conserving historic parks and gardens in hungary

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This article was downloaded by: [Tufts University] On: 08 October 2014, At: 12:07 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Landscape Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/clar20 Conserving historic parks and gardens in Hungary József Sisa a & Károly Örsi b a Hungarian Academy Institute of Art History , b National Commission on Historic Buildings , Budapest Published online: 24 Feb 2007. To cite this article: József Sisa & Károly Örsi (1987) Conserving historic parks and gardens in Hungary, Landscape Research, 12:2, 22-26, DOI: 10.1080/01426398708706228 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426398708706228 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

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Page 1: Conserving historic parks and gardens in Hungary

This article was downloaded by: [Tufts University]On: 08 October 2014, At: 12:07Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: MortimerHouse, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Landscape ResearchPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/clar20

Conserving historic parks and gardens in HungaryJózsef Sisa a & Károly Örsi ba Hungarian Academy Institute of Art History ,b National Commission on Historic Buildings , BudapestPublished online: 24 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: József Sisa & Károly Örsi (1987) Conserving historic parks and gardens in Hungary, LandscapeResearch, 12:2, 22-26, DOI: 10.1080/01426398708706228

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426398708706228

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) containedin the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make norepresentations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose ofthe Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be reliedupon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shallnot be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and otherliabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to orarising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in anyform to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

Page 2: Conserving historic parks and gardens in Hungary

Conserving Historic Parks and Gardens inHungary

Fig. 1, below. Alcsut. Thepark, lake and fountainc.l 897.

József Sisa, Hungarian Academy Institute of ArtHistory and Károly Örsi, National Commission onHistoric Buildings, Budapest1. The institutionalcontextThe development of historic parkand garden protection in Hungaryis closely associated with thecreation and activity of the presentorganisation for the protection ofmonuments, the NationalCommission on Historic Buildings(Orszagos Miiemleki Feliigyeloseg).This was founded in 1957 andpublished the first official nationalregister of historical monuments in1960. This register provided forthe protection of historic gardensonly in general terms by stating thedesirability of preserving the spacesurrounding historic buildings. Inthe 1960s, when the first projectsto restore historic gardens weregetting under way, more specificlaws were issued; a decree of thePresidential Council in 1961declared man-made gardens anintegral component of theprotection of monuments. Adecree from the Ministry ofConstruction in 1967 providedfurther protection for historicgardens. The listing of historicgardens began in the late 1960s,which decade also saw experimentsto define general methods ofrestoration and rehabilitation. Inthe most recent national register of1976 the finest historic gardensenjoy full status as historicmonuments; in all some 140 parksand gardens are registered andprotected by the NationalCommission on Historic Buildings.

A major problem arises from the

fact that the Commission does notown these parks and gardens whichbelong to all sorts of institutions,collective farms etc., though not toprivate individuals. The .Commission has (in theory at least)the legal right and powers toprevent destruction of the gardens.Restoration or reconstruction,however, has to be carried out andfinanced mainly by the owners.The Commission gives specialadvice and the-landscape architectsof the Commission (headed byKaroly Orsi) draw up plans andoften supervise construction on thespot. The financial contribution theCommission can make is, however,minimal and limited mostly to thebuildings themselves and to infra-structure (roads, lighting). A case inpoint which illustrates this problemconcerns the overall costs ofrestoring the house and the historicpark at Seregelyes which totalledabout 260m. forints (c.£4 million).The National Commission onHistoric Buildings donated onlyabout 2m. forints, ie. less than oneper cent. Virtually the wholescheme was financed by Taurus,the tyre manufacturing company.In practice, therefore, the fate ofparks and gardens depends verymuch on their owners, whosefinancial positions and inclination torestore or properly maintain theirestates varies greatly. There isnow, however, a discernible trendtowards restoring gardens to theiroriginal splendour in Hungary. Itmust be stressed, though, that theseare almost exclusively historicgardens with country houses wherethe houses are being put to new,often profitable use, such as forhotels.

The Commission on HistoricBuildings works in closecollaboration with othergovernment agencies. TheCommission, the NationalAuthority for Nature and theEnvironment (Orszagos Kornyezet-es Termeszetvedelmi Hivatal) andthe National Authority for Waters(Orszagos Viziigyi Hivatal) sharemutual interests and comple-mentary duties. The activity of theNational Commission on HistoricBuildings is enhanced by

Hungary's membership in theInternational Federation ofLandscape Architects and in theInternationa] Committee forHistoric Gardens of ICOMOS.

2. The practice ofhistoric gardenrehabilitationIn spite of Hungary's turbulenthistory and at times depressedeconomic conditions, quite a fewlarge and an immense number oflesser gardens were laid out inHungary over the centuries1. Noneof the Renaissance gardenssurvives though some were amongthe finest anywhere incontemporary Europe, eg. KingMathias Corvinus' gardens atVisegrad and Buda, andArchbishop Lippay's garden atPozsony. French gardens inHungary date back to theeighteenth century, while mostremaining historic gardens are inthe English style. After the SecondWorld War, which itself caused agreat deal of destruction, theconditions of ownership changeddrastically. Country houses firststood derelict because their ownershad left or had been expropriated.Subsequently they were passed onto cooperative farms, schools orlocal authorities. The buildingssoon fell into disrepair and thesurrounding gardens decayed. Itwas, as noted earlier, in the decadeof the 1960s that schemes werefirst conceived to save countryhouses and historic gardens2. Asmost gardens have become quiteovergrown, many in fact dividedup, and ornamental structures andbuildings in the gardens destroyed,the task has been unlike that ofmost other European countries. InHungary there has been muchactual reconstruction rather thanrestoration or conservation in theusual sense.

Alcsut and Seregelyes —examples of restorationOur first example is the extensivelandscape garden at Alcsut (nowcalled Alcsutdoboz)3. This wasowned by members of theHapsburg family; the mansion was

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built and the garden was laid out(or Duke Joseph, Palatine ofHungary in c. 1820-1830. In thebarren countryside a beautifulgarden was created with twostreams and a lake, winding pathsamong the rolling hills, a specialcollection of trees and a number ofsmall ornamental structures.Palatine Joseph had a number oftrees planted until then unknown inHungary, such as cedar ofLebanon and the tulip tree. Heintended that his park should be amodel and also a source of exoticplants for other gardens in thecountry. The large landscapegarden was further enriched by hisson, also Duke Joseph, especiallyin the 1870s and 1880s. DukeJoseph was even more passionate agardener than his father; he is saidto have acclimatised at least 300species of plants in Hungary. Hehad the lake enlarged and had oneof the first artesian wells sunkwhich sent a spectacular jet ofwater into the air. (Figure 1)Water pipes were installedthroughout the park. New andlarger buildings were put up,including an impressiveconservatory and a zoo. A largestable adjoining the mansion wasremodelled and converted into achapel. (Figure 2)

After the Second World War thegreat Neo-Classical mansion waswantonly demolished; now only theportico remains. (Figure 3) Themajority of the other main buildingsand some garden structures weredestroyed as well. From lack ofmaintenance the vegetation grew

uncontrolled. Fortunately, apartfrom a group of elms destroyed byelm disease, the original treessurvived and the water system isalso intact. In 1965 the portico ofthe mansion and a miniature housein the park were restored. From1975 plans were prepared for therehabilitation of the garden and therestoration of the remainingbuildings. The lake has beendredged, garden structures havebeen repaired and the ruined chapelrestored. The present-day park isthough only about 40 ha. asopposed to the original area of 90

ha. It is an arboretum and also abird reserve where natureconservation research work is beingconducted. Therefore, the publichas only limited access to the park.The work of rehabilitation is still inprogress.

SeregelyesNot far from Alcsut is Seregelyes,where a smaller landscape parkwas laid out at the same time andin the same manner as at Alcsut.We mention this picturesque placebecause it has recently beencompletely restored together withthe Neo-Classical house. (Figures4 and 5) During the restorationthe dried-up lake was reconstructedand 150 evergreen trees, each 3-4m tall, were planted. The gardenat Seregelyes was the scene offierce fighting in the Second WorldWar and during restoration acommunal military burial had to beremoved, trenches filled in, andquantities of live ammunition andshells taken away. Despite theseproblems, the project was realizedin just two and a half years.

fig. 2, above left. Alcsut.The mansion, conservatoriesetc. c. 1875.Fig. 3, left. Alcsut. Porticoof the mansion - all thatremains of the originalhouse.fig. 4, below. Seregelyes.The garden and house in1984. In the foreground isthe silted-up lake.Fig. 5, bottom. Seregelyes.After restoration in 1986.

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Fig. 6, below. Nagycenk.Design by KneidingerC.17S5.Fig. 7, bottom. Nagycenk.The garden as enlarged inthe 1780s. The geometricalplanting is still evident.Fig. 8, upper right.Nagycenk. A plan ol thepark and surrounding areaby Jdnos Hegedus, 1789,which shows the completesuppression of all formalelements.

Fig. 9, lower right. Thismap was drawn by headgardener Grohlig to recordthe great variety of treesgrowing at Nagycenk. It ispublished in Ernst Silva-Tarouca, Die GartenanlagenOsterreich-Ungarns in Wortund Bild, Vienna, 1913.

Nagycenk. An exampleof reconstructionTrie park of the country house ofthe Szechenyi family at Nagycenkis an impressive example of thetransformation, decay and theeventual reconstruction of anhistoric garden4. It is especiallywell-documented with maps, plansand pictures. The first plan knownto us dates from the 1750s and is,judging from its characteristics andthe French inscriptions, the drawingof the anonymous designer of thepark at Kismarton (Eisenstadt).The splendid park of the Esterhazyfamily at Kismarton was famousoutside Hungary too, and CountAntal Szechenyi undoubtedly knewit personally as it is not far fromNagycenk. This drawing is an'ideal insight' with no reference tothe actual topographical features ofNagycenk. It served as a basis of

the actual plans, the first of whichwas drawn up by CasparKollmann, the second byKneidinger in the 1750s. (Figure6) Kneidinger's plan for a smallwalled garden in the formal, Frenchstyle was accepted. The longcentral part was laid out on theaxis of the main building, includinga parterre, a maze, a fountain anda wide avenue leading to the centreof the garden facade of the house.On either side, separated bybosquets, were an orchard and akitchen-garden. The axis of thegarden is continued outside the wallby a 24 m wide and 2.4 km longavenue flanked by lime-trees andterminated by a hermitage and achapel.

In the 1780s this French Baroquepark was enlarged. (Figure 7)The area surrounding the originalgarden was drained and turned intoa small "English" landscape park.The orchard and the kitchen-garden survived but, though thegeometrical division of the parterreis still evident, it had been laid

down to a simple grass lawn. Inthe newly laid-out areas someexotic trees were planted — copperbeech and giant redwood. From aplan dated 1789 (Figure 8) the lastvestiges of the formal garden hadclearly been suppressed.Subsequently the house wasenlarged and new commercialbuildings constructed outside thewalls. Around 1820 Count IstvanSzechenyi had the walls on bothsides of the original gardendemolished and thus at last unitedthe whole area into a singlelandscape garden. He had the siteof the original parterre filled in anda pleasure ground with flower-bedslaid out. Plane-trees wereintroduced into the park at thattime, probably at Palatine Joseph'ssuggestion (both men wereoutstanding personalities and publicfigures of the time and Szechenyiknew Joseph well). In the 1860sand 1870s, Count Bela Szechenyiadded a number of new varieties oftrees to those already in the parkand created a veritable treasurehouse of tree species. In 1912 a

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list of the species existing atNagycenk was compiled and theirpositions recorded on a map.(Figure 9) Among thoseconsidered rarities in Hungary atthat time were American linden,catalpa, honey-locust, tulip-tree,Greek fir-tree, Himalayan pine,gingko, spruce, ironwood, copperbeech, magnolia, juniper, Japanesethuya, giant redwood, Japaneseacacia, Andalucian and Caucasianfir.

After Count Bela Szechenyi's deathin 1918, the park was muchneglected. In the decades after theSecond World War it becamecompletely overgrown with weedsand scrub; the house itself was 'gutted — a fate shared by manygardens and houses in theHungarian countryside. (Figure10) In the 1960s it seemedinevitable that the whole estatewould be broken up but fortunatelyit came into the ownership of anumber of institutions. The mainwing of the house belongs to theMinistry of Culture, part is acollective stud farm and the gardenitself is administered by the StateForestry School. In 1970restoration of the house began and,in 1973, the reconstruction of thepark was initiated and completed in1987.

After a thorough survey of theplants in 1973, it was decided thatthe landscape garden would berestored to its nineteenth-centurystate except for the treeless centralpart, where the Baroque gardenwould be reconstructed toKneidinger's original design. Thatwas considered fitting because ofthe historic antecedents, the style ofthe house and its situation withinthe garden. First the heating oilpipes, the electric cables and the

drain-pipes were laid under thepaths to ensure that in case theyburst the plants would be notharmed. Pipes are installed allover the garden for the purpose ofwatering. The wall along the roadand the main gate were restored.(Figure 11) Between the gate andthe facade a 7 m. wide avenue waslaid out as the axis of the Baroquegarden and the basin for thefountain was rebuilt in 'artificialstone'. (Figure 12) For theparterres, 8,000 boxwood plantshave been set in red grit. Alongthe margins of this and the centralsection 26 conical and spherical-pruned yews have been planted.On either side of the Frenchgarden, double lines of trees (c.300specimens) have been planted.The avenue and the paths havebeen covered with gravel and intotal the area of the reconstructedFrench garden is about 10,000 sq.m.

The surrounding landscape parkhas also been rehabilitated. Sometrees have been removed while newones have been planted — the ideahas been to restore to more or lessthe state as recorded in the mapand description of 1913. Thepaths have also been reconstructedin their original location andsurfaced with gravel. Thesurviving stone benches have beenrestored, others have had to bemade anew modelled on theoriginal ones. The line of treessurrounding the park protects it andfavourably influences itsmicroclimate, so this has beencarefully preserved. Fortunatelythe trees were still healthy at thestart of rehabilitation. The avenueflanked by lime-trees outside theprecinct of the garden (thecontinuation of the main axis) had

originally consisted of 600 trees.400 of them were still alive andhave been rejuvenated. Missingtrees have been replaced with limesaplings. The area of the wholepark is now 8 ha., that of theavenue of lime-trees is 5 ha.

So far Nagycenk is the onlyhistoric park where a Baroquegarden has been completelyreconstructed from scratch. Otherdecayed but still extant Baroquegardens and parks are beingrestored, some on an even largerscale. The best known and mostextensive one is at Eszterhaza-Fertbd, where work is still inprogress.

Eger, the courtyard of thearchbishop's palaceThe courtyard in its present statedoes not match the archbishop'spalace at Eger as it is neglectedand lacks character and interest. Itis especially conspicuous as it issituated in the centre of the town.The idea is to rehabilitate it andtransform it in the spirit of theBaroques. (Figure 14) The planis to preserve as much of theexisting garden as possible. In themiddle a major new motif is to be

Fig. 10, left. Nagycenk. Thegarden and house in 1970.fig. 11, below. Nagycenk.Karoly Orsi's design torreconstruction and rehab-ilitation.

Fig. 12, bottom. Nagycenk.The garden facade in 1980.

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Fig. 13, above. Nagycenk.The reconstructed Baroqueparterre in 1985.Fig. 14, below. Eger.Design for restoring thecourtyard of the archbishop'spalace by Kdroly Orsi. Theplan should be realized bythe end of 1987.

introduced, a large circle, whichwill give a central accent to thegarden. The circle itself willcomprise pruned hedges (1,200boxwoods) and be adorned withdecorative vases.

This work at Eger is representativeof the many dozens of small-scalepark and garden restorationsundertaken in Hungary over thepast few years. Many, many moreawait restoration. It is the hope ofthe authors that one day we willhave made up for the neglect of thepast. On the evidence of presenttrends, the chances of success aregood.

Notes1. There is no comprehensive modern workon Hungarian historic gardens, though theamount of material on (hem is increasing andstudies are being published on individualgardens. The general work in use up to nowis Raimund Rapaich, Magyar kertek(Hungarian gardens), Budapest, 1940.English language publications on the subjectinclude Anna Zador, 'The English Garden inHungary*, in N- Pevsner (ed.); ThePicturesque Garden and Its Influence Outsidethe British Isles, Washington, 1974 pp. 77-98; Anna Zador, 'Restoration of HistoricGardens in Hungary', Journal of GardenHistory Vol. 3 , 1983, pp. 333-345; G.Jellicoe, 5 . Jellicoe, P. Coode, M. Lancaster,The Oxford Companion to Gardens, Oxford-New York, 1986, entries for Csakvar,Eszterhaza, Gernyeszeg, Hodkovce,Hungary, Martonvasar. Nagycenk, Nebbien,Petri, Posoni Kert, Tata. Varosliget.

2. Karoly Orsi, 'Az etmult tiz ev kertepitesieredmenyei a muemlekvedelemben (TheResults of the Preservation of HistoricalGardens in the last ten years), in, MagyarMuemlekvedelem 1969-1970, Budapest,1972 pp. 387-405.3 . Kiroly Orsi and Tihamer Mesterhazy,Alcsutdoboz, alcsuti arboretum (Acsutdoboz,the Arboretum at Alcsut), Budapest, 1980.4. Gyorgy Kriszt, Nagycenk, Budapest,1982; Karoly Orsi, Nagycenk, kastelypark(Nagycenk, Historic Garden), 2nd edition,Budapest, 1986.5. Designs and documents at the NationalCommission on Historic Buildings, Budapest

La HongrieEtablissement 1957 de laCommission Nationale des EdificesHistoriques (dont les initiatives sontsoutenues par I FLA et parICOMOS). Publication 1960 dupremier inventaire national desmonuments, qui pourtant ne previtque la necessity de conserver lesabords des edifices historiques; ilfallait attendre sept anneesI'introduction des mesuresspecifiques pour les jardinshistoriques en tant que tels. En1976 il y a avait environ 140pares et jardins inscrits.Malheureusement aucun des beauxjardins de la Renaissance n'existeplus, et la deuxieme guerremondiale avait pour resultat, en cequi concernait le paysage, ladestruction d'un grand nombre demaisons de campagne et de leursjardins, destruction tellement severequ'il s'agissait souvent deretablissement ou de reconstructiontotale, plutot que de mesuresrestauratrices ou conservatrices.

Alcsiif — un vaste jardin amenagepour le due Joseph (Palatin de laHongrie c.1820-1830), qui, avecson fils, tous les deux depassionnes jardiniers, ont introduitles plantes exotiques, qui •— avecles ouvrages hydrauliques —caracterisent encore (malgre lesdommages de la guerre) ce jardin.Projets de retablissement 1975.Seregelyes, tout pres d'Alcsut,vient d'etre tout a fait restaure. Larestauration du grand pare a Tataest actuellement en cours.Nagycenk (ou est situe la demeurede la famille Szechenyi) —l'histoire de son pare (dont lepremier plan date des annees1750) represente une etude detransformations, de decadence etenfin de "sauvetage". Registre1913 des arbres nombreux non-indigenes qui s'y trouvaient. Lafriche a la suite de la guerre.Description de la reconstruction,d'apres le projet original de

Kneidinger, du jardin franc.aisbaroque, ainsi que du jardinpaysager qui I'entoure. A Eger onprevoit la transformation dans lestyle baroque, mais sans faste, dela cour du palais de 1'archeveque.

UngarnEinrichtung 1957 der Nationalen[Commission fur HistorischeGebaude (ihre Unternehmungensind von IFLA und ICOMOSunterstiitzt). Veroffentlichung1960 des ersten nationalenDenkmalverzeichnis, das aber nurvorschlug, dass die Umgebungender historischen Gebaude beschiitztworden sollen. Erst im Jahre 1967erschienen bestimmte Mass-nahmungen fiir historische Garten,und neun Jahre spater gab esungefahr 140 verzeichnete Park-und Gartenanlagen. Leider istkeiner der schonen Renaissance-garten erhalten, und fiirHerrenhauser und ihreGartenanlagen waren dieKriegsschaden (1939-1945) soschwer, dass man nicht nurRestaurierung und Konservierung,sondern oft auch Rehabilitation undRekonstruktion voraussehen muss.

Alcsut — weite Landschaftsgartenfiir den Herzog Joseph (Pfalzgrafdes Ungarns c.1820-1830)gestaltet. Er und seiner Sohn,begeisterte Gartner, haben dieexotische Pflanzen eingefiihrt, die,mit dem Wasserbau, und trotz derKriegsschaden, den Garten nochcharakterisieren. Rekonstruk-tionsplane 1975. Seregelyes,ganz nahe an Alcsut, ist geradeganz restauriert worden. DieKonservierung des grosser) Parkszu Tata im Gange. Nagycenk (woliegt das Herrenhaus der FamilieSzechenyi) — die Geschichte seinerParkanlagen (erster Plan c.1750)stellt eine Untersuchung iiber dieUmgestaltungen, den Verfall undschliesslich die "Rettung" einesGartens dar. Verzeichnis dervielen nicht heimischen Baume, diesich im Jahre 1913 im Gartenbefanden. Vernachlassigung zurFolge des Kriegs. Beschreibungder Rekonstruktion, nach demersten Konzept von Kneidinger, desbarocken franzosischen Gartensund der umliegenden Anlagen.Eger — der Schlosshof desErzbischofs soil in der Barockstil,sondern ohne Grossspiirigkeit,umgestaltet werden.

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