uD;qHk;jynfe,fjzpfaom u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,frS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@0if (54)OD; yg0ifcGifh&csdefwGif 'Dvm0g;uJhodk@aom ti,fqHk; jynfe,frsm;rS (3)OD;pDom yg0ifcGifh&onf? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@u orRwukd rJay;a&G;cs,fonfqkd&m0,f a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@0ifrsm;u ‚if;wkd@rJay;vdkolukd ay;cGifhr&Sdacs? jynfolvlxku



axmufcHoludkom ‚if;wkd@u rJay;cGifh&Sdonf? orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGrwkdifrD v twef=umuwnf;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. oufqdkif&mygwD}uD;rsm;onf ‚if; [email protected];ukd a&G;cs,f+yD;jzpfI oufqdkif&mjynfe,f&Sd rJqEN&Sifjynfol rsm;u od&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfae=uonf? rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;onf rnfonfhygwD.orRw avmif;rnfol okd@r[kwf woD;yk*~vudk orRwtjzpf axmufcHa=umif;ukd rJay;=u& onf? okd@&mwGif wEkdifiHvHk;&SdqENrJtm;vHk;udk wae&mwGif pkòyH+yD;a&wGufjcif;pepf jzifh orRwta&G;cH&ol rnfoljzpfa=umif; qHk;jzwfjcif;rsK;dum; r[kwfjyefacs? ouf qkdif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;.rJudk a&wGufI rnfol@ukdorRwtjzpf a&G;vkda=umif; jynfolrsm;.qENukd od&Sdvmaomtcg xkdjynfe,f.qENrJukd xkdjynf e,frS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@wGifyg0ifaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u ykdifqkdifoGm; onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@jzifh orRwa&G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufa&;pepfwGif tm;eJcsufrsm;&Sda=umif;ukd tawG@tóuHrsm;t& od&+yDjzpfonf? e,l;a,mufuJhokd@aom jynfe,f}uD;wckwGif vlxky%mrqENrJay;r_wGif t"duyg wD}uD;ESpfck. orRwavmif;ESpfa,mufukd rJay;&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjywft owfrJruGmbJ wOD;urJtm;vHk;aygif;. (50)&mckdifE_ef;ausmf&Hkav;&ae+yD; tjcm;wpfOD;u (50)&mckdifE_ef;atmuf enf;enf;r#om avsmhenf;aeaom &v'fjzpfapum rl xkdjynfe,frS &&Sdaom a&G; cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;rJ (43)rJpvHk;udk jynfol@qENrJ (50)&mckdifE_ef;ausmf&&Sdolukd ay;vdkuf&onf? TtajctaersKd;onf jynfol@qENrJESifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;rJwdk@t=um; uJGvJGcsufrsm;jzpfonf? 1988 ckESpf orRwa&G;aumufyJGwGif &DygbvpfuefygwDrS orRwavmif; bk&Sf (George Bush) u jynfol@ qENrJ. 53²37 &mckdifE_ef;&&Sd+yD; 'Drkdu&uf (Democrat)ygwDrS orRwavmif; 'lum;upf (Michael S. Dukakis) u 45²65 &mckdifE_ef; &&Sdonf? okd@aomf orRwukd a&G;xkwfay;onfh tqifhjzpfaom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@. rJwGifrl bk&Sfu (426)rJ &&SdoGm;+yD; 'lum;upfu (112)rJ om&&Sdawmhonf? tar&dueforRw a&G;cs,fa&;orkdif;wGif 1824 ckESpf / 1876 ckESpf/ 1888ckESpf orRwa&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif y%mrvlxkqENrJwGif tEkdif&aom orRwavmif;rsm;u a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@rJ wGif &H_;edrhf+yD; y%mrvlxkqENrJ avsmhenf;I&olrsm;u orRwjzpfvmaom om"ursm; &SdcJhzl;onf? wzef 2001 ckESpf orRwa&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf; vlxkqEN rJtrsm;pktEdkif&aom 'Drdku&ufygwD orRwavmif; t,f*dk; (Al Gore) uta&G;rcH&rJ &Dygbvpfuef orRwavmif; a*smh-&S bk(cs) (George W. Bush) ta&G;cH& jyefonf? tar&dueforRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@onf wae&mwGif pkqHk+yD; rJay;a&G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;rS a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@0if rsm;onf jynfe,fòrd@awmfrsm;wGif pka0;rJay;=u+yD; rdrdwkdf@jynfe,f.rJukd uGef*&uf qD;edwfv$wfawmfOuUXxHokd@ ay;ykd@=uonf? uGef*&ufv$wfawmf. v$wfawmfESpf &yfaygif;yl;wJGtpnf;ta0;wGif rJa&wGuf+yD; tjywftowfrJtrsm;pk (xuf0uf ausmfqENrJ) &&Sdolukd orRwtjzpfa=unmvdkufonf? xkdtqifhwGif rnfolur#rJ



trsm;pkr&&Sdygu trsm;qHk;&&SdoloHk;OD;teufrS wOD;udk orRwtjzpf uGef*&uf atmufv$wfawmf(House of Representatives)urJay;a&G;cs,f&onf? Ttqifh YrJay;&mwGif jynfe,frsm;.v$wfawmftwGif; udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf tenf;trsm;ukd rvdkufbJ jynfe,fwck wrJpDay;cGifh&=uonf? Ta&G;cs,fr__wGifvnf; t jywftowfrJtrsm;pk&&Sdolukd a&G;cs,f&ef ratmifrjrifjzpfaeao;ygu rwfv(4)&ufae@ aemufykdif;wGif 'korwonf tvdktav#muforw&mxl;udkvufcH&&SdoGm;onf? orRwa&G;aumufyJGtwGuf uGef*&uftwGif; rJa&wGufr_ukd t+rJwrf; ZEM0g&D v (6)&ufae@wGifðyvkyf&onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. 'kwd,orRwa&G;aumuf yGJukdvnf; orRwa&G;aumufyJGESifh wòydifwnf;usif;y+yD; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rSmvnf; twlwlyifjzpfonf? 'kwd,orRw a&G;cs,fyJGvnf; yxrqifha&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;[email protected] rnfolur# tjywftowfrJtrsm;pkr&&Sdv#if rJtrsm;qHk;&aeol (2) OD;xJrS wpfOD;udk 'kwd,orRwtjzpf qD;edwfv$wfawmftrwfrsm;u rJay;a&G;cs,f& onf? Tokd@a&G;cs,f&mwGif jynfe,fukdudk,fpm;ðyae p&mrvdkbJ trwfrsm;u w oD;yk*~v vGwfvyfpGmrJay;cGifh&=uonf? orRw/ 'korRw &mxl;vpfvyfr_ESifh ywfoufI 1967 ckESpftxd &Sif;vif;wd usaomjyXmef;csufrsm; r&Sdao;acs? 1967 ckESpf (25)}uDrfajrmuf tajccHOya'jyif qifa&;ðyvkyfaomtcgwGifrS orRw/ 'korRwwkd@ &mxl;vpfvyfv#if tpm;xkd;jcif;rsm;ta=umif; jyXmef;vmonf? orRwu cE<mukd,fykdif;ESifh pdwfykdif;ESpfckpvHk;a=umifh wm0efrsm;udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;r&Sdv#if 'korRwu ,m,DorRw (Acting Presi-dent)tjzpf wm0ef,l&onf? orRw aoqHk;v#ifum; 'korRwu orRwjzpfvm onf? 'korRw ae&mvpfvyfr_jzpfygu orRwu oifhawmfolwOD;OD;ukd trnfpm &if;wifoGif;I uGef*&ufu twnfðy&onf? 'kwd,orRwu orRwae&mwuf oGm;I 'kwd,orRwae&m vpfvyfoGm;jcif;jzpfygu atmufv$wfawmfOuUXu 'k orRw jzpfvmonf? (t,f'DwmrSwfcsuf? ?tar&dueforRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpHta=umif;ydk Itao;pdwf&Sif;vif; wifjyxm;aomaqmif;yg; tajccHOya'a&;&m pmapmift rSwf(9)wGif az:jyxm;ygonf?)

orRw. tm%mrsm;

orRwonf wEkdifiHvHk; tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾tm;vHk;. t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? tkyf csKyfa&;&mudpPtm;vHk;udk ‚if;.wm0efcHr_jzifhaqmif&Guf&onf? Oya'rsm;tm;vHk;ukd toufoGif;&mwGif orRwuOD;aqmifðyvkyf&onf? xdkvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd aqmif &GufEdkif&eftwGuf orRwonf tpkd;&Xme(0ef}uD;Xme)rsm;. t}uD;tuJrsm;ukd cef@ tyf&onf? 0ef}uD;rsm;ukd orRwu qD;edwftxufv$wfawmf twnfðycsufjzifh



cef@tyfxm;aomfvnf; xdk0ef}uD;rsm;ukd ðzwfEkdif/ cef@Ekdifaomtm%m orRwxHwGif tjynfht0&Sdonf? xkd@a=umifh orwOD;aqmif 'Drkdua&pD(tar&duefyHkpH)wGif 0ef}uD;tzJG@ukd orRw. rdom;pk[kyif ac:a0:wwf=u+yD; vufawG@wGifvnf; orRw. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;u 0ef}uD;tzJG@wGif tjynfht0 v$rf;rdk;aeavonf? orRwonf EkdifiHawmf. ppfaoemywdcsKyfjzpfonf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tyg t0if wyfrawmft&m&Sd }uD;rsm;ukdvnf; tjcm;t&yfbuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;uJhokd@yif orRwucef@tyfjcif;/ wm0efrSz,f&Sm;jcif;wdk@ ðyvkyfEkdifonf? jynfyEkdifiHwcktm;ppf a=unmjcif;ukd uGef*&ufv$wfawmftwnfðycsuft&om ðyvkyf&rnf[k qdkaomf vnf; vufawG@wGif vkdtyfcsuft& orRw.tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;jzifh pwifjcif;ukd orRwu aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf? Oyrm-orRw x&lrif (Harry S. Truman, 1945-49) vufxufwGif ukd;&D;,m;ppfukd pwifjcif;ESifh ppfukdt"duxdef;csKyfoljzpf jcif;/ 'kwd,urBmppfumvtwGif; orRw &kpbJh (Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-41)onf ppfYtar&duefyg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;ukd xdef;csKyfcGifhrsm;&cJhonf? tcsKd@ avhvmolrsm;u ppfESifhywfoufI orRw.vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;vGef;jcif;ukd tajccHOya' abmiftwGif; tm%m&Sifjzpfaejcif;[kqkd=uonf? tar&duef. EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udpPrsm;wGif EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u orRw.ukd,fpm; vkyfukdifaqmif &Guf&jcif;omjzpf+yD; wm0eft&SdqHk;rSm orRwyifjzpfonf? EkdifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfESifh ukvor*~odk@ oHwrefapv$wfa&;udpPESifh EkdifiHjcm;rS tar&d uefjynfaxmifpkokd@apv$wfaom oHwrefrsm;ukd vufcHjcif;udpP tm;vHk;ukd orRw uomaqmif&Gufonf? orRwonf EdkifiHjcm;ESifhcsKyfqdkaom pmcsKyftm;vHk;wGif wm 0eft&SdqHk;jzpfonf? tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;xm;&Sdjcif;pepfoabmt& orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepf wGif orRwonf Oya'ðy a&;tm%mwGif ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&. t}uD;tuJokd@ vkyfykdifcGifhr&Sdacs? Oya'ðyygvDrefukd v$rf;rdk;Ekdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? orRwonf Oya'ðytzJG@ ukd zsufodrf;jcif;rðyEdkifacs? xkd@tjyif uGef*&uftwGif;Y Oya'ðyusrf;rsm;udk pwif Ekdifjcif;r&Sday? Oya'ðyv$wfawmfrsm;&Sd trwfrsm;.tajctae rnfodk@jzpfapumrl orRwwGif xdef;csKyfcGifhr&Sday? tar&duefuGef*&ufonfom Oa'ðytm%mudk t ºuGif;rJhykdifaom tzJG@jzpfonf? xdka=umifhyif orRw.vkdtifqENESifh uGJvGJaomOy a'rsm;ukdyif ðyykdifcGifh&Sdonf? orw.qENESifh ukdufnDaomOya'rsm; jzpfay:vma&;twGuf orRwu Oya'ðytzJG@0ifrsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;Edkifaomtaet xm;om&Sdonf? trdef@ay;Ekdifaomtaetxm;ESifh xdef;csKyfEkdifaomtaetxm;r&Sday? Oya'ðyt rwfrsm;ukd pnf;&Hk;Ekdifaomtaetxm;rsm;t&om Oya'ðya&;wGifyg0ifygwfouf cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; vufawG@ESifh tajccHOya'.tcsKd@jyXmef;csufrsm;t& Oya'ðya&;wGif ta&;ygaomtaetxm;rsKd;awmh&Sdygonf? orRwonf uGef*&ufv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd ac:,lusif;yapEkdifaom tcGifhtm%m&Sdonf? 20 &mpkrwdkifrSDtcsdefrsm;u xdktpnf;ta0;rsm; tvGefyif rsm;jym;cJhonf? 20 &mpktcsdefumvrsm;wGifyif yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;wckESifhwck =um;umvukd avsmhcsvkdufojzifh uGef*&uftxl;tpnf;ta0;rsm; avsmh cscJh&onf?



EkdifiHawmfbwf*sufudpPwGif uGef*&ufutwnfðyay;&aomfvnf; orRwtqdk ðyaombwf*sufonf om twnfðycH&onfursm;onf? bwf*sufukd orwu jyifqif+yD; uGef*&ufutwnfðyay;&ef uGef*&ufokd@ay;ykd@&onf? rnfokd@yifqdkap bwf*sufOya'usrf;twnfðya&;udpPwGif orRwxH tav;uJaom tm%mrsm;&Sd aeonf? tar&dueforRwY jypfr_jzifh tjypf'%fuscHae&olrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf; omcGifhay;Ekdifaom tcGifhtm%mvnf;&Sdonf?

orwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD. xl;jcm;aom0daoorsm;

orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif orRwonf EdkifiHawmfOD;ao#mifvnf;jzpf/ tpdk;&zJG@t}uD;tuJvnf; jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmfOD;ao#mif. wm0efrsm;ESifhtpdk;&tzJG@ t=uD;tuJ. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udk orRwwpfOD;wnf;u &,lusifhoHk;onf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHwckwGif Oya'ðyygvDref. tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf t xufv$wfawmfESifhatmuf v$wfawmf[lIyg0if&m atmufv$wfawmfudk tprfAvD ESifh tpdk;&tzJG@[lI xyfrHcGJjcm;avhvmEdkifonf? tprfAvDESifh tpdk;&tzJG@[lI xyfrH cJGjcm;vdkufjcif;rSm tpdk;&tzJG@udk ygvDrefatmufv$wfawmfxJrS tzJG@0ifrsm;jzifhzJG@ pnf;xm;jcif;a=umif;jzpfonf? orRwOD;aqmif 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%monf Oya'ðytzJG@rS oD;jcm;uif;v$wfaom yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifhom zJG@pnf;xm;ojzifh atmufv$wfawmfudk atmufv$wfawmftjzpfom &_jrif&efjzpfonf? tpdk;&tzJG@0if0ef}uD;rsm;onf Oya'ðytzJG@0ifrsm; jzpfcGifhr&SdouJhodk@ Oya'ðyt zJG@0ifrsm;onfvnf; tpdk;&zJG@0if0ef}uD;rsm; jzpfcGifhr&Sdacs? Tenf;jzifh Oya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%moD;jcm;xm;&Sdr_pepfudk azmfaqmmifxm;jyD; tjyeftvSefxdef;nd‡ Edkifaompepf (check and balance) udkvnf; zefwD;xm;onf? orRwOD;ao#mif 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;=uD;qHk;aom a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufyGJrSm orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGjzpfonf? xdka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGrsm;onf jzpfEdkifor#'Drdku&pDus+yD; wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;pepf jzpfoifhonf? vufawG@wGif tar&duef orRwa&G;cs,fr_onf oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh a&G;cs,fjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzifh wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom pepfjzpf a=umif;okawoDrsm;u vufcHxm;=uonf? tjcm;aomorRwOD;aqmif 'Drdku&pD EdkifiHrsm;wGif orRwudk wdkuf&dkufrJay;a&G;cs,faompepfudk usifhoHk;=uonf? Tvkyf xHk;vkyfenf;onf ygvDref'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHrsm;wGif orRwudka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzJG@/ ygvDrefponfwdk@u a&G;cs,faomoG,f0dkuf a&G;cs,faompepf (indirect elec-tion) jzifh jcm;em;aoma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyHk pepfjzpfonf? orRwudk jynfolvlxku wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufjcif;onf EdkifiH awmfOD;ao#mifudk wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfouJhokd@ tpkd;&zJG@t}uD;tuJ ukdvnf; wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfonf? ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfwGifum;



tpkd;&zJG@t}uD;tuJukdvnf; oG,f0kdufIa&G;cs,faompepfukdom usifhoHkavh&Sdonf? ygvDrmef'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&wGif tpkd;&onf ygvDrmefukdwm0efcH&ouJhodk@ orRw OD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif tpkd;&onf ygvDrmefukd wm0efcH&efrvdkay? xkd@a=umihf ygvDrmef'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif usifhoHk;aom tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJu ygvDrmefukdzsuf odrf;EkdifaomtcGifhtm%mrsKd; orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD.orRwu ygvDrmefukdzsuf odrf;cGifhr&Sdyg? ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJonf ygvDrefrSwqifh rJqEN &Sifjynfolrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;t& oG,f0dkufIom wm0efcH&jcif;rSmvnf; tpkd;&tzJG@ zJG@ pnf;a&;ukd rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;u wdkuf&kdufrJay;jcif;r[kwfbJ ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukda&G;cs,fay;um oG,f0kdufaomenf;jzifhom tpkd;&zJG@pnf;a&;ukd aqmif&Guf jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDwGifrl tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJorRw ukd jynfolvlxkuwkduf&kdufa&G;cs,faoma=umifh orRwonf rJqEN&Sifjynfolvlxk ukd wdkuf&kdufwm0efcH&onf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDpepfppfppfwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;r&Sd? orRwu 0ef}uD;csKyfaqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukdyg yl;wJGxrf;aqmifvkdufonf? xdk@a=umifh yif xdkorRwukd EkdifiHawmfOD;ao#mifvnf;jzpf/ tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf? tar&duefyHkpHudkrSDjirf;aom tcsKd@tm&SEkdifiHrsm;ESifh vufwift ar&duEkdifiHrsm;wGif orRwESifh0ef}uD;csKyfwòydifeuf&Sdaejcif;ukd jyifopfyHko¾efw0uf wysuf orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD[k avhvm&ayrnf? ygvDrmef'Drkdua&pDpepfuJhodk@ Oya'ðya&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;ukd rJqEN&Sifrsm;u wòydifeufa&G;cs,fjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDwGif rJ qEN&Sifrsm;onf Oya'ðya&;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvf orRwukd oD;jcm;pDa&G;cs,fay;&onf?

ygvDrmef'Drkdua&pDESifh orwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDwkdŒ.

tm;omcsufESifhtm;enf;csufrsm; tqkdyg'Drdkua&pDpepfESpfck. tm;enf;csufESifhtm;omcsufrsm;ukd ESpfckpvHk; E_dif;,SOfavhvm&mwGif wpfck.tm;omcsufonf tjcm;wck.tm;enf;csufjzpfae +yD; wck.tm;enf;csufrsm;u tjcm;wck.tm;omcsufrsm;jzpfaeonfukd awG@& onf? orRw OD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif tm;omcsufoHk;ck&Sdonf? xkdoHk;ckteuf yxrtm;omcsufrSm tpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwnf+idrfr_ (executive stability) yifjzpfonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf orRwu tpkd;&ukd wm0efcHzJG@pnf;&+yD; xkdtpkd;&tay: Oya'ðyygvDrmefu t,Hkt=unfr&SdtqkdrwifoGif;Edkifjcif; a=umifhjzpfonf? ygvDrmef'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;wGif tpkd;&onf ygvDrmef.axmufcHr_jzifhom &yfwnf&



ojzifh ygvDrefu ‚if;.axmufcHr_ukdjyef&kyfodrf;aomtcg odk@r[kwf t,Hkt=unfr &SdtqdkwifoGif;cH&aomtcg odk@r[kwf !Gef@aygif;tpkd;&zJG@pnf;&aomtcgrsKd;wdk@wGif tpkd;&.oufwrf;jynfh&yfwnfa&;rSm tcuftcJrsm;&Sdvmygonf? xkdtajctaersKd;ukd tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrwnf+idrfr_ (executive instability) [kac:onf? xkd@a=umifh orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD. tm;omcsufjzpfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;wnf+idrfr_onf ygvD ref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif ‚if;.qef@usifbuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rwnf+idrfr_[laom tm; enf;csufukdjzpfaponf? tcsKd@aom ygvDrmef'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm %mrwnf+idrfr_ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifrnfh enf;vrf;wcsKd@udk az:xkwfusifhoHk;=uonf? xkd enf;vrf;rsm;ukd pydefESifh jynfaxmifpkorRw*smr%DEkdifiHrsm;wGif awG@&onf? *smref tajccHOya'wGif tpkd;&rsm;tay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sdtqkd c%c% wifoGif;r_a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m rwnf+idrfr_jzpfr_ukd xdef;!d‡&eftwGuf rlv0ef}uD;csKyf wm0efukd qufcHEkdifrnfh 0ef}uD;csKyfopfukd a&G;cs,fEkdifygrS rlv0ef}uD;csKyfOD;aqmifaom tpdk;& tzJG@tay: t,Hkt=unfr&SdtqdkwifoGif;Ekdifap&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;onf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDpepf. 'kwd,tm;omcsuftusKd;aus;Zl;rSm tpkd;&t zJG@t}uD;tuJukd vlxka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJG (popular election)jzifh a&G;cs,fEdkifjcif;a=umifh ta&;}uD;aomtm%mukd usifhoHk;rnfhyk*~dKvftm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;ukd jynfolrsm;ykdIusifhoHk;cGifh&=uonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGifrl tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJudk vlxka&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGrsm;jzifh a&G;cs,fEkdifjcif;r&Sdojzifh t a&;}uD;aom&mxl;ukdvufcHrnfhyk*~dKvftm; a&G;cs,fr_wGif jynfolrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&; avsmhenf;v#uf&Sdonf? 'Drkdua&pDonftpkd;&t&m&Sdtm;vHk;udk vlxk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGrsm;jzifh a&G;cs,f&rnf[krqkdvdkaomfvnf; ta&;}uD;qHk;&mxl;ukdqufcHrnfhyk*~dKvftm; a&G;cs,fr_wGifrl vlxka&G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufyJGrsm;jzifh a&G;cs,f oifha=umif; avhvmolrsm;u,lq=uonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tm;enf;csufjzpfv#uf&Sdaom tpkd;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJukd vlxkuoG,f0kdufI a&G;cs,fay;&jcif;ukdukpm;vdk=uonfh e,fomvefuJhokd@aomEkdifiHrsKd;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfukd wdkuf&kdufvlxk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGjzifh a&G;cs,f &ef pOf;pm;v#uf&Sd=uonf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepf. wwd,tm;omcsufrSm 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&wpf &yfjzpf&ef pHowfrSwfcsufwcktjzpf vdktyfv#uf&Sdaom tpkd;&tm%mrsm;uef@owf xm;Edkifjcif;ukd twdtusaz:aqmifEkdifjcif; jzpfonf? xkdtcsufonf tm%mrsm;oD;jcm;pDxm;&Sdjcif;pepfa=umifh Oya'ðya&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm; oD;jcm;pDuGJ jym;ae&m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m&Sdaomtpkd;&u Oya'ðya&;tm%m&&SdoGm;+yD; tpkd;& tm%mvGefuJjcif;rS umuG,fEkdifonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpkd;&onf Oy a'ðyygvDrefxJrS vmjcif;jzpfI tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%musifhoHk;aom tpkd;&onf Oya' ðya&;tm%mukdyg &&Sdxm;onf? tpkd;&onf tEkdif&ygwDwckwnf;. ygvDreftrwf rsm;jzpfv#if tpkd;&tm%mvGefuJoGm;rnfukd pdk;&drf&aom tajctaersKd;&&Sdygonf? xkd@a=umifh orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tm;omcsufjzpfaom tpkd;&.tm %mukd uef@owfxm;Ekdifjcif;[laom tusKd;aus;Zl;onf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtzkd@ tpdk;&tm%m uef@owfxm;a&;rSm pkd;&dfrf&aomtajctaewGif&Sdonf?



tqkdyg orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pD.tm;omcsufESifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD. tm;enf;csufrsm;tm; avhvmjcif;onf '*Fg;jym;wck.bufwckudk avhvmjcif;ESifhwl onf? '*Fg;jym;. tjcm;wbufjcrf;jzpfaom orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD. tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD. tm;omcsufrsm;ukdvnf; avh vm&ayOD;rnf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drddkua&pD. yxrtm;enf;csufrSm tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'ðya&;t =um; EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@r_ (executive-legislative deadlock) yifjzpfonf? Ttm;enf;csufa=umifh orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pD t"dua0zefcHae&onf? Ttm;enf;csuf}uD;ukd ukpm;Ekdif&ef okd@r[kwf ajyavsmhatmifvkyf&ef enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifhtm;xkwfae=uaomfvnf; ajymyavmufaomatmifjrifr_rsKd; r&&Sdao;ay? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;t=um; EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@r_jzpf&jcif;onf orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDp epfatmufwGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;Xme}uD;rsm;ukd zJG@ pnf;wnf axmifxm;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDwGif jzpfay:vmaom EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@r_udkajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;&Sdonf? ‚if;rSm ygvDrefzsufodrf;I a&G;aumufyJGopfrsm; usif;yapjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepftwGif;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;t=um; EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@r_rjzpfay:ap&ef tpueOD;u wnf;u a&Smif&Sm;Edkifatmif vkyfxm;aomtpDtrHwcsKd@&Sddonf? tpkd;&ukd yg-vDref.axmufcHcsufjzifh zJG@pnf;xm;jcif;a=umifh Oya'ðya&;udpPwGif tpkd;&ESifhygvD reft=um; omreftm;jzifh oabmwlnD+yD;jzpfonf[k qdkEkdifonf? xkdokd@oabm wlnDr_&Sdjcif;a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh o[ZmwjzpfrnfhOya'rsm;ukd ygvDref ujyXmef;ay;Ekdifonf[k ygvDref'Drkdua&pDudk axmufcHolwkd@u oHk;oyfwifjy=u onf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pD. 'kwd,tm;enf;csufrSm orRwtjzpfta&G;cHvkduf &aomolu tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mtm;vHk;ukd &,lvkdufjcif; (winner takes all) pepf a=umifh xdktkyfcsKyfa&;tm%monf jynfol@ qEN/ jynfol@toHukd ukd,fpm;ðyr_Y vGJ acsmfaejcif;jzpfonf? 1970 ckESpf csDvDEdkifiH. orRwtjzpfta&G;cH&aom q,fvfb a'gtvef'D (Salvador Allende) onf qENrJ 36.2 &mE_ef;om&&Sdjcif;/ 1992 ckESpf wGif zdvpfykdiforRwtjzpfta&G;cH&ol &m;rdk@pf (Fidel Ramos)onf qENrJ 23.6 &m E_ef;om&&Sdjcif;wkd@onf xif&Sm;aom om"ursm;jzpfonf? xkduJhokd@yif tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; 1824 ckESpf/ 1876 ckESpf/ 1888 ckESpfESifh 2001ckESpf orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyJGrsm;wGif vlxkqENrJ.xuf0ufatmufom &&Sdaomolrsm;u orR wavmif;rsm; orRwtjzpfta&G;cH&aom om"ursm;&SdcJhonf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDp epfwGifrl tpdk;&tzJG@t}uD;tuJukd jynfolvlxkuoG,f0kdufIom a&G;cs,f&aomf vnf; xdktpkd;&tzJG@ t}uD;tuJ0ef}uD;csKyfonf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mtm;vHk;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifonf[lIum; rqdkEkdifay? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf tpkd;&tzJG@0if 0ef}uD;rsm;onf jynfol@qENaxmufcHr_t&om tpdk;&tzJG@0if0ef}uD;rsm;jzpfvmI jzpfonf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif tEkdif&olu tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mtm;vHk;ukdodrf;,l&mwGif jynfol@axmufcHr_ vHkvHkavmufavmufr&Sdaom jyoem&Sd



onf? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDwGifrl tpdk;&tzGJ@udk nGef;aygif;zGJ@pnf;jcif;tygt0if wjcm;ygwDrsm;utrwfrsm; yg0ifcGifh ydkIrsm;onf? orRwOD;aqmif'Drdkua&pD. wwd,tm;enf;csuftjzpf avhvmolrsm;u orR w&mxl;wm0eftwGuf jyefvnfa&G;cHr_ uef@owfxm;jcif;ukd axmufjy=uonf? xkdolrsm;u +AdwdefEkdifiH 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;t wGuf t}udrf}udrfta&G;cHr_&Sdjcif;jzifh jynfolvlxkaxmufcHaom tpkd;&tzJG@taejzifh &Snf=umpGmwkdif; jynftkyfcsKyfcGifh& jcif;ukd vkdvm;axmufcH=uonf? odk@aomf Ttm;enf;csufrSm ajymyavmufaom tcsufr[kwf[kvnf; qdk=uonf? (t,f'DwmrSwfcsuf? ? orRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&pepfESifh Ed_if;,SOfavhvm oifhaom tpdk;&pepfrSm ygvDreftpdk;&pepfjzpfonf? ygvDreftpdk;&pepfta=umif;udk tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif trSwfpOf (7) wGif az:jycJh+yD;jzpfonf?)



tajccHOya'a&;&m

trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;eSifh udk,f0efysufapjcif; tajccHOya'a&;&m&_a'gifhrSavhvmwifjycsuf

atmifxl; udk,f0efzsufcsonf/ udk,f0efysufoGm;onf [laomowif;udk=um;vkduf&v#if vltrsm;pk}uD;rSm pdwfrcsrf;om=u? rjzpfoifhaom udpPw&yftjzpftm;vHk;eD;yg;u vufcH=uonf? udk,f0efaqmifjcif;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;om xrf;aqmif&onfh0efxkyf 0efydk;jzpfonf? vdifqufqHjcif;tm;jzifh umr*k%ftm&Hkudk a,musFm;a&mrdef;rygcH pm;=uonfjcif;twlwljzpfygvSsuf tqdkyg0efxkyf0efydk;udk trsdK;orD;rsm;uom xrf; aqmif=u&onf? xdk@tjyif tqdkyg0efxkyf0efydk;a=umifhyif vl@tzGJhtpnf;. jypfwif &_H@csjcif;cH=u&/ 0dkif;y,fjcif;cH=u&/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uowfrSwfaom jypf'%frsm;uscH =u&ojzifh w&m;rSswr_qHk;&_H;cJh=u&aom trsdK;orD;OD;a&rSmrenf;vS? vl@tzGJ@t pnf;&Sd vlOD;a&.w0ufeD;yg;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfaeojzifh ‚wdk@Yw&m;rSswr_rcH pm;=u&[kqdkvSsif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf w&m;rSswaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfygonf [k rnfodk@rSsajymedkifrnf r[kwfacs? trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh udk,f0efrsm;&vm=uonf? tcsKd@ vnf;vufxyfjyD;rS&onf? tcsKd@vnf;vufrxyf&ao;cif usL;vGefrd=uojzifh & onf? tcsdKhtajctaersm;Y ESpfOD;oabmwlusL;vGefI &vmaomfvnf; a,musFm; jzpfolu wm0efr,laoma=umifh udk,f0efeSifh usefcJh=uonf? tcsdK@vnf; trsdK;orD;jzpfolutvdkrwlbJ twif;t"rR rk'def;jyKusifhcH&ojzifhudk,f0ef&vmcJhonf? udk,f 0ef&vmyHk tay:rlwnfI‚/ udk,f0ef&vmonfhtcsdefY &Sdaeaomvlr_pD;yGm;a&; ywf0ef;usif tajctae=umifh4if;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh tqdkygudk,f0efrS arG;vm onfhcav;udk vkdcsifonfhtcg&Sdonf? rvkdcsifonfhtcgvnf;&Sdonf? vkdcsifonfht cg aumif;rGefpGmarG;zGm;vdkufjcif;jzifh jy\emr&Sdaomfvnf; ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh rvdkcsifonfhtcgrsm;vnf; vufawG@Y&SdcJhonf? odk@jzifhudk,f0efysufatmif vkyfaqmifvm=u&onf? xkdtcgvltzGJ@tpnf;u xdktrsdK;orD;tay: rnfodk@o



abmxm;rnfenf;? um,uH&Sif trsKd;orD;udk,fwdkifua&m udk,f0efysufaponfh udpPudk rnfodk@cH,lrnfenf;? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'eSifh EdkifiH.tjcm;aom Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;=u&mY Oya'jyXmef;cGifh&Sdolrsm;onf Oya'w&yfudk vG,fvifhwul jyXmef;Ir&yg? w&m;r#waomOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;Edkifap&ef vGefpGmta&;}uD;ygonf? rdrdwdk@rSm Oya'jy Xmef;ydkifcGifh&Sdaom v$wfawmfjzpfonfqHk&Hkjzifh ,if;v$wfawmfrSjyXmef;orSsonf w &m;aom Oya'rsm;jzpfonf[lI tvG,fwul ed*Hk;qGJIr&yg? odk@jzpfv#if rnfonhf Oya'uw&m;onf rnfonfhOya'urw&m;yg[lI rnfodk@oHk;oyfrnfenf;? w&m;jcif;eSifh rw&m;jcif;rSm t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmY rsOf;a=umif;wpfa=umif;om yg;yg;av; jcm;aeavh&Sdonf? w&m;onfrw&m;onf[k ajym&efrSm abmiftvGefus,faom udpP&yfjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Oya'jyXmef;olrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@pdwful;ayguf&mudk t ajccH+yD; jyXmef;csifwdkif;jyXmef;Ir& [email protected]*~vduoHk;oyfcsuf wckwnf;oufouf jzifh w&m;onfrw&m;onf ajymr&yg? tajccHwckawmh&Sdxm;&ef vkdygonf? jzpf oifhaomtajccHrSm udpP&yfrsm;udk tcGifhta&;&_a'gifhrS taotcsmcsnf;uyfpOf;pm;+yD;rS Oya'w&yfudk jyXmef;oifhroifh qHk;jzwf&efjzpfonf? w&m;onf rw&m;onfudk tcGifhta&;&_a'gifhrS wdkif;wm&efjzpfonf? udk,f0efysufaponfhudpPudk tcGifhta&;&_a'gifhrS csnf;uyf&mY tajccHjyoem rSm xdktrsKd;orD;. 0rf;AdkufxJwGif &SdaeaomoaE<1udk rnfodk@owfrSwfrnf[laom t csufjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm,if;oaE<om;udk touf&SdolvlwpfOD;tjzpf owfrSwf v#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHtaejzifh xdkvl.toufudk Oya'eSifhtnD um uG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdvmygonf? Tonfudk vlwpfOD;csif;pD.tcGifh t a&;Y wdkif;jynfu 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;2[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJavh&Sddygonf? um,uH&Sif trsdK;orD;. tcGifhta&;tay: wdkif;jynfu0ifa&mufpGufzufum olr.0rf;AdkufxJ wGif &Sdaeol.toufudk umuG,fay;edkifa&;twGuf Oya'rsm;jyXmef;ay;&jcif; jzpf onf? tajccHrSm vlwpfOD;.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf tjcm;vl wpf OD;.tcGifhta&;udk uef@owf&onfhoabmudk qdkvdkonf? tqdkygoaE<onf touf &Sdol vlwpfOD;r[kwfbJ trsdK;orD;cE<mudk,f. tpdyftydkif;w&yfjzpfaevSsif um,uH &Sif trsdK;orD;taeESifh vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufcGifh&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;ukd t rsdK;orD;wpfOD;.tcGifhta&; [lIvnf;oHk;pGJ=uonf? tqdkygoaE<om;onf touf &SdolvlwpfOD;jzpfonf[k owfrSwfvSsifrl trsdK;orD;.0rf;AdkufxJ wGif&Sdaeaomfvnf; trsdK;orD;taejzifh vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifhr&Sd/ xdkcav;udk rdrdvkdcsifonf rvdkcsifonfeSifhr qdkif/ rnfolrqdk touf&SifoefydkifcGifh3&Sdonf[laom tajccHtay:Y xdkvl.touf udk av;pm;umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&Sdvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh tcGifhta&; &_ a'gifhrS=unfhaomtcg bufESpfbufjzpfvmonf? wzufrSm oaE<om;. tcGifhta&;tajccHrS=unfhum vl@tzGJhtpnf; odk@r[kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufum t umtuG,fay;oifhroifh jzpfonf? tjcm;wbufrSm trsdK;orD;wpfOD;. tcGifhta&;tajccHrS=unfhum ‚udktodtrSwfjyKI vGwfvyfpGm udk,f0efysufapjcif;udk jyKoifh roifhjzpfonf?



ordkif;Y uufovpfc&pf,efbk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf udk,f0efzsufcsr_udk wif =uyfpGm wm;jrpfffcJhonf? a&S;,cifu oaE<wnfpjyK+yD;aemuf zGHjzdK;r_tqifhwckudk a&mufaomtcg udk,f0efzsufrcs&ef wm;jrpfcJhonf? oaE<pwnf+yD;aemuf &uf aygif; 40 rS 80twGif; touf0dOm%frSmoaE<om; twGif;odk@oufqif; 0ifa&muf oGm;onf[k,lqojzifh xdkrSausmfvGefv#if zsufcsIr&[laom wm;jrpfcsufrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh oaE<onf ouf&SdjzpfEkdifaom taetxm;&Sd onf[laom ta=umif;jzifh udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;udk wm;jrpfavh&SdcJh=uonf?

trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;eSifh udk,f0efysufapjcif;qdkif&m *smreDedkifiH r+cif;

1974 ckeSpfrwdkifrDtxd *smreDEdkifiHwGif udk,f0efysufapr_udk Oya't&ydwfyif wm;qD;cJhonf? q,fpkeSpfaygif;tawmf=umaqG;aEG; jiif;cHkcJh=ujyD;aemuf 1974 ckeSpf ZGefv(18) &ufae@wGif Oya'jyKv$wfawmfonf udk,f0efysufapr_eSifhywfoufI t ajymif;tvJ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;jzpfapedkifcJhonfhjypfr_qdkif&m Oya'jyifqifcsufw&yftm;twnfjyKcJhonf? ,if;jyifqifcsufOya'yk'fr 218(u) t& trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf udk,f0efpwif&Sdonfh tcsdefrSpI yxr&ufowWywf (12)ywf twGif;u|rf;usifem;vnfaomyk*~dKvfeSifh n‡dESdKif;wdkifyifum udk,f0efysufapcGifh&Sdonf? (qdkvdkonfrSm rd ciftrsdK;orD;taejzifh taetxm;trsdK;rsdK;tay:wGifpOf;pm;um udk,f0efudk,loifh r,loifh qHk;jzwfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? rdrdwGif vHkavmufaomcav;OD;a& arG;xm;jyD;jzpfonf/ aemufxyf wm0ef,lau|;arG;apmifha&Smuf&ef rjzpfEdkifawmh/ odk@r[kwf rdrdtvdkrwlbJ twif;t"rRusifh=uHHvkduf&jcif;a=umifh &vmaomcav;/ odk@r[kwf tvdkwlpGmumrqufqefjyD;rS a,musFm;vkyfolu wm0efr,laoma=umifh t azray:Edkifaom tajctae&Sdojzifh cav;,ljcif;tm;jzifh rdrdtwGufa&m cav;t wGufyg vlr_a&;t&raumif;Edkifojzifh r,lvdk/ odk@r[kwf rdrd. usrRma&;/ vlr_ywf 0ef;usiftaetxm;t&yf&yft& cav;r,lcsifao; pojzifhjzpfonf?) tqdkygjyifqifcsufOya'yk'fr218 (c)t& &ufowWywf (12)ywfausmfvGefjyD;aomfvnf; udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;wGif touftEW&m,f&SdEdkifonf/ odk@r[kwf ol r.usrRma&;udk t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odk@r[kwf arG;zGm;vmrnfhc av;rSm xdcdkufysufpD;edkifbG,f&Sdonf [lonfudk uGsrf;usifaomynm&Sifuaxmuf cHcsufay;vSsif udk,f0efudkzsufcscGifh&Sdonf? *smreDEdkifiH. jynfe,ftpdk;&w&yfu txufjyifqifcsuf Oya'yk'fr 218(u) ygjyXmef;csufudk twnfrjzpfapa&;twGuf ,m,Dqdkif;iHhtrdef@ xkwfay;yg&ef zGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;odk@ av#mufxm;cJhonf? tqdkyg jyifqif csufOya' pwiftm%mwnf&ef xkwfjyefonfh 1974 ckeSpfZGefv 21 &ufae@rSmyif w&m;&Hk;uqdkif;iHtrdef@ xkwfay;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif qdkif;iHhtrdef@rSm us,fjyef@ aom c|if;csufjzifhxkwfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? aq;bufqdkif&m ta=umif;tcsuft&jzpfap/



udk,fusifhw&m;eSifhqdkifaom taetxm;t&jzpfap/ rsdK;&dk;qdkif&m ta=umif;jcif;&m w&yf&yfa=umifhjzpfap tqdkygyxr&ufowWywf(12)ywftwGif;udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;udk jypfr_qdkif&mt& ta&;,lcGifhr&Sdap&[laom c|if;csufjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf Oya' jyKv$wfawmftrwf 193 OD;eSifh jynfe,fig;ckrStpdk;&rsm;onf ,if;qHk;jzwfcsuft ay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfay;yg&ef zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkif&mw &m;&Hk;odk@ avSsmufxm;cJhonf? atmufygwdk@rSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;. oHk;oyfcsuf rsm;teuf ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrsm;udk aumufE_wfaz:jyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? zuf'&,forRw *smreDEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ (2). yxrpma=umif;wGif atmufygtwdkif;jyXmef;xm;onf? Everyone shall have the right to life and to physical integrity.- vl wdkif;vlwdkif;wGif touf&SifoefcGifheSifh &kyfcE<mudk,ft& zGH@jzdK;}uHhcdkif}uD;xGm;cGifh &Sdap &rnf? tqdkyg jyXmef;csufudk t"dyg,fzGifhqdk&vSsif touf&SifoefcGifhrS pwif&rnfjzpf onf? trsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfjyKxm;=uaom &lyZD0qdkif&m avhvmawGh&Sd csufrsm;t& tzdkrsdK;OeSifhtrrsdK;O pwifaygif;qHku+yD;aemuf 14 &ufajrmufonfhae@ rSpI touf.tajccHwnf&Sdr_ jzpfay:vmcJhonf? xdkrSaeI tqifhqifhwdk;wuf oGm;um vlwpfa,mufjzpfvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf? ,if;odk@ wdk;wufoGm;r_rSm rnf onfhtqifhwGifr# &yfwef@rae? arG;zGm;jyD;onfhaemufrSmyif &yfwef@oGm;jcif;r&Sd? om"utm;jzifh vl.udk,f&nfudk,faoG;4udk taxmuftyHhjzpfapaom tcsKd@aom todw&m;qdkif&m toGifvuQ%mrsm;5onf arG;zGm;+yD;aemuf umvwpHkw&m =umvmonftxd ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;r&Sdao;acs? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ (2) . yxrpma=umif;yg jyXmef;csuft& ay;tyfxm;aom tumtuG,f udk rdcif0rf;xJY vGwfvyfpGm zGH@+zdK;}uD;xGm;vmaeaom oaE<om;6tqifhwGifom jzpfap/ arG;zGm;jyD;aemuf vl[lIyDyDoo7jzpfay:vmonfh tqifhwGifomjzpfap uef@owfxm;I r&edkifay? touf&SifoefydkifcGifh[lonfrSm rarG;zGm;rDY touf.wqifhrS tjcm;wqifhodk@ wdk;wufjzpfay: aeaom tcsdefwckeSifh tjcm;wckt=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rarG;zGm;rDESifharG;zGm;jyD; touf.tqifhrsm;t}um;wGifvnf; aumif; cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ touf[lI &Sdaeolwdkif;tay: tmrcHcsufay;onf?8 tajccHOya' yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ (2) . yxrpmajumif; yg jyXmef;csufwGif az:jyxm;onfh "everyone" "vlwdkif;vlwdkif;" [laom pum;vHk;udkudk;um;um,if; rSm arG;zGm;jyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif vl[lI yDyDoo jzpfvmolrsm;udkom &nfn$ef;jcif;jzpfa=umif;eSifh rarG;zGm;&ao;bJ udk,f0efaqmifaeqJumv twGif;wGif&Sdae aomoaE<om;9rSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'u tumtuG,fay;&rnfh t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;wGif t}uHK;r0ifa=umif; axmufjyjiif;qdk=uolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? T onfudk vufrcHedkif? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyXmef;csuft& toufudk t umtuG,fay;&rnf [lonfrSm rdcif0rf;AdkuftwGif;Y wdk;wufzGH@jzdK;aeaomt



ouf10tay:wGifyg wdk;csJ@um tumtuG,fay;Edkif&ef vdktyfonf? tu,fI udk,f0efaqmifaeqJ umvtwGif;wGif&SdaomoaE<om;udk toufyDyDoot aumiftxnf jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf y%mrtqifhtjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdv#if vltjzpf&yfwnf&Sifoefr_wGif wdkif;jynfu 0ifa&mufcsdK;azgufpGufzufjcif;rS umuG,f&mY jynfhpHkvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?11xdk@a=umifh tcsKyftm;jzifh tajccHOya' yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ(2). yxrpma=umif;yg jyXmef;csuf tay:Y &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcJh=uonfh *smreDedkifiH. Oya'jyKa&;qdkif&mordkif;a=umif;udk jyef=unfhv#if vlwdkif;Y touf&Sif oefydkifcGifh&Sdonf [laom jyXmef;csufwGif rdcif0rf;xJY&Sdaeaom oaE<om;ESifh vnf; t=uHK;0ifoufqdkifonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif wcsdefxJYoHk;oyf awG@&Sd&onfrSm rdcif0rf;xJY &SdaeaomoaE<om;udk jypfrSkqdkif&mOya'eSifhtnD tumtuG,f ay;oifhroifh [laomar;cGef;. tajzudkrl &Sif;vif;aom oJvGefpt axmuftxm; rawG@&Sd&ao;jcif; yifjzpfonf? (udk,f0efysufapaom trsdK;orD;udk jypfr_qdkif&mOya't& ta&;,l&rnfqdkonfhtay: twdtusrawG@&Sd&jcif;udk qdkvdk onf?) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'u jyXmef;xm;aom tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rarG;zGm;&ao;aom oaE<om;taejzifh az:aqmifcGifh&Sdr&Sd [lonfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f rsm;pGm&Sdaomjyoemudk T&Hk;rSqHk;jzwfay;&efr[kwfacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf oaE<om;taejzifh tajccHOya'/ tjcm;Oya'rsm;eSifhtnD &&SdEdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vufawG@usifhoHk;edkifonfh pGrf;&nfuif;rJhaejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tajccHOya'taejzifh touf&SifoefydkifcGifhtajccHay:wGif vufawG@pHxm;csuf12t &om tumtuG,fay;Edkifjcif; wdk@a=umifhjzpfonf? tajccHOya' yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ(2). yxrpma=umif;yg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk tajccH Oya'yk'fr(1) tyk'f(1)ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;&efvdkonf? yk'fr(1) tyk'f(1)wGif atmufygtwdkif;az:jyxm;onf? The dignity of man shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authorities- vll.*k%foduQmudk csdK;azgufjcif;r&Sdap &? vl.*k%foduQmudk av;pm;umuG,f&efrSm EdkifiHtm%mydkiftm;vHk;.wm0ef jzpf ap&rnf? tu,fI oaE<jzpfptjrKaw13udk rdcif.cE<mudk,f tpdyftydkif;tjzpfom rSwf,lrnfqdkv#if udk,f0efudk&yfqdkif;apvdkufjcif;rSm olr.yk*~vdu qHk;jzwfvkyfudkif ydkifcGihfe,fy,ftwGif;wGif t=uHK;0ifrnfjzpfonf? Oya'jyXmef;olrsm;onf ,if;e,f y,fudkausmfvGef0ifa&mufum uef@owfjyXmef;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? tu,fI oaE<om;udkzGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif&Sdaom vGwf vyfonfhvlom;wpfOD;tjzpf ,lqvSsif udk,f0efudk&yfqdkif;apjcif;rSm EdkifiHtaejzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufydkifcGifh&Sdaom vlr_a&;t0ef;t0dkif;14[k rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh tjcm;Oya'rsm;. t0ef;t0dkif;e,fy,fwGif trsdK;orD;. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwf vkyfaqmifydkifcGifhudk todtrSwfjyKonf? odk@&mwGif



udk,f0efysufapjcif;eSifhpyfv#Of;I Oya'jyK&ef}udK;yrf;&mY edkifiHtaejzifh trsdK;orD;. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfvkyfaqmifydkifcGifh wckwnf;tay:wGiftajccHjyD; rpOf;pm;acs? qdkvdk onfrSm trsdK;orD;wOD;onf jypfr_qdkif&mt& ta&;,lcH&rnfudk pdk;&drfxdwfvef@p &mrvdkbJ rdrd.udk,f0efudk rdrdtvdk&Sdaom rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk &yfqdkif;cGifh&Sd& rnf[laom qHk;jzwfvkyfaqmifydkifcGifhrsdK;udk todtrSwfrjyKEdkifacs? udk,f0ef aqmif xm;aom trsdK;orD;. qHk;jzwfvkyfaqmifydkifcGifhonf tuef@towfrJhr[kwf/ t xGwftxdyfr[kwfacs? wzef zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& rarG;zGm;&ao;aom oaE<om;udk t umtuG,f ay;xm;onfqdkaomfvnf; Oya'jyKolrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajc cHOya'udkudk;um;jyD; vdktyfaomtjcm;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;um umuG,fapmifh a&Smuf&ef}udK;yrf;&mY arG;zGm;jyD;aemuf vlyDyDoo jzpfaeolwOD;udk jypfr_qdkif&mO ya't& ay;&rnfhtvm;wl tumtuG,frsdK;udk rarG;zGm;&ao;aom oaE<om;t wGufvnf; jyXmef;I tumtuG,fay;&ef wm0efr&Sdacs? qdkvdkonfrSm rdciftrsdK;orD;onf rarG;zGm;&ao;aom oaE<om;twGuf rdrd.tcGifhta&;tm;vHk; udkpGef@ v$wfvdkuf&efvnf; r[kwfacs? tajccHOya' yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ(2) pma=umif;(1)t& rdcif0rf;twGif;Y wdk;wufzGH@ jzdK;aeaomtouftm; xdxda&mufa&muf umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efwm0efudk jypf r_qdkif&mjyifqifcsufOya' trSwf(5) taejzifh xrff;aqmifEdkifjcif;r&Sda=umif;awG@& onf? wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;aeaom touftm; umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efwm0efudk tajc cHOya'u yxrOD;pGm Oya'jyKolrsm;tm; tyfESif;onf? tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;onf Oya'jyKolrsm;ESifh rsOf;a=umif;jcm;&rnf [laomtcsufrSmvnf; rSefuef onf? qdkvdkonfrSm tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;onf Oya'jyKolrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufwm0ef,l&ef r[kwfajc? odk@&mwGif tajccHOya'uv$Jtyfvdkuf onfh,if;wm0efudk Oya'jyKolrsm;u xdxda&mufa&muf az:aqmifjcif;&Sdr&Sd qdk onfudk tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;taejzifh avhvmqHk;jzwf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? jypfr_a=umif;jzifh ta&;r,loifhaom udk,f0efysufaponfh udpP&yfrsm;&Sdae onf[k jypfr_qdkif&mjyifqifcsufOya' trSwf(5)u zGifhqdkonf? ta&;r,loifh onfhudpPrsm;udk jypfr_qdkif&mOya't& ta&;,ljcif;jzifh wu,fjyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,loifhaom udk,f0efysufapr_rsm;udk ta&;,lcGifhr&awmhbJ vGwfoGm;jcif;rsm;&Sdaeonf[k ‚.jyifqifcsufuqdkonf? udk,f0efysufapr_. xl;jcm;aomt aetxm;t& rnfodk@aomudpPrsdK;udkta&;,loifhonf/ rnfodk@aom udpPrsdK;udkt a&;r,loifh[k qHk;jzwf&efrSm vG,fulaomtvkyfr[kwf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap *smreDEdkif iHY w&m;r0ifudk,f0efysufaponfh r_cif;ta&twGufrSmwdk;rsm;vmv#uf&Sdae onf? rdcif0rf;twGif;Y wdk;wufzGHjzdK;aeaomtoufudk EdkifiHtaejzifh tumt uG,fay;&ef vHkavmufaompDrHaqmif&Gufr_rsm; uif;rJhv#uf&Sdaeonf? xdk@a=umifh udk,f0efysufapr_tay: jypfr_qdkif&mjzifh ta&;,lrnf[lonfudk a,bk,sjyXmef; xm;jcif;jzifh tqdkygtm;enf;csufudk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef taxmuftyHhjzpfekdifonf? jyifqifcsuf Oya'utqdkjyKonfrSm wdk;wufzGHhjzdK;aeaom toufudkumuG,f



&ef}udK;pm;&mY jypfr_qkdif&mOya'jyXmef;jcif;xuf um,uH&SiftrsdK;orD;tm; u|rf;usifoljzifh nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyifapjcif;rSm ydkIxda&mufr_&Sdedkifrnf[kqdkonf? tb,f a=umifhqdkaomf udk,f0efudkrysufapoifha=umif; uGsrf;usifolu trsdK;orD;tm;qGJ aqmifEdkifrnfh tajctaersdK; &Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tzdkrsdK;OeSifh tr rsdK;Oaygif;pyfI pwifoaE<wnfonfhae@rS &ufowWywf 12ywftwGif; udk,f0ef ysufaponfh udpPrsm;tay: Oya'jzifh ta&;,ljcif;rsdK; rvkyfaqmifoifh/ ‚tpm; u|rf;usifoljzifh wdkifyifaponfhenf;vrf;jzifh umuG,fr_rsKd;udk az:aqmifapoifh onf[k jyifqifcsufOya'uqdkonf? xdk@tjyif tawG@t=uHK&Sd+yD; udk,f0efudkysufap vdkaomtrsdK;orD;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@twGufjypf'%froifhbJ udk,f0efudkrnfodk@zsufcs& rnfudk aumif;pGmem;vnf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh &ufowWywf (12)ywftwGif; udk,f0efysufaponfhudpPtwGuf jypfr_a=umif;jzifh jypf'%fowfrSwfxm;jcif;rSm t rsKd;orD;tm;u|rf;usifoljzifh wdkifyifaponfh tajctaersdK;okd@ ra&mufapawmhbJ jypfr_udk wdrf;a&Smifrnfhenf;vrf;&Smum ysufap&ef=udK;yrf;onfh taetxm;rsdK;odk@ a&mufaprnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf jypfr_a=umif;jzifh jypf'%fowfrSwfjcif;rSm vuf awG@wGif xda&mufr_r&SdEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsufomjzpfonf[k jyifqifcsuf Oya' u axmufjyonf? odk@&mwGif udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;onf (rdcif.wm0efudk rxrf;aqmifcsif aoma=umifh) rdrd.oabmqEN oufoufay:wGif tajccHI tvdktav#mufudk,f 0efudk &yfqdkif;cGifh zsufcscGifhr&Sdapoifhay? wajz;ajz;&ifhrmvm v#uf&Sdaom udk,f0ef ESifhpyfv#Of;I udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;wGif ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;jycsufrsm;&Sd Edkifonf? odk@&mwGif ,if;ta=umif;jycsufrsm;onf oaE<om;.toufudk um uG,f&ef[laom tcsufxufydkI ta&;r=uD;Edkifay? jypfr_a=umif;jzifh ta&;,l&ef jypf'%fowfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; vufawG@wGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf jypfr_qdkif&mOya'rsm;udk csdK;azgufI jypfr_usL;vGef=uolrsm; tay: &mE_ef;jynfh xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,ledkifcJh=uonf[lIr&Sd/ ,if;tcsuf udktjiif;ryGm;acs? pHk;prf;axmufvSrf;Ir&bJ vGwfoGm;=uaom tr_ta&twGuf rSm jypfr_trsdK;tpm;rsm;tay:rlwnfI tenf;trsm;&SdEdkifonf? txl;ojzifh udk,f 0efysufapaom r_cif;rsm;udkvnf; ta&;r,lEdkifr_rsm; tajrmuftrsm;&SdEdkifonf? odk@&mwGif Ttaetxm;udk axmuf&_&Hkjzifh jypfr_qdkif&mOya'. a,bk,sjyXef;csufatmufwGif tumtuG,f&&Sdr_. ta&;}uD;yHkudk rarhoifhay? jypfr_qdkif&mOy a'rsm;wnf&Sdaejcif;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHwefbdk;yifjzpfonf? udk,f0ef ysufapvSsif jypf'%fpD&ifjcif;cH&rnf[laom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pHowfrSwfcsufonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnf&SdaecJhjyF;jzpfonf? ,if;odk@wnf&Sdaejcif;jzifh wefbdk;eSifh qdkif aomvl. tawG;tac:t,ltqeSifh vl@trltusifhrsm;tay: }oZmv$rf;rdk;ouf a&mufonf? tu,fI ,if;odk@wnf&Sdae+yD;jzpfonfh jypfr_qdkif&mjyXmef;owfrSwf csufudk&kyfodrf;vdkufv#if udk,f0efysufaponfhudpPudk aqmif&Gufjcif;tm; w&m;0if vkyfaqmifcsufwcktjzpf EdkifiHom;rsm;u rSwf,loGm;Edkifonf? tudsK;oufa&mufrSk tjzpf udk,f0efysufatmifjyK vkyfolrsm;tay: vlr_a&;eSifh udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m



ta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh tjypfwifEdkifrnfh tajctaevnf; &Sdawmhrnf r[kwfacs? txufyg oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udkaxmuf&SKI jyifqifcsufOya' yk'fr 218 (u) onf ta=umif;tcsufwpHkw&mr&SddbJ udk,f0efudk&yfqdkifapjcif;jzpfvSsif *smrefzuf '&,fjynfaxmifpk orRwEkdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' yk'fr(2) yk'frcGJ(2) pm a=umif;(1)eSifh yk'fr(1) yk'frcGJ(1) wdk@wGif jyXmef;yg&Sdaom tajccHOya'.tESpfom& ESifh udkufnDjcif;r&Sda=umif; TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;rS qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? (ta=umif;tcsuf[k qdk&mwGif udk,f0efpwif&&SdjyD;aemuf &ufowWywf 12 ywftwGif;Y aq;bufqdkif&m ta=umif;tcsuft&jzpfap/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhqdkif aomtaetxm;t&jzpfap/ rsdK;&dk;qdkif&m ta=umif;jcif;&m w&yf&yfa=umifhjzpfap/ u|rf;usifaomaq;ynm&Sif. axmufcHr_udk&,lI udk,f0efudk &yfqdkif;apedkifjcif;udk qufvufcGifhjyKxm;onfh oabmjzpfonf? ,if;odk@r[kwfbJ trsdK;orD;wpfOD;tae jzifh rdcif.wm0efudkrxrf;aqmifcsifaoma=umihfjzpfap tjcm;ra&&maomt a=umif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfap trsdK;orD;.oabmqENwckxJeSifh udk,f0efysufapjciftm; cGifhrjyK? jypfr_qdkif&mOya't& qufvufta&;,loGm;rnfh oabmudk qdkvdkonf?) tqdkyg *smreDedkifiH. tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;twGif;rSmyif txufygqHk;jzwfcsuftay: oabmxm;tjrifrwl=uaom w&m;ol}uD;rsm;&SdcJhonf? ‚wdk@t euftcsKd@u tajccHOya'onf rdcif0rf;twGif;&Sd oaE<om;tay:Y tumtuG,f tapgifhta&Smufay;oifh ray;oifh [laomtcsuftay: tjiif;yGm;aejcif;r[kwf? tumtuG,fay;&rnfom jzpfonf/ odk@&mwGifrnfodk@rnfyHk tumtuG,fay;& rnfqdkaom tcsuftay:wGifom pOf;pm;&efjzpfonf/ rnfonfhtqifhwGifrqdk udk,f0efysufapoltay: jypfr_qdkif&mt& ta&;,l&rnf[k tajccHOya'u jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sd/ tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;taejzifh udk,f0efpwnfonfhtcsdefrSpI &ufowWywf 12ywftwGif; udk,f0efysufaponfhudpPtm; rnfodk@rnfyHkta&;,l aqmif&Guf&ef Oya'jyKolrsm;tay: zdtm;ay;cGifhr&Sd? Oya'jyKolrsm;tm; vGwfvyf pGmOya'jyKcGifh ay;&rnfjzpfonf[k axmufjycJh=uonf? oabmxm;tjrifrwl=u aomtjcm;w&m;ol}uD;rsm;uvnf; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. pHxm;csufrSm jypf'%fydkif;qdkif&mr[kwf/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh wOD;csif;.tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHcsufay;&efjzpfonf? jypf'%fpD&ifEdkifa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk udk;um;v#if ,if;rSmtajccHOya'. rl&if;teSpfom&pHxm;csufeSifh qef@usifaernfjzpf onf? xdk@a=umifh TudpPwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;onf Oya'jyKa&;ydkif;qdkif&m. tcef;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sd/ tajccHOya'qdkif&mw &m;&Hk;[lonfrSm tpdk;&u edkifiHom;wOD;taejzifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD & &SdcHpm;xdkufaom tcGifhta&;udk usL;ausmfcsKd;azgufjcif;&Sdr&Sd[laom udpP&yfrsdK;t ay:wGifom 0ifa&mufppfaq;qHk;jzwfay;&efjzpfonf/ ,cktr_rSm TudpP&yfrsdK;r[kwf/ tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;eSifhroufqdkif[lIvnf; ‚wdk@. oabmxm;tjrifudk xkwfaz:cJh=uonf?



udk,f0efysufapjcif;qdkif&m tar&duefekdifiHr+cif;

tar&duefedkifiHwGif wufuqyfjynfe,fu udk,f0efysufapjcif;udk wm;jrpf onfh Oya'w&yfjyXmef;cJhonf? ,if;Oya't& rdcif.toufudk u,fwif&ef tvdk@iSm aq;bufqdkif&m. axmufcHcsufrSvGJI tjcm;enf;jzifh udk,f0efysufap jcif;onf jypfr_usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf[k jyXmef;cJhonf? ,if;Oya'udkzsufodrf;ay;&ef twGuf w&m;&Hk;odk@ av#mufxm;olrsm;rSm w&m;0ifa,musFm;r&SdbJ udk,f0ef&Sdae aomtrsdK;orD;wOD;jzpfol *sdef;&dk;/ udk,f0efvnf;r&Sdcav;vnf;r&Sdaom *GsefeSifh ar &D'dk; vifr,m;vdkifpif&q&m0ef a'gufwm[Jvfzdk@'fwdk@jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@. t"dut a=umif;jycsufrSmwufuqyfjynfe,fu jyXmef;vdkufaomOya'onf trsdK;orD;wpfOD;taejzifh&,lcHpm;oifhaom vlyk*d~KvffwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifh tcGifh ta&;udk xdyg;&kyfodrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ,if;tr_udktajccHv#uf udk,f0efysufapjcif;eSifhywfouf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsrSwfcJh onfh &dk;eSifh0dwf15 pD&ifxHk;rSm tar&duefYomru udk,f0efzsufcsr_udk Oya'a=umif;&_a'gifhrS avhvmv#uf&Sd=uaom EdkifiHwumwGifygausmf=um;aom pD&ifxHk;wck jzpfcJh onf? ,if;tr_Y av#mufxm;olrsm;wifoGif;onfh av#mufxm;r_rSm w&m;&Hk;jzifh qHk;jzwf&rnfhudpPrsKd;r[kwf16[k w&m;&Hk;uaxmufjycJhonf? odk@&mwGif tar&duef jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' jyifqifcsuftyk'f (9)t& wuUqyfjynfe,frS jyXmef;aomOya'rSm zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'eSifh qef@usifv#uf&Sda=umif;jzifh qHk;jzwf um av#mufxm;olrsm;twGuf ausjimjyXmef;onfhoufomcGifh17csrSwfay;cJhonf? wuUqyfjynfe,f. Oya'udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' ESifh,SOfwGJIpOf;pm;&mY trdsK;orD;wpfOD;. tcGifhta&;onf tb,fenf;? tjcm;vlom;wpfOD;.tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf trsdK;orD;wpfOD;.tcGifht a&;tay: wdkif;jynfrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufoifhovm;? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& edkif iHom;wpfOD;. tcGifhta&;udk rnfodk@umuG,fapmifha&Smufrnfenf;? ponfjzifh t cGifhta&;tajccHrsm;jzifhom udk,f0efysufapjcif;qdkif&mjyoemudk Oya'&_a'gifhrS csnf;uyf&ef }udK;pm;cJha=umif;awG@&onf? udk,f0efysufapjcif;eSifhpyfv#Of;I tqdkyg pD&ifxHk;YoHk;oyfaxmufjycJhonfh ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm;udk atmufwGifaumuf E_wfaz:jytyfygonf? tar&duefw&m;&Hk;u vlyk*d~KvffwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifh18qdkif&mudpPudk pwifavhvmoHk;oyfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'Y vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifhudk twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sd[k qdk onf? odk@&mwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'.atmufwGif vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif; pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifhESifh ‚cHpm;cGifhudk tmrcHumuG,fxm;onfh e,fy,fwnf&Sd aeonf? twdtvif;rjyXmef;aomfvnf; oabmoufa&mufaom jyXmef;csuf rsm;&Sdonf[k w&m;&Hk;utodtrSwfjyKonf? tqdkyg todtrSwfjyKr_twGuf w



&m;&Hk;u tcGifhta&;rsm;. t&if;tjrpftjzpf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyf csKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuftyk'f (1) (4) (5) (9)ESifh (14)wdk@udk udk;um;oGm;cJh onf? jyifqifcsuftyk'f (1)udk vGefcJhaomeSpfaygif;eSpf&mhwpfq,f -umcJh_yDjzpfaom 1791 ckeSpfu wifoGif;jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfjyD; tar&duefEdkifiHom;rsm;u tpdk;&tm%m ydkifrsm;udk qef@usifI 4if;[email protected]&;udkckcHumuG,f&mwGif ,ckwdkif r-umc% udk;um;oHk;pGJv#uf&Sdaom jyifqifcsufjzpfa-umif; awG@&onf? jyifqifcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKv$wfawmfonf bmoma&;wckudkom w&m; 0if todtrSwfjyKonfhOya'udk jyXmef;jcif;rjyK&/ odkhwnf;r[kwf bmoma&;vGwf vyfpGm udk;uG,fr_udk wm;jrpfonfhOya'jyXmef;jcif;rjyK&/ odk@wnf;r[kwf vGwfvyf pGmajymqdkjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmyHkeSdyfxkwfa0jcif;/ jynfolvlxktaejzifh jidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk usifhoHk;jcif;/ epfemr_rsm;udkukpm;ay;&ef tpdk;&xHarwWm&yfcH jcif;/ ponfwdk@udk uef@owfonfhOya'rsm; jyXmef;jcif;rjyK&? jyifqifcsuftyk'f (14)udk vGefcJhaomeSpfaygif; 173 ESpf-umcJh_yDjzpfaom 1868 ckeSpfu jyXmef;cJhhjcif;jzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. jynfe,frsm;u tar&duef jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udkqef@usifum Oya'jyXmef;jcif;rsm; rvkyf aqmif-uap&ef &nf&G,fjyXmef;aom jyifqifcsufjzpfonf? ,if;jyifqifcsuf tyk'f cGJ (1)rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm;ol odk@r[kwf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif EdkifiHom;jyKjcif;cH&ol19rsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf? wpfcsdefxJwGif ‚wdk@aexdkif&mjynfe,f. jynfe,fom;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf? rnf onfh jynfe,fr# tar&duefjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf um uG,fvGwf+idrf;r_ &ydkifcGifh20tay:uef@owfonfhOya'udk jyXmef;jcif; twnfjzpfap-jcif;rjyKvkyf&? Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;t& r[kwfbJvlwOD;.touf/ vGwfvyf r_tcGifhta&;21/ odk@r[kwf ypPnf;OpPmudk xdyg;jcif;rjyK&? Oya'.a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnD r#pGm umuG,fr_&ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk jiif;qefjcif;rjyK&? txufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk udk;um;v#uftar&duefjynfaxmifpk wpf0Srf;vHk;wGif&Sdaom w&m;&Hk;toD;oD;uvnf; yk*d~KvffwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhrsm; udk todtrSwfjyKa=umif;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ay;cJha=umif; pD&ifxHk;tawmf rsm;rsm;udk axmufjyoGm;cJhonf? yk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhudk pOf;pm;&mY w&m;&Hk;onf jyifqifcsuftyk'f (14)wGif jyXmef;xm;onfh tm;vHk;udk v$rf;jcHKaom vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;eSifh qufpyfpOf;pm;onf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajc cHOya'Y jyXmef;xm;onfh tm;vHk;udkv$rf;jcHKaom vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;wGif yk*d~KvfwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; t}uHK;0ifonf[kqdkonf? yk*~dKvf wpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifh[k qdk&mwGif vufxyfjcif;/ uav;&atmif =udK;yrf;jcif;/ uav;r&atmifumuG,fwm;qD;jcif;/ rdom;pktwGif;qufqHa&;// uav;udkarG;jrL xdrf;ausmif;jcif;eSifh ynmoifay;jcif;wdk@vnf; yg0ifonf[kqdk



onf? vlyk*d~Kvff wpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhonf tm;vHk;udkv$rf;jcHKaom vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;. tajccHjzpfonf? vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhudkxdyg;cH&v#if tm;vHk;udkv$rf;jcHKaom vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;vnf; qHk;&_H; rnfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhudk tumt uG,fay;&rnf[k w&m;&Hk;uaxmufjyonf? ,if;tajccHt& vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhwGif trsdK;orD;wpfOD;taejzifh rdrd.udk,f0efudk zsufcsoifh roifhqHk;jzwfjcif;vnf; t=uHK;0ifoufqdkifa=umif; w&m;&Hk;uoHk;oyfonf? trsdK;orD;. 0rf;AdkufxJwGif&Sdaom oaE<udkumuG,fonfh tajccHay:wGif w&m;&Hk;u oHk;oyfoGm;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? (odk@&mwGif vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifhwdkif;udk w&m;&Hk;ut umtuG,fay;rnf r[kwfyg? om"utm;jzifh vifeSifhr,m; [email protected] vdif qufqH=ujcif;rSm vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifhtajccHay:wGif usifhoHk;jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhrnfolr# aESmuf,SufcGifhr&Sd? odk@&mwGif aetdrfwHcg;udkzGifh xm;+yD; ab;ywf0ef;usifrSvlrsm; tjrifrawmfatmif vdifqufqefae=uv#ifrl ‚rSmxdkoleSpfOD;. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifhr[kwfawmh/ tjcm;olrsm;. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifh udk oGm;a&mufxddcdkufaejyDjzpfojzifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ujzpfap/ w&m;&Hk;ujzpf ap/ tumtuG,fay;rnf r[kwfyg?) xdk@tjyif w&m;&Hk;uaxmufjyonfrSm rdcif0rf;wGif;&SdoaE<wGif rnfonfht csdefY toufpwifjzpfay:onf [lonfhtay:aq;ynm&Sifrsm;/ bmoma&;q&m rsm;/ tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;yif wlnDaomtjrif oabmxm;wpfckudk rcsrSwfEdkif =u? ,if;tay:wGif cef@rSef;qHk;jzwf&efrSm w&m;pD&ifa&;tydkif;. wm0efr[kwf? toufpwifjzpfay:yHkeSifh ywfoufI oabmw&m;t,ltq w&yf&yfudk Oya' ydkif;qdkif&mrS axmufcHtwnfjyKay;&ef rvG,ful[kqdkonf? pwifudk,f0efaqmifI yxr&ufowWywf 12 ywftwGif;rSmyif touffpwifjzpfay:onf [lIvnf;aumif;/ yxr&ufowWywf 12ywfausmfvGefjyD;rS toufpwifjzpfay:onf [lI vnf;aumif;/ trsdK;rsdK;tqdkjyKcsufrsm;&Sdonf? oaE<om;b0rSaeI&ufowW 28 ywf odk@r[kwf ‚xufapmI &ufowW 24ywfcef@ta&mufwGif touf&Sdaomt qifhodk@ wdk;wufjzpfay:22vmonf[kvnf; oHk;oyf=uonf? c&pf,efuufovpfbk &m;ausmif;rsm;/ uufovpfrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmaomuufovpfr[kwfonfh c&pf,ef rsm;ESifh q&m0eftajrmuftrsm;onf tzdkrsdK;OeSifhtrrsKd;O aygif;pyfvdkufonfht csdefrSpI toufpwifwnf&SdvmcJhonf[k todtrSwfjyKonf? toufeSifhqdkifaom oabmw&m;t,ltq w&yf&yftay:wGif tajcjyKI omvl@tzGJ@tpnf; odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynfu trsdK;orD;wpfOD;. tcGifhta&;tay: 0if a&mufpGufzufv#ifrl trsKd;orD;rsm;om epfemqHk;&H_;rnf[k w&m;&Hk;uoHk;oyf onf? w&m;&Hk;uqdkvdkonfrSm ‚wdk@taejzifh rnfonhftcsdefY touf[lIp wifjzpfay: vmonfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onf? odk@&mwGif TonfrSmcufcJaomjy \emjzpfojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;&ef rvdktyf[kqdkonf? xdk@tjyif rdcif0rf;twGif;Y&SdaejyD; rarG;zGm;&ao;aomt&mudk vlyk*~dKvftjzpf Oya'urnfonfhtcgurS t



odtrSwfrjyKcJha=umif; w&m;&Hk;uoHk;oyfonf? toufqdkif&m oabmw&m;t,ltqeSifh ywfoufI wufuqyftygt0if jynfe,ftoD;oD;u rdrdwdk@. rwlaomtjrif &_a'gifhrsm;rS oHk;oyfcsufrsm;&SdEdkifonf [kqdkonf? odk@&mwGif wufuqyfjynfe,fonf toufpwifjzpfay:yHkESifh ywfouf I oabmw&m;t,ltq wpf&yf&yftay:wGif t"dutajcjyKum trsdK;orD;rsm; cHpm;xdkufonfh yk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;udk &kyfodrf;Ir&[k w&m;&Hk;u axmufjyonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynfutºuif;rJh 0ifa&mufqHk;jzwfvdkufjcif; tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;wpfOD;. qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhudk vHk;0&kyfoddrf;vkdufonfh oabma&muf &SdoGm;rnf[kqdkonf? trsdK;orD;wGif usrRma&;t&jzpfap/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&jzpf ap/ rdom;pktwGif;eSifh ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;t&jzpfap cav;,lvdkufjcif;tm; jzifh rvdkvm;tyfaomjyoemrsm;udk &ifqdkif=uHKawG@&edkifonf[k pOf;pm;csufrsm;vnf;&Sdaumif;&SdEdkifonf? trsKd;orD;wpfOD;taejzifh rdrd.udk,f0efudk zsufcsjcif;jyK oifhroifhqHk;jzwfjcif;rSm olr.vGwfvyfr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifhabmiftwGif;wGif t=uHK;0if onf[kqdkaomfvnf; TonfrSm trsdK;orD;wpfOD;. tºuif;rJhtcGifhta&;23qdk onfh oabmudkrl w&m;&Hk;uvufrcHEdkifa=umif; qufvuf&Sif;jyonf? trsdK;orD;taejzifh udk,f0efrSmolrcE<mudk,f. tpdyftydkif;jzpfaoma=umifh olroabmt av#muf oifhwifhavsmufywfovdk aqmif&GufydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf[lonfudkrl w&m;&Hk;u vufrcHEdkif[kqdkonf? ,if;odk@raqmif&GufEdkifatmif wkdif;jynftaejzifh 0if a&mufpGufzuf jcif;udk w&m;&Hk;uodtrSwfjyKonf? ,if;rSmwdkif;jynftaejzifh jiif;Ir&Edkifavmufatmif ckdifvHkaomta=umif;jycsufudk jyoEdkifv#if trsdK;orD;.qHk;jzwfcsuftay: 0ifa&mufpGufzufydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf[kqdkonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh &uf owWywf 28ywf (odk@r[kwf) tydkif;tjcm;umvwckck ausmfoGm;+yD;jzpfv#if rdcif 0rf;xJ&SdoaE<om;rSm touf[lI tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkawmhavmufatmif taumif txnfay:aejyD jzpfa=umif;xif&Sm;v#if wdkif;jynftaejzifh xdktoufudkrysufpD;ap &ef udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;rjyKvkyf&[k wm;jrpfydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnfh oabmrsdK;udkqdkvdk onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudk umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifa&;twGuf trsdK;orD;wpfOD;. vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhtay: vGrf;rdk;r_&Sdap&rnf[k w &m;&Hk;u oHk;oyfonf? odk@&mwGif tzdkrsKd;OESifhtrrsdK;O aygif;pyfvdkufonfh tcsdefrSpwifI rarG;zGm;& ao;aom touftjzpfowfrSwfum ,if;toufudk umuG,f&efrSm wdkif;jynf. a&Smifv$JI r&aomwm0efjzpfa=umif; wuUqyfjynfe,ftpdk;&. oHk;oyfwifjy csufudkrl w&m;&Hk;uvufrcHedkif[k qHk;jzwfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm trsdK;orD;. udk,f 0efwGif &SdaeaomoaE<rSm rnfonfhtcsdefumvYrqdk toufomjzpfaom a=umifh ,if;toufudkumuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf udk,f0efzsufcsydkifcGifhr&Sd[lI wkdif;jynfu Oya'jyXmef;vdkufv#if trsKd;orD;. vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;udk tºuif;rJh&kyfodrf;vdkufonfh oabma&muf&SdoGm;aoma=umifh ,if;udkvufrcH Edkif[k qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfonf?



udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;rSm vlyk*d~KvffwpfOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;cGifh tajccHay:wGif trsdK;orD;wOD;. tºuif;rJhtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[lonfh tpGef;wzufwifjycsuf udkvnf;aumif;/ umva&=unfoaE< pwnfonfhtcsdefrSpI toufjzpfaeaom a=umifh ,if;toufudkumuG,f&ef wdkif;jynfwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[lonfh tjcm;t pGef;wzufwifjycsufudkvnf;aumif; w&m;&Hk;onf ESpfzufvHk;.wifjycsufudk vuf rcHjiif;y,fcJhonf? TpD&ifxHk;yg qHk;jzwfcsufonf udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;ESifhywfoufI wzufwGif vl yk*d~KvffwpfOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfr_cHpm;ydkifcGifhtay:tajccHI trsdK;orD;wpfOD;. vGwf vyfpGm qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhtjzpf todtrSwfjyKonf? tjcm;wzufwGif touf&Sifoef ydkifcGifhtay:wGiftajccHI toufjzpfa=umif;tjiif;ryGm;bJ taumiftxnfay:ae jyDjzpfaom oaE<om;.toufudk umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkif&efvnf; }udK;pm;onf? xdk@tjyifw&m;&Hk;onf oaE<[lonfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u tumt uG,fay;&efvdktyfonfh vlyk*~dKvf24 [kwfr[kwf qufvufoHk;oyfonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyf csKyfyHk tajccHOya'. jyifqifcsuftrSwf (14)ESifh tjcm;aomyk'frrsm;wGif a&;om;az:jyxm;aom vlyk*~dKvfqdkonfrSm rarG;zGm;ao;aomoaE<udk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf arG;zGm;+yD;aom touf&Sifv#uf&Sdoludk qdkvdkonf[k oHk;oyfonf? 19 &mpkeSpfu usifh oHk;cJhonfh udk,f0efzsufcsr_rsm;udk udk;um;Ivnf; jyifqifcsuftrSwf (14)Y az:jy xm;aom vlyk*~dKvfqdkonfrSm rarG;zGm;&ao;oleSifh roufqdkifa=umif; w&m;&Hk;u jyefvnf oHk;oyfonf? udk,f0ef&Sdaeaom trsdK;orD;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udka&m arG;zGm;vmrnfhcav;. t usdK;pD;yGm;udkyg umuG,f&efwdkif;jynfwGif w&m;0ifwm0ef&Sdonf[k w&m;&Hk; uaxmufjyonf? udk,f0efrSm wajz;ajz;&ifhrmvmavav tusdK;pD;yGm;eSpfckrSm xdyfwdkufjzpfvmavavjzpfonf [kqdkonf? qdkvdkonfrSm udk,f0ef&ifhrmvm onfeSifhtrSs wdkif;jynftaejzifh rdciftrsdK;orD;. usrRma&;udk tav;xm;pOf;pm;&efvdktyfvmavav jzpfonf? rdcif.usrRma&;udk tav;xm;pOf;pm;v#if vdktyf v#if oaE<om;udk ysufap&rnfjzpfonf? wcsdefxJwGif udk,f0eftwGif;&Sd oaE<om;rSm taumiftxnfjzpfvm+yD; touf0ifvma=umif; xif&Sm;vmavav wdkif;jynftaejzifh xdktoufudkumuG,f apmifha&SmufEdkifa&;twGuf rdciftrsdK;orD;. vGwfvyfcGifhtay:0ifa&mufpGufzuf&rnfh taetxm;odk@ a&mufvmavavjzpf onf? T&_a'gifhrS tav;xm;pOf;pm;ygu vkdtyfvSsif rdciftrsdK;orD;. tcGifhta&;udk&kyfodrf;jyD; oaE<om;.toufudk umuG,f&rnfjzpfonf? udk,f0ef&Sdonfh yxrtydkif;tjcm;umvjzpfaom &ufowWywf 12ywft wGif;wGif udk,f0efysufusr_taetxm;eSifh arG;zGm;aeonfhumvtwGif;wGif =uHK awG@&Edkifonfh taetxm;eSpf&yfudk E_dif;,SOfygu trsdK;orD;.usrRma&;&_a'gifhrS =unfhv#if yxrtaetxm;onf 'kwd,taetxm;xuf rdcif.touftEW &m,ftwGuf pdk;&drf&r_rsm;pGmavsmhenf;avonf? rdcif.usrRma&;udk umuG,f apmifha&Smufxdrf;odrf;a&; tajccHay:wGif twdkif;twmowfrSwfI udk,f0efysufap jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk wdkif;jynfujyXmef;ydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[k qdkonf? qdkvdk



onfrSm toufwnf&SdaejyDjzpfa=umif; tjiif;yGm;aeonfh udk,f0efaqmifumvt wGif;wGif trsdK;orD;taejzifh uGsrf;usifolq&m0efeSifhwdkifyifI wdkif;jynfu0if a&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sdap&bJ udk,f0efudkzsufcscGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf? toufwnf&Sd aejyDjzpfa=umif; tjiif;yGm;Edkifonfhtcsdef ausmfvGef+yD;aemufwGifrl rdciftouf&Sif a&;twGuf udk,f0efudkrjzpfraezsufcs&ef c|if;csufrSwyg; rdciftrsdK;orD;onf udk,f 0efudkzsufcscGifhr&Sdawmh? wdkif;jynfonf vdktyfaomOya'jyXmef;I udk,f0efzsufcs jcif;udk uef@owfEdkifonf[k w&m;&Hk;uqHk;jzwfonf?

Ed+if;,SOfavhvmcsuf

*smreDtr_wGifa&m tar&dueftr_wGifyg trdsK;orD;tcGifhta&;eSifhoaE<om;. tcGifhta&;eSpfckvHk;twGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJh=uonf? ,if;tcGifhta&;w&yf odk@r[kwf eSpf&yfvHk;udkumuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHtaejzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vkdr vkd/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufoifh roifh ponfwdk@udk pOf;pm;cJh=uonf? qdkvdkonfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'taejzifha&m tjcm;Oya'udpP&yfrsm;udkyg pOf;pm;&mY tcGifhta&;tajccHrS pOf;pm;cJh=ua=umif; awG@&onf? rdcif. om;tdrftwGif;wGif tzdkrsdK;OESifhtrrsdK;O aygif;pyf+yD;aemuf rnfonfh umvtwGif; touf[lI pwifwnf&Sdvma=umif; *smreftr_wGif twdtvif;az:jyxm;cJhonf? tar&dueftr_wGifrl ,if;udpPrSm ynm&SiftrsdK;rsdK;rsm;/ bmom a&;q&mrsm; t=um;rSmyif tjiif;yGm;ae=ujyD; tm;vHk;oabmwlnDcsufw&yfudk cs rSwfEdkifjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mtaeESifh wckckudktwnfjyKay;&ef rjzpfedkif[k axmufjycJhonf? *smreftr_wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tay:wGif tajccH um rdcif0rf;twGif;Y&Sdaeaom oaE<om;.tcGifhta&;udk tav;xm;IpOf;pm;cJh onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf wdk;wufzGHjzdK;v#uf&Sdaeaomtouf wenf;tm;jzifh rdcif0rf;twGif;Y&Sdaeonfh oaE<om;udkyg umuG,fapgifha&Smufonf[k twdt vif;zGifhqdkonf? tar&dueftr_Y oaE<om;.tcGifhta&;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aomfvnf; oaE<om;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. umuG,fapgifha&Smufr_ abmiftwGif;Y &Sdaea=umif; twdtvif;qHk;jzwfcsufcsray;yg? *smreftr_wGif rdcif 0rf;twGif;&Sd wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;aeaomtoufudk tumtuG,fay;edkifa&;twGuf jypfr_qdkif&mjzifh ta&;,la&;udpPudk tav;xm;&Sif;vif;oGm;cJhonf? tar&dueft r_wGif yk*~dKvft&vGwfvyfr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifhtajccHrS trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;udk ydkrdkt av;ay;csnf;uyfoGm;cJhonf?

udk,f0efysufapjcif;jyXmef;csufrsm;eSifh jrefrmedkifiH jrefrmEdkifiHY t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;cJhonfh umvtwGif; 1861ckeSpfarv (1)&ufae@u



xJu pwiftm%mwnfusifhoHk;vmcJhaom jypfr_qdkif&mOya' (,ciftac: &mZ owf}uD;Oya')rSm ,ae@tcsdeftxd wnfqJOya'jzpfonf? ,if;Oya'yk'fr 312 (1)wGif udk,f0efysufapjcif; ESifhpyfv#Of;I atmufygtwdkif;jyXmef;xm;onf? rnfolrqdk udk,f0effaqmifrdef;r.toufudk u,fq,fvdkaomoabm&dk;jzifh r[kwfbJ udk,f0efaqmifrdef;rudk udk,f0efysufap&ef rdrdtvdktav#mufjyKv#if xdkol udk oHk;eSpftxdaxmif'%fwrsdK;rsdK;jzpfap/ aiG'%fjzpfap/ '%feSpf&yfvHk;jzpfap csrSwf &rnf? rdef;ronf v_yf&Sm;aomudk,f0efeSifhjzpfvSsif xdkoludkckESpfESpftxd axmif '%fwrsKd;rsKd; csrSwf&rnfhtjyif aiG'%fvnf;csrSwfEdkifonf? (&Sif;vif;csuf? ? rd rd.udk,f0efudk rdrdysufapvdkaomrdef;ronf Tyk'frygt"dyg,fwGift}uHK;0ifonf?) Trl&if;Oya'jyXmef;csufrSm ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfr#&SdoGm;cJhjyDjzpfonf? Trl &if;jyXmef;csuf oufoufwckwnf;udkom =unfhrnfqdkv#if udk,f0efysufaponfh udpPY trsdK;orD;.udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifhudk vHk;0xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sd [k em;vnf&rnfhoabmjzpfygonf? qufvufI wdk;wufzGHjzdK;v#uf&Sdonfh t ouf odk@r[kwf oaE<om;.tcGifhta&;ESifhqufpyfI jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tajccHOya'rsm;udk avhvm=unfhrdonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wnf&SdcJhonfh 1947 ckeSpfeSifh 1974 ckeSpf zGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'eSpf&yfvHk;wGif touf&SifoefydkifcGifheSifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;aumif pDrS tqdkjyKwifoGif;xm;aom (tem*gwf) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) tcef;(2) yk'fr(14) &kyfodrf;cGifhr&Sdaom tajc cHtcGifhta&;rsm;[laom acgif;pOfatmufwGif touf&SifoefydkifcGifheSifh ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; jyXmef;xm;ygonf? (u) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktwGif; aexdkifolwdkif;onf touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh &Sdap &rnf? tqdkygjyXmef;csufwGif "aexdkifol"[lI oHk;E_ef;xm;ojzifh &Sif;vif;aom t csufrSm touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifhonf arG;zGm;jyD;vlwpfOD;tjzpf touf&Sifaexdkif v#uf&Sdolrsm;ESifhom oufqdkift=uHK;0ifrnfjzpfjyD; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' onf udk,f0efaqmifrdcif. 0rf;AdkuftwGif;&Sd rarG;zGm;&ao;aom wdk;wufzGHhjzdK;v#uf&SdonfhtouftwGuf umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ray;onfh oabmoufa&muf v#uf&Sdygonf? tajccHOya'onf wdk;wufzGH@jzdK;v#uf&Sdaom touftwGuf um uG,fapmifha&Smufr_ ay;oifhray;oifhudk taotcsmpOf;pm;&efvkdrnf[k ,lqyg onf? umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ ay;oifhonf[k,lqv#if tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'Y oifhwifhav#mufywfaom a0g[m&rsm;jzifhtpm;xdk;&ef vkdaumif;vdkygrnf? tqdkygjyXmef;csuftay: zGifhqdkcsuftjzpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rl=urf;zGifhqdkcsufpmtkyf pmrsufESm (44)wGifatmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;cJhonf? touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh tcGifhta&;onf vlom;rsm;twGuf tºuif;rJh wnf&Sd& rnfjzpfonfhtjyif jiif;uG,fIr&aom tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfayonf? &cJvSaom vl@b0udk tjcm;olwpHkwa,muftm; ydkifqdkifcGifhay;&efrjzpfedkifacs? wpfpHkwpfOD;



vufxJwGiftyfESif;xm;&efvnf;rjzpfEdkifay? odk@jzpfIvlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf . touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifhudk vlwdkif;av;pm;jrwfEdk;&rnfjzpfjyD; touf&Sif &yfwnfcGifh udk tumtuG,fay;&ef jyXmef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? txufyg&Sif;vif;csufrSm touf&Sif&yfwnfydkifcGifh. a,bk,srloabmudk az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? vl[lonfrSm rdcif0rf;wGif;rSarG;zGm;jyD;aemuf vlyDyDoo jzpfvmoludkom qdkvdkjcif; [kwfr[kwf/ vl[laom t"dyg,fwGif rdcif0rf;wGif;Y wdk;wufzGHjzdK;v#uf&Sdaomtoufyg t}uHK;0ifr0if/ ponfwdk@eSifhpyfv#Of;I zGJ@pnf;yHkt ajccHOya'u rnfodk@pOf;pm;onf/ umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef &nf&G,fonf[laom tcsuftay:wGif &Sif;vif;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg? tcsdK@aomtrsKd;orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;u udk,f0efysufaponfhudpPudk Oya'&_ a'gifhrS csnf;uyfIr&Edkifa=umif; axmufjyr_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm vlr_ a&;t&/ todw&m;t&/ bmomw&m;t&/ ,Ofaus;r_t&/ ywf0ef;usiftaet xm;t& oifhwifhavSsmufywfovdk qHk;jzwfaqmif&GufoGm;apvdkonfh oabmrsdK;[k em;vnf&ygonf? Oya'&_a'gifhrS csnf;uyfoifhroifhudkvdktyfv#if oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd EdkifiHom;rsm;u tav;teuf jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;&rnfh udpPjzpf ygonf? ‚tqkdjyKcsufudk uef@uGufolrsm;.ta=umif;jycsufrSm Oya'&_a'gifhrS r csnf;uyfoifh [kajymjcif;rSm EdkifiHtaejzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&efrvdk trsdK;orD;rsm;udkvGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;vkyfaqmifcGifhay;&ef awmif;cHonfhoabmrsKd; jzpfaeonf? Todk@qdkv#ifoaE<om;. touftwGuf rnfolurnfodkhumuG,faqmif&Gufrnf enf;[k apm'uwuf=uolrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? xdk@tjyif,if;odk@jzpfv#ifudk,f0ef ysufapjcif;eSifhywfoufaom wnfqJOya'rsm;udk rnfodk@aqmif&Gufrnfenf; [l aom jyoemwufvmygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm wnfqJOya'jzpfojzifh ‚wdk@udk O yuQmjyKxm;Ir&? rvkdufemyJ aeIr&? ‚Oya'rsm; rwnf&Sdapvdkv#if rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsufjzifh zsufodrf;cdkif;rnfenf;? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;tjzpf rnfonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfonfh&_a'gifhrS csnf;uyfwifjyrnfenf;? trsdK;orD;rsm;om ru trsKd;om;rsm;yg pOf;pm;&efvkdygrnf? trsdK;orD;rsm;.jy\em/ trsdK;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;eSifhomqdkifonf[laom vspf vsL&_xm;r_rsKd;rS Edk;xoifhjyDjzpfygonf? tcGifhta&;rsm;onf awmif;cHp&mrvdk ol@[moltvdktav#muf wnf&SdaejyD;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqrsdK;rSm vufawG@Y tvkyfvkyfIr&? tcGifhta&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;aumif;vmapEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? rnfol@xHurS todtrSwfjyKr_ &,lp &mrvdkbJ rdrdwdk@wpfOD;csif;pDY tcGifhta&; &meKef;jynfh&SdcJhonf[laomacwfrSm vl@ ordkif;wGif vlay:OD;pt&dkif;acwf wenf;tm;jzifh ordkif;OD;bHkajracwfwGifom &SdcJh jcif;jzpfonf? xdkpOfu vlwpfOD;csif;pDwdkif;wGif vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh &mE_ef;jynfh&SdcJh onf? vlwpfOD;u tjcm;vlwpfOD;udk owfcsifonfhtcsdefowfEdkifonf/ rk'def;usifh Edkifonf/ ypPnf;udkvk,uf,lEkdifonf/ e,fajrtuef@towfr&Sd oGm;csif&moGm;edkif onf/ aecsifonfhae&mrSm aeEkdifonf/ tpdk;&r&Sd/ wkdif;jynfr&Sd/ Oya'r&Sd/ tm%m ydkif [lIr&Sd/ tºuif;rJh vGwfvyfr_&Sdonf/ tcGifhta&; tjynfh&Sdonf? rnfol. t



odtrSwfjyKr_r# &,lp&mrvdk? odk@&mwGif ,if;tajctaeatmufY vlonfrvHk jcKHr_udk cHpm;vm&onf? rdrdutjcm;oludk owfcGifh&Sdovdk rdrdxuftiftm;=uD;aom tjcm;oluvnf; rdrdudktcsdefra&G; vma&mufowfedkifonf? vlwpfOD;onf tjcm;vltm;vHk;eSifh ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aeaomtajctaewGif &SdcJhonf[k ynm&SifwpfOD; u axmufjycJhonf?25 xdk@a=umifh vlonf rdrdwpfOD;csif;cHpm;ae&aom &mE_ef;jynfh vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rS tpdwftydkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifhtwl rdrd.wpfOD;csif;ae xdkifr_udk pGef@v$wfI tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpf wnfaqmufI pkaygif;aexdkifEdkifatmif }udK;pm;vmcJh&onf? xdktcsdefrSpI acwf pepfrsm; ajymif;vmonfhtay:tajcjyKum wpfOD;jcif;pD. tcGifhta&;rsm;wdk;wuf r_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdvmonf? tajctaetuef@towft&jzpfap/ n‡dEd_if;Ijzpfap tav#mhtwif; rsm;vkyfvm&onf? rnfonhftcGifhta&;wpfpHkwpf&mr# rajymif;vJ bJ taownf&Sdaeonf[lI r&SdcJh? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vufcHvmvSsif vufcHvmo avmuf tcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;wuf&&SdvmcJhonfom jzpfonf? bk&if [rfrl&mbD acwfwGif vlwpfOD;utjcm;wOD;udk owfvdkufv#if jypf'%f taejzifh xdkowfoludk jyefowf&onf? xdkrSydkI,Ofaus;vmaomtcg vlwpfOD;u tjcm;wpfOD;udk owfvdkufwdkif; jyefjyD;towfrcH&awmh? tb,fa=umifh owf&jcif; jzpfonfudk taotcsmppfaq;r_rsm; jyKvkyfvmjyD; }udKwif}uH&G,fcsufjzifh owf a=umif;oufaojyEdkifrSom jyefowfcH&onfh tajctaersdK;&SdvmcJhonf? umuG,f ckcHydkifcGifht&owfa=umif; oufaojyEdkifv#ifrl owfoludk tr_rSvHk;0vGwf+idrf;cGifh ay;aomacwfodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ,ae@tcsdefwGif rnfr#&ufpuf=urf;=uKwf aom vlowfr_}uD;rsm;udkusL;vGefonfjzpfap xdkoludkao'%frpD&if&/ tjrifhqHk;axmif'%fwpfoufom jzpfap&rnf[laom tajccHay:wGif ao'%fudkzsufodrf;vdkufonfhedkifiHaygif; ig;q,fausmfoGm;+yDjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif ,cif u tdyfrufr#yifrrufbl;aom tajctaersdK;jzpfonfh ao'%fpD&ifjcif;rcHxdkuf onfh tcGifhta&;}uD;udk cHpm;v#uf&Sd=ujyD? xdkenf;wlpGmyif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf ,cifu rJay;cGifhr&cJh=u? vGefcJhaomq,fpkeSpftcsKd@urS rJay;cGifh&vmcJh=uonf? xdkodk@ tcGifhta&;rsm;wdk;wuf&&Sdvm=ujcif;rSm ighrSm&Sdxm;jyD;om; rnfol@xH urSawmif;cHp&mrvdk[laom t,ltqtajccHrsdK;jzifh &vm=ujcif;r[kwf? ,if; t,ltqrsdK;udkudkifpGJI tcGifhta&;udkcsnf;uyfrnfqdkvSsif rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrS wnfjidrfaomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf wnfaqmufedkifrnfr[kwf? tb,fa=umifhqdk aomf rdrdxifjrif,lqcsufudk rdrdutrSef[lI w&m;aoqkyfudkifxm;jcif;a=umifh t jcm;olrsm;eSihf nd‡E_dif;p&mta=umif;r&Sdawmh? ajyvnfr_&&ef enf;vrf;&Smp&m t a=umif;r&Sdawmh? ppfrSefaom tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm rnfodk@aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfonfh twGufay;oifha=umif;/ jyXmef;oifha=umif;/ todtrSwfjyKoifha=umif;/ rdrd&yf wnf&Sifoefv#uf&Sdaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uvufcHvmatmif/ EdkifiHwumu vufcH vmatmif wifjy&onf? tjcm;olrsm;eSifhn‡dEd_if;&onf? tjyeftvSef tjrifjcif;z vS,f&onf/ tav#mhtwif;vkyfEdkif&ef }udK;pm;&onf? tcGifhta&;qdkif&m avhvm



r_vkyf&mY taoqkyfudkifxm;Ir&? bufaygif;pHkrS rwlaomtjrifrsm;udk avhvm um taumif;qHk;tajccHudk &SmazGEdkifatmif=udk;pm;&onf? ,if;tajccHwpfpHkwpf &mudk&&Sdv#if rdrd&Sifoef&yfwnf&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u/ EdkifiHwumu/ wurBmvHk;u todtrSwfjyKr_&vmatmif enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh }udK;pm;&onf? tcGifhta&;rsm;w pwp wdk;wuf&&Sdvmatmif }udK;pm;jcif;jzifh +idrf;csrf;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ +idrf;csrf;aomurBm}uD;tjzpf wnfaqmufEdkifatmif/ av#mufvSrf;=u&onf? w&m;r#wr_udk tcGifhta&;&_a'gifhrS csnf;uyf&ef/ wdkif;wm&ef Taqmif;yg;.tpwGif wifjychJonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tcGifhta&;udkvnf; w&m;r#wr_ tajccH ESifh pOf;pm;&efvdkonf? vlrsdK;pk wpfpk.tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_onf tjcm;vlrsdK;pkwpfpkudkvnf;ay;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;jzpf&efvdkonf? rdrdvlrsdK;pkuawmhvdkcsif onf? tjcm;vlrsdK;pkudkawmhray;csif[kqdkv#if ,if;rSmw&m;r#wr_ tajccHeSifhqef@ usifoGm;onf? vlwpfOD;csif;pD.tcGifhta&;usifhoHk;r_onf tjcm;olwpfOD;.tcGifh ta&;udk rxdcdkufaponfhabmiftxdom usifhoHk;cGifh&Sdonf? rdrd.tcGifhta&;udkbJ =unfhonf? tjcm;ol. tcGifhta&;udkr=unfh[kqdkv#if w&m;r#wr_tajccHESifh qef@ usifoGm;onf? udk,f0efaqmifrdcif. yk*~dKvfa&;vGwfvyfr_ cHpm;ydkifcGifheSifh oaE< om;.toufudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;jyoemudk txufygr_cif;rsm;Y ,if;t ajccHrSvnf; csnf;uyfoGm;cJhonf[k em;vnfonf? odk@&mwGif txufwGif wifjycJh ovdk tcGifhta&;rsm;onf w&m;aor&SdEdkif? &Sifoefv#uf&Sdonf? wdk;wufajymif;vJv#uf&Sdonf? n‡d=u/ Ed_if;=u/ aqG;aEG;=u&rnf? tjrifjcif;zvS,f=u&rnf? tjcm;edkifiHrsm;rS tawG@t=uHKrsm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk avhvm&rnf? rdrdwddk@udk,fwdkifvnf; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; az:aqmif=u&rnf? Tenf;tm;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;pDwdkif;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;wdk;wuf &&Sddvmapjcif;jzifh wajz;ajz;jidrf;csrf;wnf jidrfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf ay:aygufvmap&ef qENjyKygonf? ? rSwfpkrsm;

1. Foetus 2. Intervention of the State 3. The Right to Life 4. Human Personality 5. Phenomena of Consciousness 6. Independently viable nasciturus 7. "completed" human being 8. The right to life is guaranteed to everyone who "lives"; no distinction

can be made between individual stages of the developing life before birth or between prenatal and postnatal life.



9. prenatal life 10. developing life 11. The safeguarding of human existence against transgressions of the

State would be incomplete if it did not also comprise the preliminary phase of the "completed life," the prenatal life.

12. Objective Norms 13. Embryo 14. Social Dimension 15. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct 705, S5 L.E. 147 (1973) 16. non-justiciable 17. declaratory relief 18. Right of Privacy 19. Naturalized 20. Immunities 21. Liberty 22. Viability 23. Absolute Right 24. Person 25. Thomas Hobbs



obm0ywf0ef;usifa&;&m

a&umwmrdwfquf

rif;vGifOD; zGH@+zdK;qJedkifiHrsm;twGuf t"duta&;ygaomtcsuf2csufrSm pm;eyf&duQmESifh avmifpmv#yfppfpGrf;tif wdk@jzpfonf? vdktyfaomv#yfppfESifh avmifpmpGrf;tifudk aps;E_ef;oufomaom a&tm;v#yfppfrSt"duxm; xkwf,lvm}uonf// xdk@a}umifh a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;udk tem*gwfpnfyifom,mr_twGuf rSwfwdkif tjzpf&_jrifae}uonf? odk@aomf tjcm;wzufwGifrl a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; a}umifh obm0ywf0ef;usifrsm; ysufpD;qHk;&H_;r_/ t"rRae&ma&G@ajymif;cH&onfh vlr_ a&;jyoemrsm;/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mjyoemrsm; pdkufysdK;v,f,majrrsm; a&v$rf;rdk;onfhtwGuf pdkufysdK;ajrrsm;qHk;&H_;&onfh jy\emrsm;udk &ifqdkif}u&rnfjzpfonf// xdk@a}umifha&umwmrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;udkavhvmI qef;ppf&efvdktyfvmonf//

a&umwm}uD;rsm; }uD;rm;onfha&umwmtjzpf tjrifh15rDwmtxuf&Sdaom a&umwmrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;jyD;,cktcg urBmeSifht0Srf;wGif }uD;rm;onfha&umwmrsm; (4000)ausmfwnfaqmufxm;jyD; jzpfonfhtjyif tedrfhqHk;tjrifhrDwm (150 )txuf r[ma&umwm }uD;aygif;(300)ausmf wnfaqmuf +yD;jzpfonf? w&kyfEdkifiHwGifa&umwmaygif; (19000)wnfaqmufxm;jyD; tar&duefjynf axmifpkonf a&umwmaygif; (5500)jzifh 'kwd,trsm;qkH;EdkifiHtjzpf &yfwnf v#uf&Sdonf? ,cifqdkAD,uf/ &k&Sm;/ *syefESifhtdENd,EdkifiHwdk@onf tpOfvdkuf&Sdae+yD; b&mZD;EdkifiHonf a&umwmaygif; (516)ckjzifh trSwf(10)ae&m wGif&Sdaeonf? 1950rS 1970 ESpf20 umvtwGif; urBmw0Srf;wGif a&umwmaygif; wpfESpf v#if 1000cef@ wnfaqmufcJh}uonf// 1970rS 1990 ESpfOD;ydkif;umvrsm;txd wpf



ESpfv#if a&umwmaygif;260cef@ ESpfpOfwnfaqmufv#uf&Sdonf// 1994ESpfOD;ydkif;rS, ae@txd w&kyf/ *syef/ wl&uDeSifh awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHwdk@wGif wnfaqmufqJa&um wm}uD;rsm; 1000 txufwGif&Sdaeonf// a&umwm}uD;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif; udk,QKtcgurBmw0Srf;&dS vltrsm;u qef@usifuef@uGufvm}uonfudk awG@&onf// tb,fa}umifhenf;- a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh ay:aygufvmonfhqdk;usdL;rsm;udk vltrsm;od&dSvm=uIjzpfonf// a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh obm0ywf0ef;usif,dk,Gif;ysufpDF;r_rsm; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;&mrvHk+cHK pdwfrcs&r_wdk@onf a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; a}umifhay:aygufvm&onfh jyoemrsm;jzpfonfudk awG@&Sdvmonf? t"dua&um wmwnfaqmufa&;udk qef@usif=u&onfh t"duta}umif;t&mrsm;rSm- a& avSmifuef wnfaqmufrnfh ae&mrsm;rSvltrsm; ‚if;[email protected]&mrsm;eSifh v,f,m rsm;rS armif;xkwfcH}u&jcif;/ a&umwmatmufydkif;usa&mufonfh a'orsm;wGif jrpfa&pD;qif;r_enf;yg;oGm;onfhtwGuf &moDtvdkuf aygufzGm;onfhig;rsdK;yGm;r_e_ef; edrfhusoGm;jcif;/ pm;a&&duQm&Sm;yg;apjcif;/ jrpfa&pD;qif;r_a}umifh ESpfpOfobm0t avsmufjzpfay:aeonfheSifh E_H;ajrrsm;pD;qif;r_r&SdawmhonfhtwGuf pdkufysdK;ajrrsm;ajr qDv$majr}oZmnHhzsif;oGm;jcif;/ a&yHkrSefpD;qif;r_r&SdonfhtwGuf a&xknpfnrf;vm jcif;/ a&rSaygufzGm;vmaom jcifaumifrsm;a}umifhiSufzsm;a&m*gESifh/ ta&jym; a&m*gponfwdk@ udkjzpfyGg;apjcif;wdk@a}umifh a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;udk tjyif;t xefuef@uGufqENjyvm}uonf? ,ae@rsufarSmufumvwGiff a&umwmrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh ESpfpOfvl OD;a&(2)oef;cef@ ae&ma&$ajymif;jcif;cHae&onf? tdENd,ESifhw&kyfjynfwGif a&um wmaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;a}umifh vlOD;a&oef;(30)rS oef;(60)txd ae&ma&$$@ ajymif;jcif;cHcJh&onf// avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;t& ae&ma&$@ajymif;jcif;cH&onfh vltrsm;pkrSm Xmae wdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;trsm;pkjzpf}u onf? v,f,majrrsm; a&$@ajymif;&jcif;a}umifh ‚if;[email protected];yGg;a&;ESifh v,f,m xGef,ufpdkufysdK;a&;wdk@udk qkyf,kwfusqif;aponf? rdrdwdk@ydkifqdkifaomv,f,majr rsm;udk pGef@v$wf&onfhtwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mzdpD;r_'%fudk cHpm;}u&onf? tcsdK@ aoma'orsm;wGif xdkufoifhaomavsmfa}u;aiGudkyif r&&[email protected],f,majr rsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;&H_cJh}u&onf? tcsdK@aoma'o&Sdolrsm;taejzifh xdkufoiffhaom av#mfa}u;aiGrsm; &&dSonf[kqdkaomfvnf; tdrf,majrrsm;topfjyefvnfwnf aqmuf&jcif;/ pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;jyefvnf0,f,l&jcif;/ topfjyefvnfpdkufysKd;Edkif&ef ckwf xGif&Sif;vif;&jcif;wdk@a}umifh rlvtajctaetwdkif; tvG,fwuljyefvnfra&muf&Sd Edkifawmhay? ae&mtopfwGif pdkufysdK;vkyfudkifpm;aomuf&ef aiGa}u;rvHkavmuf olrsm;taejzifh tjcm;tvkyftudkif toufarG;0rf;a}umif;topfudk &SmazGvkyf udkif=u&onf? rd&dk;zvmvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom ig;zrf;vkyfief;/ v,f,mpdkufydsK;a&; vkyfief;wdk@udkpGef@v$wfum tjcm;t&yfa'orsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@aexdkifI}u&ojzifhrdrd wdk@. rd&dk;zvmtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm; wpwpuG,f



aysmuf=u&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh tpm;xdk;&&dSonfh v,f,majrrsm;onf rlvydkif qdkifcJhonfh v,f,majrrsm;.tus,ft0ef;xuf avsmhenf;onfudk avhvmawG@&Sd csufrsm;t& od&Sd&onf//

obm0ab;tEW&m,feSifha&umwm

a&umwmrsm; &kwfw&ufjydKvJysufpD;jcif;a}umifh w&kyfEdkifiHwGifvlaygif;(13500)xufrenf; touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrf ysufpD;qHk;&H_;cJh}u&onf? 1975 ck ESpf }o*kwfvwGif w&kwfEdkifiH[dkifeefc&dkifwGif wdkifzGef;rkefwdkif;wdkufcwfr_a}umifh a& umwm(2)ck +ydKvJcJh&mtenf;qHk;vlOD;a& (80000rS230000)txd touffqkH;&H_;cJh& onf? w&kyftpdk;&taejzifh vltaotaysmufpm&if;udkrxkwfjyefbJ vsdK@0Sufxm;+yD; 1995ckESpfwGifrS xkwfjyefa}unmcJhonf? a&avSmifueftwGif; a&rsm;odkavSmif xm;jcif;jzifh av;vHaoma&.zdtm;a}umifh jyif;xefonfhajrivsifv_yfr_udk jzpfay:aponf? 1967ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiH&SdudGKifema&umwma}umifh ajrivsiftjyif;t xefv_yfcJh&m vlaygif; 180 ausmftoufqHk;&H_;cJh&onf//

a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;. tusdK;ESifh tjypfrsm; trsm;tm;jzifh a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;udk v,f,majrrsm;a&oGif;pdkuf ysdL;&efESifh a&tm;v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf,l&ef t"duxm;Iwnfaqmuf}ujcif;jzpf onf? urBmhpGrf;tifxkwf,lokH;pGJr_. ig;yHkwyHkudk a&tm;v#yfppfrS&&Sdonf? a&um wmwnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh a&v$rf;rdk;r_udkumuG,fEdkifjcif;/ jrdK@&Gmrsm;odk@ aomuf oHk;a&ay;a0edkifjcif;/ jrpftwGif;a&a}umif;oGm;vmr_udk xdef;nd‡ay;Edkifjcif; ponfht usdK;aus;Zl;wdk@udk cHpm;&&SdEdkifonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmuf &mwGif bufpHkyHhydk;Edlif&ef &nf&G,fwnfaqmufjcif;jzpfojzifh tenf;qHk;tusKd;aus;Zl; (2)ckudk &&SdcHpm;&onf? odk@aomf a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh a&tm;v#yfppf"gwftm;udk tzdk;E_ef;csKdompGm xkwf,loHk;pGJEdkifjcif;&Sd r&Sdudk avhvmqef;ppf &ef vdktyfvmonf? a&umwmwnfaqmuf&mwGif ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;+yD; trSef wu,fukefusp&dwfrSm cef@rSef;ukefusp&dwfxuf y#rf;r#t+rJwrf; 30&mcdkifE_ef;ydkrdk ukefusonfudk prf;ppfr_rsm;t& awG@&dS&onf? a&umwmrSxkwf,l&&dSEdkifrnfh v#yf ppf"gwftm;udk a&umwmwnfaqmufolrsm;. cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_xuf 20&mcdkif E_ef;avsmhenf;Iom xkwf,l&&Sdonf? a&umwmwnfaqmuf&mwGif ukefusp &dwf}umjrifhonfhtcsdefumv/ wnfaqmufaeonfhtcsdefumvtwGif; jrpfa&pD;qif;r_avsmhenf;jcif;a}umifh qkH;&H_;epfemr_wdk@udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufygu a&tm;v#yfppfxkwf,ljcif;onf aps;EH_;oufomjcif;r&dSonfhtjyif jrpf.t&nftaoG;nhH



zsif;jcif;/ rvdkvm;tyfaompD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;xdcdkufepfemapr_rsm;a=umifh ,ae@ edkifiHwumwGif yk*~vdu&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHolrsm;taejzifh a&umwmwnfaqmufI a& tm;v#yfppfxkwf,ljcif;xuf obm0"gwfaiG @ud koH k;I v#yfppf"gwftm; xkwf,loHk;pGJa&;udk OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;vmonfudk awG@&onf? obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufysufpD;r_enf;yg;ap &ef&nf&G,fI pD;yGm;jzpfaea&mifjcnfrS v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf,ljcif;ESifh avwdkuftm;udktoHk;jyKI v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf,ljcif;wdk@udkvnf; aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf// a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;onf a&v$rf;rdk;r_udktrSefwu,f tumtuG,f ay;Edkifjcif;&Sdr&dSESifh ywfoufIavhvm&mwGif ESpfpOfyHkrSefjrpfa&}uD;jcif;udkom tum tuG,fay;Edkifonfudk awG@&onf? vltrsm;ujrpfa&}uD;jcif;udk a&umwmut umtuG,fay;Edkifonf[k ,Hk}unfxm;jcif;a}umifh jrpfa&}uD;jcif;udktav;rxm; =uay? yHkrSefa&}uD;r_xufyfdkrdkjrifhrm;ygu vltrsm;.ayghqr_a}umifhaomf‚if;/ a&um wmtay: t,Hkt}unfrsm;vGef;onfh twGufa}umifhaomf4if;taotaysmufydkrdk rsm;jym;onfudk awG@&onf// xfdk@a}umifh a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;udk vkyfaqmifrnfqdkygu oufqdkif&m e,fajra'o&Sdaexdkifolrsm;. qENoabmxm;udk tav;teufxm;pOf;pm;I 4if;[email protected];/ a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;a}umifh a&&SnfwGiftrSefwu,ft usKd;&Sdr&Sd/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_/ opfawmrsm;a&zHk;v$rf;r_/ v,f,majr rsm;ysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_/ pD;yGg;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;qHk;&_Hl;xdcdkufepfemapr_ESifh &&SdcHpm;&rnfhpD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwfwdk@udk vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;xifjrifcsufay;Edkifonfh ynm&Sif rsm;uavhvmI jynfolvlxktm;wifjy+yD; a'ocHjynfoltrsm;. oabmwlnDr_ udk&,lum a&umwmwnfaqmufonfhvkyfief;udk aqmif&Gufoifhyga}umif;wifjy vdkuf&ygonf? rSwfcsuf? ? International Rivers Network . The International Move-ment Against Large Dams udkqDavsmfatmifbmomjyefqdkonf//



w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

yGifhvif;r_r&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifxHk;

0if;armif

ed'gef; w&m;pD&ifxHk;onf wlnDaomtr_tcif;rsm;tm;qHk;jzwf&mwGif wajy;nD&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[laomt,ltqrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm ,cifu qHk;jzwfcJhzl;aomtr_ESifh tvm;o¾mefwlaomtr_rsm; xyfrHay:aygufvmygu w ajy;nDqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef pD&ifxHk;jyKxm;zkd@vdktyfonf[laom t,ltqjzpfonf? EdkifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif w&m;&Hk;csKyf (tjrifhqHk;w&m;&Hk;)rS pHjyKqHk;jzwfvdkufaomtr_ rsm;udk pD&ifxHk;tjzpf w&m;0ifyHkESdyfjzef@csDavh&Sd=uonf? pD&ifxHk;Y r_cif;wGifyg0ifol (pGyfpGJolESifh pGyfpGJcH&ol) trnfrsm;/ w&m;vkd/ w&m;[email protected]#mufvJcsufrsm;/ w &m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufESifh qHk;jzwf&onfhta=umif;jycsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&onf? w&m;pD&if xHk;rsm;onf Oya'e,fy,fwGif vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;twGuf tm;xm;&mt&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpf&ayrnf? w&m;&Hk;wGif w&m;pD&ifxkH;udk tudk;tum;jyKonfhtcg w&m;&Hk;csKyfuxkwf jyefaompD&ifxHk;udk udk;um;wifjyrSom w&m;0ifjzpfonf? yk*~vdupmtkyfpmayjzef@ csDa&;wdk@ua&;om;aom xkwfa0aompmtkyfudk udk;um;wifjyEdkifaomfvnf; w &m;0ifr_rjzpfay? w&m;&Hk;csKyfpD&ifxHk;wGif a&S›aersm;.av#mufvJcsuf tusOf;csKH;yg 0if&onf? w&m;&Hk;wGif pD&ifxHk;udkudk;um;wifjyonfhtcg pD&ifxHk;ygtr_trnf? pD &ifxHk;pmtkyftwGJESifh ckESpf/ pmrsufESmeHygwfwdk@udkyg azmfjy&onf? pD&ifxHk;xkwfjyef onfhtcg w&m;&Hk;csKyfu qHk;jzwfonfhtr_wdkif;udk pD&ifxHk;wGif azmfjyavhr&Sday? pD&ifxHk;xkwfjyefonfhtzGJ@ESifh Oya'pmtkyfjzef@csDa&; t,f'Dwmwdk@u rnfonfhtr_ qHk;jzwfcsuftm; pD&ifxHk;tjzpfazmfjyrnfqkdonfudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfavh&Sdonf? t xl;ojzifh Oya't& ta&;}uD;onf[k,lq&aom odk@r[kwf tcsuftvuft& xl;jcm;onf[k,lq&aom xl;jcm;onfhtr_rsm;udkom pD&ifxHk;tjzpf azmfjyavh&Sd



onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifxHk;

tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif yk*~vduxkwfa0aom Oya'*sme,f/ tywfpOfOya'qdkif&m pmapmifrsm;wGif w&m;&Hk;.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyavh&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w &m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aompmapmifrsm;/ *sme,frsm;tm; yk*~vduxkwf a0cGifhrjyKay? xdk@tjyif yk*~vduydkifowif;pmrsm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr&Sday? tpdk;& xdef;csKyfaom owif;pmrsm;om&SdI xdkowif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; Oya'qdkif&mjy\ emESifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;tr_t cif;rsm;ESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif; us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ azmfjyavhr&Sday? ppftpdk;&rSxdef;csKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;xkwfa0a&;bkwftzGJ@ (Burma Law Reporting Board)uom ESpfpOf jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;tm; xkwfjyefavh&Sdonf? TpD&ifxHk;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. tr_tcif;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udk avhvmEdkifonfhwpfckwnf;aom t&if;tjrpfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD &ifxHk;onf xl;jcm;aomtr_rsm;tay: w&m;±Hk;csKyf.qHk;jzwfcsufudk tajcjyKxkwf jyefjcif;jzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;twGuf tr_rsm;a±G;cs,f&mwGifvnf; tpdk;&cef@w&m;&Hk;csKyfOya't &m&Sdrsm;u pdwf}udKufa±G;cs,f=uavh&Sdonf? xkd@tjyif yGifhvif;r_vnf;r&Sday? w&m;pD&ifxHk;xkwfjyefjcif;onf wm0efcHjcif;[kvnf; t"dyg,faqmifayonf? wm0efcHr_ udk ppftpdk;&u pdk;&drfa=umufvef@onf? xdka=umifh pD&ifxHk;wGif a±G;cs,fxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udkom t}udrf}udrfazmfjy+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk tenf;tusOf;om xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;onf tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwf ay? pD&ifxHk;wGifrl qHk;jzwfcsufudk 0wfauswef;ausom a&;avh&Sdonf? pD&ifxHk;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; csdK;azmufr_rsm;&Sda=umif; odomxif &Sm;vsuf&Sdonf? Oya'ESifhywfoufI ppftpdk;&awG;qcsufrsm;twkdif; jrefrmEdkifiHpD &ifxHk;u a&mifjyef[wfay;aeayonf?

w&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&mrlESifh w&m;&Hk;csKyf.pD&ifydkifcGifh jynfolvlxkonf Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;r#wr_cHpm;&&Sd&ef w&m;&Hk;rsm;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyK=uonf? odk@aomf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;taejzifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfpD&if qkH;jzwfr_jyKEdkifrSomv#if w&m;&Hk;onf jynfolvlxk. tm;xm;&mXmersm;jzpfEdkif ayonf? EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;aumifpD (etz). w &m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mOya'wGif jyÏmef;csuftcsdK@onf EdkifiHwumw&m;pD&ifa&;pHcsdefrDS +yD; tm;xm;Edkifavmufaom jyXmef;csufrsm;yg0ifayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh w&m;pD



&ifa&;rlrsm;wGif - tydk'f 2 (u) Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifjcif;/ tydk'f 2 (i) Oya't& wm;jrpfcsufrSty jynfol@a&S@arSmufwGifw&m;pD&if jcif;/ tydk'f 2 (p) tr_wGif ckcHacsycGifhESifh Oya't& t,lcHykdifcGifhay;jcif;w&m;&Hk; csKyf.pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;wGif - tydk'f 5 (C) jynfe,f okd@r[kwf wkdif;w&m;&kH;ucsrSwfaom pD&ifcsuf/ trdef@/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: t,lcHr_ukd pD&ifjcif;/

taxGaxGtcef;wGif- tykd'f (25) Y w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ 'kwd,w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ w&m;&kH;csKyfw&m; ol}uD;rsm;/ jynfe,f/ wkdif;/ c&kdif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf tusOf;pcef;rsm;/ &Jbufp cef;rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@tcsKyfpcef;rsm;wGif tjypfusolrsm;ESifh tcsKyfcHae&olrsm;ukd r_cif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI Oya'ESifhtnD &oifh&xkdufaomtcGifhta&;rsm;cHpm;Ekdifa&;/ tr_ rsm;ppfaq;&mwGif =uef@=umr_r&Sdapa&;twGuf vkdtyfovkd ppfaq;=unfh&_Edkifonf ponfhjyÏmef;csufrsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&mpHrsm;ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGr_&Sdonf? odk@aomf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf ppftpdk;&.trdef@udkvnf; emcHae=u&onf? jynf e,f/ wdkif;/ c&dkif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;!dêE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckY e0w/ etz twGif;a&;r_;(1) AdkvfcsKyf cif!Gef@ rdef@cGef;pum;ajym&mwGif- “ --- w&m;ol}uD;rsm;[m w&m;pD&ifa&;&_a'gifhoufoufudkomr=unfhbJ EdkifiHawmfuusifhokH;aewJh rl0g' awG/ pDrHudef;awG/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;vkyfief;awGudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfzdk@vdktyfrSmjzpfygw,f --- ” [kajym =um;cJhonf? w &m;&Hk;csKyfw&m;ol}uD;csKyf OD;atmifwdk;uvnf; rdef@cGef;ac|&mY “ twGif;a&;r_; (1) .vrf;!GefcsufESifhtnD ” [laompum;udk t}udrf}udrfxnfhoGif;ajym=um;jcif;onf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm; twGif;a&;r_; (1).vrf;!Gefcsufudkvdkufem&ef Edk;aqmfay;aejcif;jzpfonf? tqdkygvrf;!Gefcsufrsm;atmufY w&m;ol}uD;rsm;.w &m;pD&ifa&;vGwfvyfr_&Sdonf/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;.pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf w&m;r#wonf[lI ,Hk=unf&efrl cufcJayonf? w&m;pD&ifxHk;twGuf a±G;cs,faom tr_rsm;rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@. vrf;!Gefcsuft& a&G;cs,fonf[k,lqEdkifay onf?

pD&ifxHk;jyKaomtr+rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGif &mZ0wfr_ESifh w&m;rr_[lI tydkif;ESpfydkif;yg0ifonf? Tpmwrf;i,fwGiff &mZ0wfr_tydkif;udkom azmfjyrnfjzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;.&mZ0wfr_ tydkif;wGifrl 1992 ckESpfwGif tr_ 51 r_/ 1993 ckESpfwGif 50 r_/ 1994 ckESpfwGif 24 r_/ 1996wGif 36 r_/ 1997 wGif 16 r_/ 1998wGif 37 r_ toD;oD;&Sd&m pD&ifxHk;jyKaom



tr_rSm renf;vSay? 1992 ESifh 1998 umvrsm;twGif; pD&ifxHk;jyKaomtr_rsm;wGif axmif 6 v rS ao'%ftxdduscH& Edkifaomtr_rsm;yg0ifonf? jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGif azmfjyxm;aomtr_rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &mZ0wfr_ ESifhqdkifaom jypfr_/ cdk;r_/ vdrfvnf vSnfhzsm;r_/ tv$JoHk;pm;jyKr_/ rk'def;r_/ vlowfr_ESifh cdk;&mygypPnf;vufcHr_uJhodk@aom tr_rsm;udkom pD&ifqHk;jzwfxm;onf? xkd@tjyif tcsKd@pD&ifxHk;rsm;rSm &mZ0wfr_usifhxHk;Oya'/ oufaocHOya'/ 1962 ckESpf oD;pm;cs xm;a&;Oya'/ 1974ckESpf rl;,pfxHkxdkif;ab;jzpfapwwfaom aq;0g;rsm;Oya'ESifh 1993 ckESpf rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh pdwfudkajymif;vJapwwfaomaq;0grsm;Oya' ponf wdk@ESifhoufqdkifaomtr_rsm;jzpfonf? 1992 ESifh 1998 ckESpfrsm;t=um; jrefrmEdkifiH pD&ifxHk;wGifazmfjyxm;aomtr_rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh omreftr_rsm;udkazmfjyxm;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1994 ckESpf pD&ifxHk;wGif cdk;r_wpfr_udk pD&ifxHk;jyKxm;onf? yJcl;wdkif;&Sd ±Gmwpf±GmY vuform;wpfOD;tm; bk&m;ausmif;aqmufvkyfa&;aumfrwDt wGif;a&;r_;u usyfaiGwefzdk; 1500cef@ (tar&duefa':vm 4 a': vmcef@)&Sdaom bk &m;ausmif;ydkif opfrsm;cdk;onf[k pGyfpGJonf? vuform;u ‚if;cdk;,ljcif;r[kwf/ bk &m;ausmif;wGif xdkifcHkrsm;jyKvkyf&ef aus;±Gmvl}uD;.cGifhjyKcsufjzifh opfrsm;ukd ausmif;0if;twGif;Yom ,lokH;jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ ausmif;ykdifopfwpfacsmif;omyg a=umif; ckcHacsyxm;onf? xdktr_ESifhywfoufI rlvw&m;&Hk;. pGJcsufwifonfh t rdef@ukd wkdif;w&m;&kH;u jyifqifr_trdef@cscJhonf? wkdif;w&m;&kH;. jyifqifr_trdef@qHk;jzwfcsuftay: rauseyfojzifh xkdudpPrSm w&m;&Hk;csKyftxda&mufvmonf? w&m;&Hk;csKyfu xdktr_udk tqHk;tjzwfay;cJhonf? w&m;&Hk;csKyf.qHk;jzwfcsufudk jrefrmEdkif iHpD&ifxHk;wGif pD&ifxkH;jyKazmfjyxm;onf? aemuftr_wpfckrSm "ed+cHwpfckrSusyfaiGwefzdk; 1220&Sdaom "edawmukd ckwf,ljcif;ESifh "edyifrsm;ysufpD;r_jzpfonf? tqkdygtr_onfESpfOD;wkd@rSm ‚if;"ed+cHudk tarG qdkiftjzpf ydkifqdkifcJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? tr_rjzpfyGm;rDu &0wvl}uD;rsm;ESihf tjcm;oufaorsm;a&S›wGif tarGcGJa0cJhaomfvnf; +cHajrydkifqdkifr_ESifhywfoufI w&m;0if &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;um; rjzpfao;ay? pGyfpGJolu xdk"ed+cHonf ‚if;.vuf0,f&Sdonf jzpfI pGyfpGJcH&oltaejzifh "edrsm;ckwf ,lvdkygu ‚if;.cGifhjyKcsufjzifhom ckwf,l&rnf[k,lqonf? pGyfpGJcH&oluvnf; "ed+cHonf ‚if;.vuf&Sdjzpfonf [kqkdonf? tr_ rSm ykdifqkdifr_twnfrjyKEkdifao;rD tcif;jzpfyGm;=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk"ed&Gufckwf,l onfhtr_onf w&m;&Hk;csKyfodk@ tqifhqifha&mufvmonf? w&m;&Hk;csKyfu xkdtr_ukd tqkH;tjzwfay;cJhonf? qHk;jzwfcsufudk vnf; pD&ifxHk;jyKxm;onf? Todk@aom pD&ifxHk;rsm;udk=unfhjcif;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf w&m;pGJqdkcGifh/ t,lcHcGifh/ tr_udk jyefvnf oHk;oyfay;ap&efawmif;qdkcGifh/ jyifqifay;ap&ef awmif;qdkcGifh&Sdonf[k ,lqEdkifayonf? xdk@tjyif w&m;ol}uD; rsm;uvnf;Oya' ESifhtnD ‚if;[email protected];udk aqmif&Guf=uonf[k ,lqEdkifayonf? odk@aomf pD&ifxHk;jyKr_rsm;wGifrl tao;tzGJtr_rsm;udk pD&ifxHk;jyKxm;onfukdawG@&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwD0ifrsm;udkta&;,lonfh udpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom tr_rsm;udkrl pD&ifxHk;wGifrawG@&Sd&ay?



jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ta&;ay:pDrHcsuf tufOya'(1950) EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,Suf zsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tEW&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya' (1975) ESifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0 olrsm;rSwfyHkwifOya' (1962)wdk@ESifh ta&;,lvsuf&Sdaomtr_ &maygif;rsm;pGm&Sd onf? tqdkygOya't& ta&;,laomtr_rsm;ukdqkH;jzwf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;pnf;&kH;r_ oabmygae+yD; rw&m;r_/ rr#wr_rsm;&SdaeI jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGifazmfjyavhr&Sday?

pD&ifxHk;rjyKaomxif&Sm;onfhtr+rsm;

pD&ifxHk;rjyKaomxif&Sm;onfhtr_rsm;teufatmufygtr_rsm;yg0ifonf? OD;apmvd_if,mOfwdkufr_- trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfaom OD;apmvd_ifonf awmifilc&dkifwGif ‚if;armif;ESifvmaomum;ESifh qdkufum;wpD;udk wdkufrdcJhonf? qdkufum;armif;olESifh qdkufum;ay:ygvmaom c&D;onfESpfOD;wdk@ r ajymyavmufaom '%f&m&&SdoGm;onf? OD;apmvd_iftm; awmifilc&kdif w&m;&kH;wGif ppfaq;pD&if&rnfhtpm; u|ef;ukef;&Jpcef;wGifcsKyfxm;+yD; &mZowf}uD;yk'fr 338 (t jyif;txH'%f&m&apr_)jzifh pGJcsufwifum axmif'%f 5ESpfcsrSwfvdkufayonf? odk@ aomf OD;apmvd_iftm; a&S›aersm;yg0ifaqmif±GufcGifhray;bJ jypf'%fcsrSwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya' ESifh vHk;0qef@usifaeayonf? armifxGef;ausmf0if;,mOfwdkufr_- (ppft&m&S d}uD;wpfOD;.om;jzpfol) armifxGef;ausmf0if; armif;ESifvmaomum;onf pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfausmif;om; armif&J0if;tm; wdkufrdcJh&m armif&J0if;rSm tjyif;txef'%f&m&&SdoGm;+yD; aq;&Hkodk@ ydk@aqmifcJh&onf? aq;&HkwGif armif&J0if;aoqHk;oGm;onf? w&m;cHarmifxGef;ausmf 0if;rSm zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf? &ufowWywfESpfywfcef@ xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&+yD;aemuf jyef vnfvGwfajrmufvmcJhonf? Ttr_ESifhywfoufaom w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufudk jref rmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGif awG@&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfay? armifxGef;ausmf0if;. ,mOfwdkufr_ aemufuG,fwGif ‚if;.zcift&Sdeft0gu Oya'udkausmfvGef tumtuG,fay;xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? tusOf;axmifpnf;urf;azgufzsufr_- OD;0if;wif (trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf twGif;a&;rª;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm; toif;. 'kwd,OuUÏ) tygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 28 OD;onf ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'yk'fr 5 (n)jzifh axmifESpf&SnfuscH&aepOf tusOf;axmifpnf;urf;csdK;azmufr_jzifh ta&;,lcH&jyefonf? tusOf;axmifpnf;urf;ESifhywfoufI tusOf;axmifvufpGJwGif azmfjyxm;onf? tusOf;axmifpnf;urf;udkcsKd;azmufygu tao;trGm;jypf'%fomay;cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; ‚if;wkd@tay:}uD; av;aom jypf'%fay;Edkif&ef ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya' 5 (i)jzifh ta&;,lcJhjyef onf? ‚if;[email protected]_udk axmifxJwGifyif pD&ifqHk;jzwfcJh+yD; a&S›aeiSm;cGifhvnf;r&&SdcJh ay? OD;0if;wiftygt0if 28OD;tm; axmif'%f (7)ESpf xyfrHuscHap&ef trdef@csrSwf



cJhonf? oufaocHOya'ESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm; vufpGJwGifazmfjyxm;ouJhodk@ vkyfxHk;vkyf enf;t& w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufonf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpf +yD; w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufudk oufqdkif&mtr_wGifyg0ifolrsm; &,lcGifh&Sdonf? odk@aomf vnf; axmiftwGif;Y qHk;jzwfcJhaomtr_rsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynfolrsm;&&Sd&ef rsm;pGmtcuftcJ&Sdayonf? udkcifxGef;qdkoltr_ESifhpyfvsOf;Irl udkcifxGef;u axmifusaeaom ‚if;.rdwf aqGxHtvnfoGm;onf? ‚if;tm; axmifwGif;wGif rdwfaqGukd"gwfykH&kdufonf[kqkd um axmifpnf;urf;azmufzsufr_ESifh ta&;,lcJhonf? axmifpnf;urf;onf axmifusaeolrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifayonf? udkcifxGef;onf ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOy a'yk'fr 5 (C)ESifh tusOf;axmifvufpGJyk'fr 42/ 1894 ckESpf (1937 ckESpfjyifqif) t& jypf'%fay;jcif;cHcJh&onf? w&m;vdktaejzifh oufaotaxmuftxm; wifjy EdkifcJhjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ rsufjrifoufaoomjzpfaom tusOf;axmift&m&Sdtm; jyefvSef ar;cGef;ar;&efqifhqdkap&m vma&mufjcif;vnf;r&SdcJhay? aemufqHk;trdef@ csrSwfonfh tcsdefrwdkifrSDtxd a&S›aeiSm;cGifhvnf;r&&dScJhay? w&m;&Hk;u udkcifxGef;tm; tr_ESpfr_ twGuf axmif'%f 4ESpfESifh 3ESpf waygif;wnf;uscHap&ef trdef@csrSwfcJhonf? T onfrSm &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr 340 (1)/ w&m;&Hk;rsm; vufpGJtydk'f 455 (1)/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya' yk'fr 2 (p)wdk@ESifh qef@usifvsuf&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif xdktr_onf w&m;cHtm; ‚if;udk,fwdkifjzpfap/ ‚if;.tusdK;aqmifjzpfap =um;em&eftwGuf av#mufvJwifjycGifhray;bJ w&m;cH.tusdK; xdcdkufepfemaprnfhtrdef@udk rcsrSwf Edkifa=umif;azmfjyxm;onfh ,cifqHk;jzwfcJhbl;aom(pD&ifxHk;wGifyif azmfjyxmonfh) pD&ifcsufudk vHk;0 O\HkvspfvsK&_cJhavonf? wpfcgwpf&HwGif t}uHay;r_rsm;onfyifv#if tr_tjzpfqdkufa&mufoGm;avh&Sd onf// Oyrm 1990ckESpf arvwGif a±G;aumufyGJtEdkif&aom rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua& pDtzGJ@csKyfrS twGif;a&;rSL; a'gufwmrif;pdk;vif;tr_jzpfonf? a'gufwmrif;pdk;vif;onf rGefjynfopfygwD (e0wESifh typftcyf&yfpJa&;vkyfxm;aomygwD) A[dkaumfr wD0if 2OD;. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& wpHkw&m pmjzifha&;om;t}uHay;cJhonf? xdk t}uHay;csuftay:wGifppftpdk;&rS a'gufwmrif;pkd;vif;ESifh tjcm;ESpfOD;wdk@tm; typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufudkqef@usifI v_H@aqmfonf[kpGyfpGJjyD; ta&;ay:pDrcHcsufOya' yk'fr 5 (i)ESifh ta&;,lum 1995ckESpfwGif axmif'%f (7) ESpfpD uscH&ef &efukefwkdif;w&m;&kH;u pD&ifcsuftrdef@csrSwfcJhonf? TuJhodk@aom (EdkifiH a&;) tr_rsm;udk rnfodk@aom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh w&m;&Hk;uqHk;jzwfonfudk odvdk=uonf? pdwf0ifpm;p&mvnf;aumif;onf? odk@aomf xdkuJhokd@aom (EkdifiHa&;) tr_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGif awG@&SdEkdifvdrfhrnfum;r[kwfay?

jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifxHk; pDppfxkwfa0a&;tzGJŒ jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@udk ppftpdk;&ucef@tyfxm;olrsm;ESifhzGJ@pnf;



xm;onf? 1988 ckESpfwGif atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;udk pD&ifxHk;pDppfxkwfa0a&;tzGJ@t jzpf zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;onf?

(1) OD;wiftkH; w&m;ol}uD;/ w&m;&Hk;csKyf OuUÏ (2) OD;boef; !$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (3) OD;wifat; !$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ jypfr_Xme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (4) OD;pdk;!Gef@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ w&m;rXme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (5) OD;oufxGef; !$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ pDrHXme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if

1999 ckESpfwGif pD&ifxHk;pDppfxkwfa0a&;tzGJ@udk jyefvnfjyifqifwdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJh onf?

(1) OD;oef;OD; w&m;ol}uD;/ w&m;&kH;csKyf OuUX (2) a'gufwmwifatmifat; w&m;ol}uD;/ w&m;&kH;csKyf 'k-OuUX (3) OD;boef;atmif n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ w&m;&kH;csKyf tzGJ@0if (4) OD;wifat; !$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ jypfr_Xme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (5) OD;pdk;!Gef@ n$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ w&m;rXme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (6) OD;csefxGef; nGef=um;a&;rSL;/ axmufyHhXme w&m;&Hk;csKyf tzGJ@0if (7) OD;oufxGef; !$ef=um;a&;rSL;/ pDrHXme w&m;&Hk;csKyf twGif;a&;rSL; (8) OD;xifaZmf 'k- nGef=um;a&;rSL; wGJzuftwGif;a&rSL;

vuf&SdtzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf w&m;&Hk;csKyf0efxrf;rsm;omjzpf+yD; tusdK;aqmifa&S›aersm;tjzpf vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufaeolrsm;r[kwf=uay? pD&ifxkH;pDppfxkwf a0a&;tzGJ@ukd=unfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; pD&ifxkH;ukdavhvmolrsm; pD&ifxkH;rsm;tay: tm;rvkdtm;r&jzpf&onfrSm rxl;qef;ay? 1962 ckESpfrwdkifrSD ygvDref'Drdkua&pD acwfurl t,f'Dwmtygt0if tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh tusdK;aqmifa&S›aersm;jzpf=u+yD; a&S›aecsKyf&Hk;rSa&S›aewpfOD; tzGJ@0iftjzpfyg0ifavh&Sdonf?

ed*kH; jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;wGif 1988 ckESpf uwnf;upI EdkifiHa&;tr_rsm; pD&ifxHk;jyK jcif;r&SdonfrSm tHh=op&mr[kwfay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ppftpdk;rS xkwfa0jzef@ csDaoma=umifhjzpf.? 1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHpD&ifxHk;rsm;onf tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKavmufaom pD&ifxHk;rsm;r[kwfay? vuf&SdpD&ifxHk;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;Oy a'pdk;rdk;a&;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfapaom pD&ifxHk;rsm;omjzpfonf? pD&ifxHk;onf ppf tpdk;&. Oya'oabmxm;udk a&mifjyef[yfay;aom vSnfhjzm;r_toGiftjyifwpf&yf jzpfonf? Burma Law Report (BLR) jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifxHk;tm; "Bad Law Report" (BLR) [k&nfn$ef;oifhonf//



usrf;udk;pm&if;

(1) R.J. Walker and R. Ward, "Walker & Walker's English Legal System", 7th edition. Chapter 3,C, "The Historical Development of Law Reporting", London: Butterworths, 1994, pp. 78-85.

(2) w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya' (EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&; aumifpD Oya'trSwf 5/2000) 27 &uf ZGefv 2000 ckESpf/

(3) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1979 (4) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1992 (5) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1993 (6) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1994 (7) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1995 (8) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1996 (9) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1997 (10) jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifxHk; 1998 (11) "The Burma Code", Vol. II, pp. 244-246. (12) "The Burma Code", Vol. VIII, p. 264. (13) w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ (14) Legal Issues on Burma Journal, No.2, June 1998, p. 13. (15) tm%m&Sifodk@ay;pmrsm;



tajccHOya'a&;&m

tajccHOya'a&;&mowif;twdktxGmrsm;

rSwfwrf;ESifh okawoeXme jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD

yD&l;orRwa[mif; zl*sDrl&D tr+ tusifhysufcspm;r_ESifh w&m;pGJqdkcH&I *syefEdkifiHwGifwdrf;a&Smifaeaom yD&l;orRw zl*sDrdk&Dtm; yD&l;a&S@aecsKyfu arvukefydkif;wGif vlowfr_jzifh tr_wpfr_xyfrHpGJ qdkvdkufjyefonf? 1991ckESpftwGif; vl15OD;tm; tpkvdkuft ðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_ wGif yg0ifywfoufonf[k pGyfpGJxm;onf? xdktr_jzpfyGm;onfhae@wGif zl*sDrdk&Donf axmufvSrf;a&;XmecsKyf National Intelligence Service (SIN) odk@oGm;a&muf+yD; jypfr_usK;vGefol axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; ‚if;[email protected]±Gufr_twGuf csD;usL;*k%fjyK&ef oGm;a&mufcJha=umif; pGyfpGJcsufwGifazmfjyxm;onf? xdkowfjzwfr_udkaqmif&Gufaom Colina ac: t&HwyfzGJ@. pDpOfaqmif&Gufr_udk orRwa[mif; zl*sDrdk&Du odxm;onf[kpGyfpGJxm;onf? zl*sDrdk&DtkyfcsKyfaom 1990rS 2000ckESpftwGif; olykefrsm;tm;xdk;ppfqif&mwGif Colina t&Hwyfonf vl@tcGifh ta&; usK;vGefazmufzsufr_rsm;&Sdonf[kvnf; tjypfzdk@cHxm;&onf? zl*sDrdk&Donf wm0efysufuGuf+yD; *syefEdkifiHwGifwdrf;a&Smifaer_twGufvnf; uGef u&ufvGwfawmfu w&m;pGJxm;onf? ‚if;onf vGefcJhonfhESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif‚if;. vuf&Hk;wpfqljzpfaom axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Avm'Drdk&D-rGefwufqDEdk.vm'f ay;r_udpPonf ‚if;ESifhywfoufr_&Sdaeaoma=umifh *syefEdkifiHodk@wdrf;a&Smifaejcif;jzpf onf? zl*sDrdk&D.ZeD;onfa[mif; blZmek[D&dkcsdu 1990ckESpfrsm;twGif; zl*sDrdk&D.*syefc &D;pOfrsm;teuf c&D;pOfwpfckwGif yD&l;qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf *syefEdkifiHutvSLaiG



ay;cJha=umif;/ xdktvSLaiGrsm;rSm tar&duefa':vm 12 oef;cGJ&Sda=umif;/ xdkaiGrsm;udk zl*sDrdk&Du *syefb%fwpfckwGif 0SufItyfESHxm;a=umif; uGefu&ufowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif Zlvdkifvtapmydkif;u xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhygonf? orRwa[mif;zl*sDrdk&D. ormorwfrusaomvkyf&yfrsm;onf wajz;ajz;ay:vmaeojzifh ‚if;tay:pGJqdkxm;aom tr_rsm;rSmvnf; wdk;yGm;vmvsuf&Sdonf? *s yeftpdk;&url ESpfEdkifiHw&m;cHvSJvS,fa&;pmcsKyf rcsKyfqdkxm;ojzifh zl*sDrdk&Dtm; yD&l; tm%mydkifrsm;odk@ v$Jtyfay;&ef jiif;qefvsuf&Sdonf?

yD&l;EdkifiHodk›w&m;cHjyefydk›ay;

yD&l;EdkifiH. axmufvSrf;a&;rSL;a[mif; Avm'DrDEdk-rGefwufqDEdkonf 0&rf;ajy;tjzpf AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHwGif ykef;atmif;aecJh&m AifeDZGJvm;tpdk;&rSzrf;qD;+yD; yD&l;EdkifiH odk@ ZGefv 25 &ufae@u jyefydk@ay;cJhygonf? rGefwufqDEdkonf rdcifyD&l;EdkifiHwGif w&m;r0ifvufeufrsm;a&mif;csr_/ rl;&pf aq;0g;arSmifcdk&aiGudk aiGjzLjzpfatmifajymif;v$Jr_ ponfwdk@jzifh tr_woDwwef;&if qdkif&rnf jzpfonf? rGefwufqDEdkonf 1990-2000 ckESpftwGif; yD&l;EdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfcJhaom ,ck*s yefEdkifiHwGifwdrf;a&Smifaeonfh yD&l;orRwa[mif; zl*sDrdk&D. t"duvuf&Hk;wpfqljzpf jyD; orRwzl*sDrdk&Dtm; aemufuG,ffrS}udK;udkifolvnf;jzpfygonf? 2000 ckESpf pufwufbmvwGif txufvGwfawmftrwfwpfOD;tm; vm'faiG ay;aeaomudpPudk AD'D,dk&dkuful;oufaoxlcsufjzifh &kyfjrifoH=um;XmerS toHv$ifh xkwfjyefa=ujim&mrS tusifhysuf cspm;r_ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdkrSwqifh t wdkuftcHrsm;udkvm'fxdk;&ef/ taESmifht,Sufay;&ef/ nSif;yrf;ESdyfpuf&efESifh zl*sDrdk&D tm%m&a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkxdef;csKyfvkyfudkifEdkif&ef aiGa=u;toHk;jyKcJhr_ pGyfpGJcsufrsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? wpfcsdefu rnfolr#rxd&Jrwdk@&Jaom rGefwufqDEdk/ jynfolwdk@zdef@zdef@wkHatmif vef@&aom rGefwufqDEdkonf (EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGifykef;atmif;ae) =urRm&[wffvnfvm I &mZ0wfab;ajy;rvGwfyJ tcsKyfom;b0ESifh rdcifEdkifiHodk@jyefa&mufum tr_&if qdkifae&+yDjzpfonf?

,l*dkqvmAforRwa[mif; urBmppfcHk&Hk;ydk›aqmifcH&

,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJa[mif;ESifh orRwa[mif; qvdkAdk 'rf-rDvdkaq;Apftm; ZGefv 29 &ufae@u e,fomvefEdkifiH o[dwf (The Hague) +rdK@&Sd urBmhppfcHk&Hk;odk@v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygonf?



orRwa[mif;rDvdkaq;Apftm; 1998-99 ckESpftwGif;u udkqdkAdka'o&Sd t,f vfab;eD;,m;e,frsm;udk ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;&mwGif t"duwm0ef&Sdoltjzpf vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay: &mZ0wfr_ usK;vGefr_ESifh urBmhppfcHk&Hk;upGyfpGJxm;onf? rdvdkaq;Apftm; urBmhcHk&Hk;odk@v$Jajymif;ay;tyfvdkufjcif;ESifhywfoufI ,l*dkq vmAfEdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&;rwnfr+idrfr_rsm; jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;udk rv$Jajymif;ay;rSD (6) &uftvdkwGif ,l*dkqvmAftpdk;&u ppf&mZ0wfr_ESifh vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay: &mZ0wfr_usK;vGefr_wdk@jzifh pGyfpGJxm;jcif;udpPtay: urBmhppfcHk&Hk; (ICTY) (,l*dkq vmAf) ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnf[k trdef@wpf&yfudkcsrSwfcJhonf? xdktrdef@xGufvm +yD; (5) &uft=umwGif ,l*dkqvmAf tajccHOya'w&m;&Hk;u uufbdeuftpdk;&.t rdef@udk qdkif;iHhxm;&efESifh w&m;cHv$Jajymif;ay;r_onf tajccHOya'ESifh nDrnD ESpfywf twGif;qHk;jzwfrnf[k a=unmcJhonf? w&m;&Hk;. a=unmcsufxGuf+yD;aemufwpf &ufwGif rDvdkaq;Apftm; o[dwf+rdK@odk@ zrf;qD;ydk@aqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@ydk@ vdkufonfhtwGuf vuf&Sd0ef}uD;csKyf Zdk&ef-ZDZD,dkurauseyfI tpdk;&tzGJ@rSE_wf xGufoGm;cJhonf? orRw Ad*spfvAf-aumfpwdkeDumuvnf; rDvdkaq;Apftm; ppfcHk;&Hk;odk@v$Jajymif;vdkufjcif;rSm tajccHOya'ESifhrnDa=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf? tajccHOya't&rl 0ef}uD;csKyfE_wfxGufygu tpdk;&wpfzGJ@vHk;E_wfxGuf=u&rnf jzpfaoma=umifh ,l*dkqvmAfwGif EdkifiHa&;rwnfr+idrfr_ wdk;yGm;vmvsuf&Sdonf? odk@aomf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ Oa&myEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfwdk@u rDvdkaq;Apftm; “,l*dkqvmAfjynfaxmifpk a[mif;twGuf urBmhppfcHk&Hk; ” odk@v$Jay;vdkufjcif;udk }udKqdkcJh=u onf?

ppf&mZ0wfr+ w&m;cHajy; ESpfOD; zrf;qD;a&; urBmhw&m;&Hk;utm&Hkpdkuf

,l*dkqvmAforRwa[mif; rDvdkaq;Apftm; urBmhppfcHk&Hk;odk@ v$Jajymif;cJh+yD;aemuf urBmhw&m;&Hk;u tvdkvm;qHk;w&m;cHESpfOD;jzpfaom abmpeD;,m;ppft wGif;u acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcJh=uonfh abmpeD;,m;qAfvlrsdK; &m'dkAef-u&m'csf ESifh ‚if;.ppfbufqdkif&mt}uD;tuJ &mwfudkrvm'pfufwdk@tm; zrf;qD;&&SdEdkifa&;t wGuf tm&Hkpdkufvsuf&Sdonf? (rDvdkaq;Apftm; urBmhcHk&Hk;odk@ v$Jajymif;,l+yD;aemuf wpf&uf o[dwf+rdK@owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif urBmhw&m;&Hk;a&S@aecsKyf umvm'Jvf aygifwDu um&mZJcsfESifh rvm'Jwfwdk@ESpfOD;v$wfaejcif;rSm vl=um;vdk@raumif;jzpfae a=umif; ajymqdkcJhygonf?) 0&rf;ajy;ESpfOD;rSmabmpeD;,m;qAf Bntity twGif;Y&Sdaea=umif;,lq=uonf? abmpeD;,m;qAf 0ef}uD;csKyftm; urBmhw&m;&Hk;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif±Guf&efESifh w&m;cH rsm;tm;zrf;qD;ay;&ef urBmhw&m;&Hk;uawmif;qdkxm;onf? xkdw&m;cHajy;ESpfOD;rSm abmpeD;,m;ppfyGJumvtwGif; ('kwd,urBmppft+yD; O a&mywGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk; &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfr_}uD; [kqdkEdkifonfh) Srebrenica



Y tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_wGif t"duyg0ifaqmif&Guf olrsm;[k,Hk=unfxm;onf? ‚if;ESpfOD;tm; tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_/ vlom;rsdK;EG,ftm; qef@usif usL;vGefonfhjypfr_ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_wdk@jzifh urBmhppfcHk&Hk;wGif w&m;pGJqdkxm;onf?

ygupPwefAdkvfcsKyf}uD; orRw&mxl;,l

ygupPwefppfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rl&Sm&zfonf ZGefv20&ufae@wGif ygvD reftm;zsufodrf;+yD; vuf&SdorRwtm; &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;um ‚if;udk,fwdkif orRw&m xl;udk&,lcJhygonf? ygupPwefppfacgif;aqmifonf 1999 atmufwdkbmvu t&yf om;tpdk;&0ef}uD;csKyf e0gZf-&S&pftm;z,f&Sm;jyD; tm%modrf;cJhjcif;jzpf onf? ‚if;tm%modrf;pOfu tajccHOya'tm; y,fzsufjcif;rvkyfcJhbJ orRwudk vnf; rlv&mxl;wGifqufvufxm;&SdcJhonf? ,cktcg tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyfESifhawG@qHk aqG;aEG;&mwGif wef;wlaqG;aEG;Edkif&efta=umif;jycsufjzifh EdkifiH.t}uD;tuJ&mxl;udkyg ‚if;uodrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? ygupPwefEdkifiH. tajccHOya't&rl EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJrSm orRwjzpfjyD; t pdk;&tzGJ@t}uD;tuJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf&rnf? ,ckrl ppfacgif;aqmifonf tpdk;&tzGJ@ t}uD;tuJ&mxl;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;ESifh EdkifiHht}uD;tuJ&mxl;udkyg wdk;csJ@,lvm aoma=umifh 2002 ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&rnf[laom w&m;&Hk;csKyfqHk;jzwfcsuftay: vdkufemygrnf[laom ‚if;.uwdudkvnf; vlxktaejzifh pdk;&drf vmae&ayonf?

w&m;&Hk;wGif vdrfnmxGufqdkol axmifav;ESpfuscH&

touf (61)ESpft&G,f&Sd t*Fveftxufv$wfawmftrwf rDvsHemolaÏ;}uD;ESifh emrnfausmfpma&;q&m}uD; qm*s,fz&Dtmcsmonf w&m;&Hk;wGif vdrfnm xGufqdkjcif;/ w&m;pD&ifr_udk v$JrSm;atmifvkyfjcif;twGuf axmif'%f(4)ESpfuscH &ef Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@u t*Fvefw&m;&Hk;u qHk;jzwfcJhonf? w&m;ol}uD;u tmcsmtm; aygifaiG wpfoef;ckESpfaomif;qyf&efESifh jypf'%f.xuf0ufudk tenf;qHk;uscH&ef trdef@cscJhonf? tmcsmonf 1979 ckESpfwGif ‚if;udkoduQmusapr_jzifh The Straits times pm apmiftm; w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ‚if;u w&m;pGJqdkr_wGiftEdkif&um aygifaiGoef;w 0ufausmf av#mfa=u;&cJhonf? odk@aomfoHo,jzpfaecJh&m vGefcJhaomESpfESpfcef@ wGif wufz&efppf qdkolu tmcsmtaejzifh tr_wGiftvDbdkifjyEdkifa&;twGuf ‚if;tm;iSg;&rf;oufaoxGufqdkapcJha=umif;azmfxkwf&mrS tr_jyefvnfpHkprf;ppfaq;r_



vkyfcJhonf? tmcsmonf 1987ckESpfu 'dkif,m&Dtwkvkyfum w&m;&Hk;Y oufao tjzpfwifcJha=umif;vnf; ay:vGifvmcJhonfhtwGuf w&m;ol}uD;u jypf'%fcsrSwf cJhjcif;jzpfonf? *sufz&Dtmcsm.a&S@aeu t,lcH0ifrnf[kqdkonf? trSefw&m;[lonf *k%f/ aiG/ tm%mwdk@jzifhvnf; zkH;uG,fxm;Ir&Edkifa=umif; tmcsmtr_u oufaoxl vsuf&Sdonf?

crmeD w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya'-urf;twnfjyK 1975-79 ckESpfu uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHtm; crmeDtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfpOf vlaygif;ESpf oef;eD;yg;r# touf&_H;qkH;cHcJh &jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I crmeDacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;ukd ckH &kH;wifw&m;pD&ifppfaq;a&; jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'=urf;w&yfukd Zlvkdifv 23&uf ae@u uarBm'D;,m;txufv$wfawmfrS twnfjyKcJhonf? xkd Oya'=urf;ukd Zl vkdifv 11 &ufae@Y atmufv$wfawmfu twnfjyKxm;+yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg bk&if oD[mEku vufrSwfa&;xdk; twnfjyK&efomusefawmhonf? TOya'tm; bk&ifutwnfjyK+yD;v#if ukvor*~ taejzifh oabmwlnDyg u ckH&kH;zGJ@tr_pwifppfaq;Edkif awmhrnfjzpfonf? crmeDacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd ckH&kH;wifppfaq;&mwGif EdkifiHwumOya'u|rf;usifolrsm;yg0ifrSomv#if w&m;r#wr_&Sd rnfjzpfa=umif;/ vuf&SduarBm'D;,m;w&m;pD&ifa&; pepfrSmtm;aysmhvsuf&Sd a=umif; ukvor*~rSajymqdkonf? crmeDrsm;ukdckH&kH;wifppfaq;&mwGif EdkifiHwum w&m;pD&ifa&;pHrsm;ESifh ukdufnDrSomv#if ukvor*~rSyg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifrnfjzpf a=umif; owday;ajym=um;xm;onf? ckH&kH;zGJ@w&m;pD&ifrnfh ae@owfrSwfr_ukdawmh ukor*~ESifh uarBm'D;,m; tpkd;&wkd@ aqG;aEG;nSdEkdif;r_ tay:rlwnfa=umif; 0ef}uD;qkwftrf u ajymqkdonf? crmeDwkdtkyfcsKyfpOfumvtwGif; uarBm'D;,m; jynfol 1.7 oef;cef@wkdonf crmeDwkd@vufcsufjzifhtouf qkH;&_H;cJhonf? tcsdK@u xkdudpPtay: wm0ef&Sdaom crm eDacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd ao'%fay;apvkdaomfvnf; uarB'D;,m; tajccHOya' t& ao'%fay;r_ukdwm;jzpfxm;onf? tcsdK@rl crmeDtr_ ppfaq;pD&if&efvkH;yrf; jcif; wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wkdwufatmifóu;yef;jcif;u t"duusonf[kqkd=uonf?

tif'kdeD;&Sm;ygvDrefu t'l&mref0g[pftm; orwtjzpfrSz,f&Sm; tif'kdeD;&Sm;ygvDref u Zlvkdifv 21 &ufae@u tif'dkeD;&Sm; tjrifhqHk; Oya'jyK v$wfawmf MPR tpnf;ta0;usif;yI orw t'l&mref0g[dtm; orwtjzpf rS ta&;,lz,f&Sm;vdkufonf? orw 0g[pfurl ygvDreftpnf;ta0;rSm w&m;



r0ifa=umif;/ ‚taeESifh ol.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd ygvDrefwGif vma&mufwif jy&ef rvkdtyfa=umif;/ ygvDref.vkyf&yfrSm tajccHOya'ESifh rnDa=umif;/ tajccH Oya't& orw oufwrf; 5 ESpfjynhfrSom ygvDrefwGifwifjy&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdonf? ygvDreftpnf;ta0;ac:,lygu oludkta&;,lzdk@vkyfv#if ygvDrefukd zsufodrf;+yD; ta&;ay:tajctaea=unmrnf[k tapmydkif;u 0g[du +cdrf;ajcmuf cJhonf? Zlvdkifv 23 &ufae@nwGif ygvDreftpnf;ta0;u axmufcHrJ 501/ uef@ uGufrJ r&Sdjzifh orw0g[pftm; orwtjzpfrS z,f&Sm;cJhonf? xkd@aemuf tif'kdeD;&Sm;vGwfvyfa&;zcif qlumEkd.orD;jzpfol 'korw rD*g0gwDqlumEkdylx&D tm; orwtjzpf wifajrmufvkduf=uonf? orwopf rD*g0gwDu Ta&G;cs,fwif ajrSmufr_rSm tajccHOya'ESifhtnDjzpfa=umif; ausnmcJhonf? orw 0g[pftm; &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;vkdufjcif;a=umifh ‚tm;axmufcHolrsm;u OD;aqmifqENjy=urnfukdpkd;&drfae=uaomfvnf; qENjyr_}uD;}uD;us,fus,f r&Sd cJhay?/hHorw0g[pf tcgaq;0g;ukocH&ef tar&duefEdkifiHokd@xGufcGmoGm;cJh+yDjzpf onf? ?



ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf&m

rDvdkaq;ApfeJ@ppf&mZ0wfr_pGJcsuf

cifarmif0if; ZGefv (29)&ufae@u e,fomvefEdkifiH w[dwf_rKd@ ukvor*~ ppf&mZ0wfcHk &Hk;-um;emyGJtwGif; vlom;jzpfr+udkqef@usifusL;vGefwJhjypfr+ (crime against hu-manity)eJ@ pGyfpGJcHxm;&wJh ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; orRwa[mif; qdkAdkwef rDvdkaq;Apf u ol@tr+udk ppfaq;rJhw&m;cGifudk w&m;r0ifwJhw&m;cGif/ pGJcsufawG[m w&m;r0ifwJh pGJcsufawGjzpfw,fvdk@qdkum w&m;cGifudk jyefvnfwdkufcdkufoGm;ygw,f? w&m;cGifudk awmh -o*kwfv(27) &ufae@txd a&$@qdkif;xm;vdkufygw,f? avhvmolwcsKd@uvnf; rDvdkaq;Apfudk tr+pD&ifaewJhw&m;cGif&J@ w&m;0ifr+ t qifhtwef;[mvnf; tprf;oyfcH/ tppfaq;cH tajctaerSm&Sdaew,fvdk@ qdk ygw,f? rDvdkaq;Apf&J@jypfr+awGuyJ tppfaq;cHrvm;/ w&m;cGifuyJtppfaq;cHr vm; qdkwmawG ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf wifjyvdkygw,f? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH[m c&dktuf/ qvdkaA;eD;,m;/ t,faA;eD;,m;/ qmh AD;,m; pwJhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk pkaygif;aexdkifwJh EdkfifiHjzpf_yD; qmh(A) (Serb) awGu vlrsm;pkjzpfygw,f? vlrsm;pk qmh(A)awGu jynfaxmifpktqifhEdkifiHa&;eJ@ ppfwyfudk xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? 1990ckESpfqef;ydkif;rSm c&dka&;&Sm;jynfe,feJ@ qvdk aA;eD;,m;jynfe,fawG cGJxGufwJhtwGuf ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufavmifvmcJh_yD; ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;_yKduGJzdk@ jzpfvm&ygawmhw,f? tJ'Dvdk z&dkz&JumvrSm qmhAD;,m;jynfe,f orRwjzpfaewJh rDvdkaq;Apf[m ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; u,fwifa&;aºuG;a-umfoHeJ@ qmhAD;,m;trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk aºuG;a-umf um ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;orRw jzpfvmygw,f? 'gayrJh ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; jynfe,f tm;vHk; qufvufcGJxGufae-uwmrdk@ tJ'DcGJxGufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+awGudk ESdyfuGyfwJh t aeeJ@ cGJxGufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+vkyfaewJh wdkif;&if;om;awGtm;vHk;udk tjypfrJht&yfom;rusef owfjzwf ESdyfeif;wJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;oef@pifa&;vlowfyGJ (ethnic clean-sing)awGudk qmhAD;,m;wdkif;&if;om;awG xdrf;csKyfxm;wJh ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;ppf wyfu orRwrDvdkaq;Apf&J@ trdef@ay;r+atmufrSm pepfwusvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f?



1992=93 ckESpfu aAmhqeD;,m;[mZD*dkAD;em; jynfe,frSmjzpfcJhwJh rlqvifawGudk owfjzwfr+eJ@ 1999 ckESpfu udkqdkAdkrSmjzpfcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om; t,faA;eD;,m;awGudk owfjzwfr+[m tqdk;0g;qHk;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr+}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? ,l*dkq vm;AD;,m;rSm tJ'DvdkvlrsKd;jyKef;owfjzwfr+}uD;awGjzpfae&wm[m Oa&myvHk_cHK a&;eJ@ a'ownf_idrfa&;udk _cdrf;ajcmufaewJhtwGuf Oa&myEdkifiHtrsm;pkeJ@ tar&d uefjynfaxmifpkwdk@yg0ifwJh aewdk;ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyfu ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jyo emudk _idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;zdk@/ qmh(A) r[kwfwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;&J@ tcGifh ta&;udk av;pm;vdkufemzdk@ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;tpdk;&udk t}uHay;cJhygw,f? rDvdk aq;Apfu em;raxmifyJ qmhtrsKd;om;a&;0g'udk w&m;vGefpdkufxl/ wjcm;vlrsKd;awGudk owfjzwfvkyfaewJhtwGuf 1999 ckESpfrSm aewdk;ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@u ,l*dk qvm;AD;,m;udk ava-umif;uAHk;-uJwdkufcdkufum rDvdkaq;Apf&J@&ufpufr+awGudk tqHk;owfay;cJh&ygw,f? aewdk;ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@&J@ AHk;-uJwdkufcdkufr+[m ukvor*~vHk_cHKa&;aumifpD&J@ qHk;jzwfcsuf oabmwlnDcsufrygyJ ppfr[mrdwftkyfpkwcku tcsKyftcsmtm%m ydkifEdkifiHwckudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfwmrdk@ tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'eJ@ rnD nGwfbl;vdk@ a0zefaxmufjyolawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? rDvdkaq;Apfudk w&m;pGJqdkwm[m tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'csKd;azgufxm;wJh aewdk;ppftkyfpku tompD;&tmif tumtuG,fvkyfzdk@ vufOD;r+,lwmyJvdk@ wcsKd@uajymygw,f? rDvdkaq;Apfudk,f wdkifuvnf; ol@udkw&m;pD&ifwJhw&m;cGif[m ukvor*~uwnfaxmifwmr[kwf vfdk@w&m;r0ifbl;vdk@ w&m;cGifrSm ajym-um;oGm;ygw,f? rDvdkaq;ApfvdkyJ tvm;wljypfr+rsKd;usL;vGefae-uwJh urBmw0Srf;u tm%m &SifawGuvnf; tJ'DvdkyJajymae-urSmyg? 'gayrJh tckrDvdkaq;Apf tr+udkppfaq;wJh w&m;cGif[m 1993 ckESpfuwnf;u ukvor*~u zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifxm;wJh In-ternational Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ac: ,l*dkq vm;AD;,m;twGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfw&m; &Hk;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dw&m;&Hk;[m EdkifiHtoD;oD;u w&m;ol}uD; 14 OD;yg0if_yD; ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;rSm jzpfcJhwJh qdk;qdk;0g;0g; vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr+tm;vHk;udkpD&ifEdkifwJhtm%m tyfESif;xm;wmrdk@ rDvdkaq;Apfudk tr+pD&ifEdkifwJhtm%m&Sdygw,f? w&m;r0ifwJhw&m;cGifvfdk@ jiif;vdk@ r&ygbl;? tvm;wlw&m;&Hk;rsKd; &0ef'gEdkifiHtwGufvnf; 1994 ckESpfrSm urBmhukv or*~u wnfaxmifay;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdk w&m;cGifawG[m tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oy a't& vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;vdk@r&wJh vlrsKd;jyKef;owfjzwfr+(genocide)/ vlom;jzpfr+udkqef@usifusL;vGefwJhjypfr+/ ppf&mZ0wfr+(war crime) rsKd;usL;vGefxm;ol awGudk pD&ifzdk@jzpfygw,f? rDvdkaq;ApfusL;vGefxm;wJh jypfr+awG[m tJ'grsKd;jypfr+ awGjzpfwJhtwGuf w[dwf_rKd@w&m;&Hk;udkwnfaxmifum tr+pD&if&wmjzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh tcktcsdefrSm ppfaq;pD&ifcHrSmu w&m;cGif&J@ w&m;0ifr+tqifhtwef;r[kwfyJ rDvdkaq;Apf wu,fyJpGJqdkxm;wJhtr+awGudk usL;vGefxm;jcif;&Sdr&Sd qdkwm jzpfygw,f?



vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_eJ@ tmpD,H Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intoler-ance ac: vlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr+ yaysmufa&; a'oqdkif&mnDvmcHwckudk xdkif;EdkifiH/ befaumuf_rdk@ csLvmavmifuGef;wuUodkvfrSm Zlvdkif 17 eJ@ 18 &uf ae@awGu ESpf&uf-umusif;ycJhygw,f? urBmhukvor*~u OD;aqmifwJh vl@rsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+wdkuf zsufa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&mnDvmcHwckudk pufwifbmv yxrywftwGif;rSm awmiftm z&duEdkifiHrSm usif;yzdk@&Sdwmrdk@ tmpD,HjynfolawG&J@oabmxm;udk }udK wif ppfwrf;aumufwJhtaeeJ@ befaumufnDvmcHudk usif;ywmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D ukvor*~ nDvmcH}uD;udk tmpD,Htpdk;&awGeJ@ (Non-Governmental Organi-zation-NGO) tzGJ@awGvnf; wufa&muf-urSmjzpfygw,f? tmpD,HEdkifiHawGu tJ'Dvl@tcGifhta&;nDvmcH}uD;rSm b,fvdktcef;u¾u yg0ifujyrvJqdkwm pdwf 0ifpm;p&myJjzpfygw,f? befaumufnDvmcHrSm wufa&mufvm-uwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGu ta&S@ awmiftm&S EdkifiHawGrSmjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;qufqHr+awGta-umif; aqG;aEG;cJh-uygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,ftoD;oD;wifjy-u&mrSm tjypfrJhwdkif;&if;om;awGudk ppfwyfu enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ cGJjcm;qufqHyHk/ wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;orD;awGudk ppfom;awG tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd rk'drf;usifh-uyHk/ wdkif;&if;olawGudk tpdk;& ppfom;awGawGeJ@ twif;t-uyfvufxyfxdrf;jrm;cdkif;yHk/ wcsKd@trsKd;orD;awG rk'drf;usifhcH&wJhtwGuf tazr ay:yJ cav;arG;vmwJhtcg v@ltodkif;t0dkif;xJrSm rsufESmi,f&yHk/ trsKd;orD;awGudk a&mif;0,fazgufum;um jynfhwefqmtjzpfapcdkif;yHk/ wjcm;EdkifiHrSmoGm;a&muft vkyfvkyfaeolawG cGJjcm;qufqHcH&yHk/ bmomrwlolawGudk tpdk;&u ESdyfuGyfyHk/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;awG&J@ bmompum;/ pmayawGavhvmqnf;yl;cGifhudk trdef@ tm%mtiftm;oHk;wm;jrpfyHk/ wdkif;&if;om;awG&J@"avhxHk;wrf;awG uG,faysmuf oGm;atmif tpdk;&u pDrHudef;csvkyfaqmifaeyHk pwJhvlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr+qdkif &m vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+awGudk wifjyoGm;-uygw,f? befaumufnDvmcH wufa&mufvmolawG[m NGO woD;yk*~tzGJ@awGom jzpfwJhtwGuf olwdk@&J@pOf;pm;csuf/ axmufcHwifjycsufawGufdk tmpD,Htpdk;&awG u od&SdEdkifatmif ZlvdkifvaemufqHk;ywftwGif; AD,uferfEdkifiH [Edkif;_rdK@rSmusif;y cJhwJh tmpD,H0ef}uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;udk befaumufnDvmcHu oabmwlcJhwJh t csufawGudk ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ar;p&mjzpfvmwmu tmpD,HrSmxHk;pHr&Sdao;wJh NGO woD;yk*~vtzGJ@awGwifjywmudk 0ef}uD;awGu vufcHpOf;pm;cJh&J@vm; qdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? befaumufnDvmcH wufa&mufvmolawGuvnf; tmpD,H0ef}uD;awG vufcHpOf;pm;ygrvm;qdkwmudk oHo,&Sda-umif; tpueOD;u wnf;u ajymxm;ygw,f? tck tmpD,H0ef}uD;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;_yD;oGm;_yDjzpfayrJh



NGO tzGJ@awG&J@ wifjycsufudk b,fvdkvufcHpOf;pm;w,fqdkwm vlod&Sif-um; xkwfaz:ajymqdkjcif; wpHkw&mudkr# r-um;odcJh&ygbl;? tJ'DvlrsKd;a&; cGJjcm;qufqHr+awG tmpD,Ha'oxJrSm &Sdaeygw,fvdk@ todt rSwfrjyKyJ tmpD,Htpdk;&awGu tJ'gawGudk jyKjyifukpm;rJhay:vpDawG csrSwfrSm r[kwfygbl;? xdk@twl awmiftmz&durSmusif;yrJh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ nDvmcH}uD;rSm vnf; tmpD,HjynfolawG vdkvm;awmif;qdkaewJh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ wdkufzsufa&;enf;emawGudk tmpD,Htpdk;&awG axmufcHrvm;qdkwm oHo,jzpfp&mygyJ? 'g a-umihf ta&;}uD;qHk;u vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+awG tmpD,HEdkifiHwGrSm jzpf&Sdaew,fqdk wmudk tmpD,HEdkifiHtpdk;&awGu vufcHzdk@vdkygw,f? tmpD,Htpdk;&awG[m olwdk@ EdkifiHxJrSmjzpfaewJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+awGudk tjynfjynfqdkif&mu axmuf jyaewmawmif tJ'grsKd;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azgufr+awGr&Sdygbl;vdk@ ajymifjiif;qefae wJh EdkifiHrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f? tmpD,HjynfolawG befaumufnDvmcHrSmwifjycJhwJh vlrsKd; cGJjcm;r+qufqHr+a-umihfjzpfae&wJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+rsKd;awG r&Sdbl;vdk@ tmpD,H tpdk;&awG jiif;r,fvdk@ axmufjyolawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? tmpD,HEdkifiHawGxJrSm xdkif;eJ@zdvpfydkifvdk tweftoifh'Drdkua&pDuswJhtpdk;& awG tkyfcsKyfaewmrsKd;&Sdovdk 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;jzpfwJh tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;eJ@tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtwdkif;twmw ckxd&SdwJhEdkfifiHawGu tmpD,Ha'orSmjzpfaewJh jyoemawGudk t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; vufcH todtrSwfjyK_yD; ajz&Sif;zdk@vdkvm;ayrJh tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfaewJhEdkfifiH awGuawmh tjzpfrSefudkjiif;y,fum enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJ@ajz&Sif;zdk@ tqdkjyKwmawG udkvnf; y,fcsavh&Sdygw,f? tmpD,HrSmjzpfaewJh ta&;}uD;jyoemawGudk ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ tmpD,HxGdKifum zGJ@pnf;zdk@ xdkif;EdkfifiHu ,refESpf tmpD,H0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;rSm wifjyEdkifcJhayrJh tm%m&Sifpepf&SdwJh tmpD,HEdkifiHawGu tJ'DtmpD,HxGdKifum tm;aysmhoGm;atmif enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ynwfcsufawG xnfhvdkufwJhtcg tmpD,HxGdKif um[m bmrSta&;rygwJh xdGKifum jzpfoGm;&ygw,f? tckwcg vlrsKfd;a&;cGJjcm; qufqHa&;udpPrSmvnf; tmpD,HEdkifiHwcsKd@u t&Sdtwdkif;vufcHEdkifw,fqdkwmudk cef@rSef;Edkifovdk wcsKd@uvnf; ajymif;jiif;Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dvdkjiif;y,fwm[m olwdk@ EdkifiHxJrSmjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+awGudk t_rJwap zHk;uG,fjiif;y,f avh&SdwJh tavhtxa-umifhqdkwm &Sif;ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk; wnfaxmifa&;twGuf v+yf&Sm;r+}uD; urBmrSm t&Sdef&aewm tm;vHk;todjzpfygw,f? Rome Treaty a&mrpmcsKyfvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;wnfaxmifa&; oabmwlpm csKyfudk urBmhEdkifiH 80 u twnfjyKvdkufwJhtcg pmcsKyftm%mwnfvmrSmjzpf_yD; EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSmjzpfaewJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+udk tJ'Dw&m;&Hk;u wdkuf&dkuf udkifwG,f oGm;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f? yHkpHrsKd;pHkeJ@jzpfay:aewJh vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+awG[m tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;u pD&ifEdkifwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+rsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? 1948ckESpfu twnfjyKxm;wJh The Convention on the Preven-



tion and Punishment of The Crime of Genocide ac: vlrsKd;jyKef;owfjzwf r+wm;qD;a&;eJ@tjypfay;a&; EdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyf[m vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ wdkufzsufa&;rSm ta&;ygvSwJh pmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? tJ'DpmcsKyfudk jrefrmEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk; oabmwlxm;_yD;jzpfygw,f? wjcm;tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifh a&;pmcsKyfpmwrf;wcsKd@rSmvnf; vlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr+awG[m bmvnf;qdkwm jy Xmef;owfrSwfxm;_yD;&Sdygw,f? 'ga-umifh a&mrpmcsKyf tm%mwnfvm_yD;aemuf rSm tmpD,Ha'orSmjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr+eJ@ wjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azgufr+awGudk ,cifuxuf ydkrdkxda&mufpGm udkifwG,foGm;Edkifvdrfhr,f/ 'grSr[kwf wm;qD;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifh&ygw,f? ?

crmeDw&m;pD&ifa&; trsKd;jyHK;vlowfr+eJ@ pGyfpGJcHxm;&wJh crmeDacgif;aqmifawGudk uarBm'D;,m; jynfwGif; Oya't&om w&m;pD&ifoGm;rJhta-umif;/ ukvor*~u tJ'Dw&m;pD&if a&;rSm yg0ifywfoufr+ &Sdr&Sd qdkwmudk *&krpdkufa-umif; 0ef}uD;csKyf [Gefqef;u (22=7=2001) uajymqdkcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh cemeDawGudk &Hk;wifppfaq; jzpf atmif zdtm;ay;cJhwm[m urBmhukvor*~jzpfygw,f? ukvor*~eJ@uarBm'D;,m; tpdk;&wdk@ yl;wGJ_yD; crmeDawGudk &Hk;wifppfaq;zdk@ vGefcJhwJh ESpfuwnf;uoabm wl xm;_yD; tckcgusrS [Gefqef;u tJ'Dvdk xkwfaz:ajymqdk&wmeJ@ ywfovufvkd@ pOf;pm;oHk;oyfp&m jzpfvmygw,f? 1975ckESpfu uarBm'D,m;rSm tm%m&vmwJhcrmeD ac: uarBm'D;,m;uGef jrLepfawGudk AD,uferfuGefjrLepftpdk;&&J@ tultnDeJ@ [Gefqef;u 1979ckESpfrSm z,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? [Gefqef;tpdk;&udk usm;uefay;Edkifatmif AD,uferfppfwyfawG uarBm'D;,m;rSm qufvufwyfpGJaecJhygw,f? crmeDawGvnf; awmxJjyefa&muf oGm;_yD; olykefb0eJ@ [Gefqef;tpdk;&udk awmfvSefaecJhygw,f? uarBm'D;,m;udkav;ESpfwmr#tkyfcsKyfcJhpOftwGif; vlwoef;ckepfodef;avmuf udkowfjzwfxm;wJhtzGJ@jzpfrSef;odvsufeJ@ crmeDawGudk tJ'Dtcsdefu urBmhtif tm;}uD;EdkfifiHawGuawmif axmufcHr+ay;cJhygw,f? ukvor*~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD tjrJwrf;tzGJ@0ifawGjzpfwJh w&kwf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ tmpD,HEdkifiHwcsKd@u crmeDawG olykefjyefjzpfaewmawmif qufvufaxmufcHr+ay;cJhygw,f? ukvo r*~rSm&SdwJh uarBm'D;,m;tpdk;&xdkifcHkudkawmif crmeDawGudk ay;tyfcJhygw,f? tJ'g udk 0ef}uD;csKyf [Gefqef;uvnf; a0zefaxmufjycJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk axmufcHr+ay;ae&jcif;&J@ t"duta-umif;t&if;uawmh crmeDawGudk }udKufvdk@r[kwfyJ crmeD awGudk jzKwfcsvdkufwJh AD,uferfuGefjrLepfawGudk rvdkvm;vdk@jzpfygw,f? w&kwfeJ@ AD,uferf[m uGefjrLepftdrfeD;jcif;EdkifiHawGjzpfayrJh r[m&efol}uD;awGjzpfygw,f?



xdk@twl tar&duefawGuvnf; AD,uferfppfyGJuae qkwfcGgay;vdkuf&wm ylylaeG;aEG;&Sdao;wmrdk@ AD,uferfawGudk tcJraus jzpfae&ygw,f? tmpD,HEdkifiHawGu vnf; tJ'Dtcsdefu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tkyfpk}uD;tjzpfwnf&Sdaewmrdk@ AD,uf erfuGefjrLepf0g' ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHawGzuf e,frusGefvmatmif crmeDawGudk axmufcHr+ay;xm;_yD; uarBm'D;,m;xJrSmwif uGefjrLepf tjcif;jcif;ppfjzpf_yD; tif tm;ukefcef;atmif upm;aewJhtcsdefjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ vlwoef;ckepfodef;avmuf owfxm;ygw,fqdkwJh crmeDawG[mvnf; olykefjzpfaewmawmif EdkifiH wumrSm axmufcHrJhol &SdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dvdk axmufcHr+[m tJ'Dtcsdefu urBmhEdkifiHa&;/ a'oEdkifiHa&; csdefcGif&Sm n‡dr+a-umifh &vmwJh axmufcHr+qdkwm &Sif;ygw,f? urBmhEdkifiHa&; a&pD;a-umif;&J@ tajymif;tvJatmufrSm crmeDawGudk ay;ae wJh EdkifiHwum axmufcHr+awGvnf; ajymif;vJvmcJhw,f? 1993ckESpfu uarBm 'D;,m;jyoemrSm yg0ifaewJh tiftm;pkawGtm;vHk; ukvor*~OD;aqmif}uD;-uyf usif;yay;wJh ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSm crmeDawG yg0ifzdk@ jiif;qefwJhtcsuf[m ermeDawGudk EdkifiHwum axmufcHr+ usqif;apwJh vwfwavm ta-umif; t&if;jzpfcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif tar&duefeJ@ AD,uferf oHwrefqufqHa&;eJ@ pD;ygG;a&;qufqHr+jyefvkyfvmwm/ uGefjrLepfudk qef@usifcJhwJh tmpD,Huvnf; AD,uferfeJ@ vmtdk uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGudk tzGJ@0iftjzpf vufcHvmwmawG jzpfvmygw,f? ayg aygh tygt0if xdyfwef;crmeD acgif;aqmifawG aoolao/ [Gefqef; tpdk;&xH vufeufcsolcs jzpfvmw,f? 'ga-umifh AD,uferf&efa-umifh crmeDawGudk axmuf cHay;aecJhwJh EdkifiHawG[mvnf; t,ifuvdk axmufcHaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;? urBmhvl@tcGifhta&;v+yf&Sm;r+uvnf; t&Sdefaumif;vmwmrdk@ crmeDawGudk trsKd;jyHK;vlowfr+eJ@ &Hk;wifppfaq;Edkifa&;twGuf wcsdefu crmeDawGudk xdkifcHkay;cJhwJh ukvor*~uawmif OD;aqmifvkyfvmygw,f? ta-umif;a-umif;aom zdtm;awG udk rvGefqefEdkifwJhtqHk; ukvor*~eJ@ uarBm'D;,m;wdk@ yl;wGJw&m;cGifwnfaxmif um crmeDawGudk&Hk;wifppfaq;zdk@ [Gefqef;tpdk;&u ,refESpfu oabmwlcJh&yg w,f? tcktcsdefrS [Gefqef;taeeJ@ ukvor*~u yg0ifwmudk bma-umihfjiif;qefae &wmvnf;qdkwmu ar;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? xdyfwef; crmeDacgif;aqmifwcsKd@[m [Gefqef;&J@ tpdk;&xJrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awG &,lxm;w,fqdkwJh tcsufudk avh vmolwcsKd@u axmufjywm-uygw,f/? crmeDawGeJ@ [Gefqef; b,favmuftxd aemufuG,frSm Zwf&+yfawG &SdaeovJqdkwmudk vltodrcHcsifvdk@ crmeD w&m;pD&if a&;rSm EdkifiHwumu yg0ifvmwmudk jiif;aewmvdk@ axmufjyolawGvnf; &Sdyg w,f? wcsKd@awmh crmeDawGudk w&m;pD&ifvdkuf,if rauseyfr+awGjzpfvm_yD; vuf usefcrmeDawGu uarBm'D;,m; jynfwGif;ppfudk jyefzefwD;Edkifw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk vnf; wcsKd@uaxmufjyygw,f? bmta-umif;t&if;yJaemufuG,frSm &Sd&Sd/ crmeD awGudk wcsdefu ukvor*~rSmawmif xdkifcHkay;cJh_yD; tckrS w&m;pGJzdk@ajymwm[m



ukvor*~taaeeJ@ worwfwnf;r&Sdbl;qdkwJh tcsufudk [Gefqef;u axmufjyyg w,f? 'gayrJh crmeDw&m;pD&ifa&;udk ukvor*~u vkyfzdk@rvdkbl;vdk@ jiif;vdk@r&yg bl;? bma-umihfvJqdkawmh crmeDawG usL;vGefxm;wJh jypfr+awG[m tjynfjynf qdkif&mOya't& vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;vdk@r&wJh jypfr+awGjzpfvdk@yg? w&m;pGJudk pGJ&rSmyg? uarBm'D;,m;&J@ jynfwGif;w&m;pD&ifa&; pepfu tqifhtwef;rrSDao;vdk@ EdkifiHwumeJ@ ukvor*~u yg0ifywfoufzdk@vnf;vdkygw,f? crmeDawGudk w&m;pD &ifa&;udpPrSm ouFef;pm,lEdkifwJhtcsufuawmh tpdk;&w&yfudk urBmhukvor*~u vufcHxm;w,fqdkwJhtcsuf[m tJ'Dtpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawG twdwfu usL;vGefcJhwJh vl@tcGifh ta&;csKd;azgufr+awGudk wcsdefrSmjyefvnfppfaq;cGifhr&Sdbl;vdk@ jiif;y,fae vdk@r&bl;qdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? ?