considerations for managing sports injuries

8/9/2019 Considerations for Managing Sports Injuries

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SPS321

Sports Injury and

Emergency Care

Mohd Fadzil b. Hj. KamarudinSR113 UiTM/INSTEDT


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Considerations for Managing Sports Injuries

Preventive &

Reactive Measures

For Sports Injuries

Rehabilitation &

Reconditioning Principles

Causative Factors

of Sports Injuries

Knowledge of Biomechanics &

Exercise PhysiologyKnowledge of Anatomy &

Human Physiology


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Factors That Lead to Injuries

Overdoing and pushing too hard.

Inadequate footwear and equipment.

Poor conditioning.

Weak, tight muscles. Improper training techniques.

No warm up or stretching.

Ignoring aches and pain Repetitive high intensity activities.

Exercising too soon after injury.


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Classification of Sports Injury Causes

External violence Human (Body contact)

Implemental (Boot, stick, ball, racquet)

Vehicular (Ski, car, skate board) Environmental (Wall, uneven ground, goalpost, wet or dry track)

Internal violence

Strain Sprain

Dislocations

Fractures


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10 Most Common Sports Injuries


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Stress (chronic) & acute injuries


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What is the difference between stress

(chronic) injury and acute injury?

Stress or chronic injury

An injury that occurs to an area of the body, due

to repeated stressful exertions or demands of a

physical activity, over along period of time. Pain

is slight or non-existent at the beginning and

then progressively becomes worse. For exampledance aerobics.


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Acute injury

This injury occurs when there is immediate

trauma to a part of the body. Pain is immediate

and the injury usually involves tearing ofligaments, tendons, muscle tissue or even bone

fractures. For example sprained ankle.


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What should you do when an injury occurs?

The usual response would be to administer

First Aid.

First Aid is the temporary and immediate care

given to a person who is injured or who

suddenly becomes ill. It can also involve home

care if medical assistance is delayed or not

available.


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It also includes recognizing life-threatening

conditions and taking effective action to keep theinjured or ill person alive and in the best possiblecondition until medical assistance can beobtained.

You must also remember that First Aid does notreplace the physician, nurse or paramedic.

FIRST AID stands for First Informed ResponseofSafe &Specific Treatment to Avoid ImpendingD

anger or Death.


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The Principal Aims of First Aid

Recognize life threatening situations.

Supply artificial ventilation and circulation whenneeded.

Control bleeding.

Care for other life-threatening conditions.

Minimize further injury and complications.

Prevent infection.

Keep the victim as comfortable as possible. Arrange for medical assistance and

transportation.


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Role of a Sports First Aider

You must be able to take charge of a situation.

Keep calm while working under pressure and

organize others to do the same.

Be responsible for preparing all the necessaryequipment required for any possible emergency

situation.

Be responsible for keeping up to date with

information regarding injuries and illnesses, aswell as the latest emergency procedures.


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Priorities of a Sports First Aider

Initiate emergency plan Maintain life support

Control profuse bleeding

Minimize widespread systemic tissue damage

Splint unstable injuries

Control slow, steady bleeding

Minimize local tissue damage

Note: If a head or spine injury is suspected, youmust immobilize the head and spine beforegiving any first aid care.


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PRICE

P Prevention, prevention, prevention

R Rest

I Ice

C Compression

E - Elevation

D Doctor/Drugs

This is the cornerstone of Sports Injury

Management and should be followed where

possible.


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Prevention

Preventive measures should be taken beforeany sporting activity

Proper warming up and stretching is essential

in ensuring that muscles and joints are flexible

and warm enough

Equipment and attire should also be suitable

Athletes should also have had sufficient

training as well as an ideal level ofconditioning before the activity


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Rest

Relative rest vs. total rest

This will depend on how severe is the injury

A serious injury will require a longer rest

period while a small injury will need a shorter

time


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Ice

Applying ice will decrease the swelling and

pain

Reduce inflammation

Ice should be applied withing 10-15 minutesof the injury

Characteristic sensations cold, burning,

aching, numbness

Keep ice on for 10-30 minutes at 30-45minute intervals

This should be repeated up to 7 days


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Compression

Gentle, even pressure used in conjuction with

ice helps to minimize the swelling

Apply the compression loosely and startbelow the injury

Check colour, temperature and sensation


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Elevation

Place the injured part above the level of the

heart

This will enhance venous blood return and

extra vascular fluid is drained away from theinjured area

This procedure should be carried over 24 to

72 hours after the injury


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Categories of Injuries

Macrotrauma

This is a specific, sudden overload injury to atissue.

Causes disruption of tissue integrity

For example, trauma to the bone can lead tocontusion or fracture (closed or open

fracture), or a sharp object cutting the skinwill cause an open wound as well as bleeding.


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Joint trauma

This includes dislocations (completedisplacement of joint surface).

It also includes subluxations (partialdisplacement of joint surfaces).

This type of trauma causes joint laxity orinstability.


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Ligamentous trauma

Also known as SPRAINS

1stdegree sprain

Partial tear of ligament

Without increased joint instability

2nd degree sprain

Partial tear of ligament

With minor joint instability

3rd degree sprain Complete tear

With full joint instability


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Strain or sprain?


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Musculotendinous trauma

Muscle contusions This is caused by excess accumulation of blood

and fluid in tissues around the injured muscles.

Muscle STRAINS

This refers to tears of the muscle or tendonfibres.

1stDegree strain Partial tear of individual fibres and characterised by

strong but painful muscular activity.

2nd Degree strain Partial tear with weak, painful muscular activity.

3rd Degree strain Complete tear with very weak, painless muscle

activity.


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Microtrauma

Overuse injuries resulting from repeated,abnormal stress applied to a tissue bycontinuous training or training with toolittle recovery time.

Caused by training errors, inadequatetraining surfaces, faulty biomechanics &techniques.

Overuse injuries to bone may lead to,

stress fractures, caused by excessivetraining on hard surfaces.

Overuse injuries to tendons are callledtendonitis.


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The hidden injury: Stress fractures


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From injury to recovery

considerations for managing sports injuries

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