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Restricted Technical Report PP/1984-1985/V11.2.2 MALAYSIA
Training of information personnel and information users
Conservation of Archive Materials
by Y.P. Kathpalia
Serial No. F MWPG1/85/143
United Nations Educational, Scientific and C u I tu ral Organization
Paris, 1985
-. . . . . .
M A L A Y S I A
CONSERVATION OF ARCHIVE MATERIALS
by Y. P. Kathpalia
Report prepared for the Government of Malaysia by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Une s c 0)
U N E S C O
Technical Report i?P/1984-1985/VII.2.2 FMR/PGI/~ 5/1G (Ka thpalia ) 8 July, 1985 0 Unesco, 1985 Printed in France
- 3 -
Table of Contents
I - INTRODUCTION
I1 - MAIN FIIfDIZJGS AND CONCLUSIONS Facilities available Programme
111 - REXOMMENDATIONS APPENDICES :
I -
I1 - I11 - r v - v -
PARTICIPANTS OF PATm CONSERVATION AND BOOK- BINDING COURSE CONSULTANT'S MISSION PROGRANNE EXAMINATION RESULTS OF THE PAPER CONSEEVATION
LIST OF SENIm ARCHIVISTS ATTENDING LECTURES CONSERVATION TEST PAPER
AND BOOK-BINDING COURSE
Page
5
5 7
7
13 15
17
19
21
- 5 -
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The mission described in the present report was carried out from 22 February to 5 April 1985 at the request of the Government of Malaysia, and was funded by Unesco under its Participation Programme for 1984-1985. The terms of reference of the mission were,
'In close co-operation with the authorities of Malaysia:
(i) to provide the National Archives with practical understanding of paper conservation and book-binding methods;
(ii) to give lectures and informal working laboratory sessions in new techniques available in the field of conservation, in particular on :
(a) properties and qualities of paper and parchment;
(b) agents for the destruction of paper and parchment;
(c) preventive measures against destruction;
(d) restoration work with particular attention to specific problems encountered by technicians in their current activities;
(e) binding techniques covering types and conservation of leather bindings ' .
2. A programme for the mission (Appendix 11) was drawn up by the Archives in consultation with the consultant and the Director-General of the Archives. Thereafter lectures were delivered, and practical demonstration was given by the consultant of the various techniques of preservation and restoration of archive materials. Lecture notes on the various topics were cyclostyled and distributed to the participants of the programme who, after completion of the lectures and practical work, were given a test in which they accredited themselves well. All of the participants maintained a record of their work wherein they illustrated the various steps involved as demonstrated to them and completed by them thereafter. All of which illustrates the interest taken by the participants, and the support and co-operation extended by the staff of the Conservation Unit of the National Archives of Malaysia.
11.. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Facilities. available ..
3. The consultant met Mrs Zakiah Hanum Nor, the Director-General of the National Archives of Malaysia on the morning of 23 February 1985. Thereafter he visited the various sections of the Archives to familiarize himself with the problems facing them. This included a visit to the nine floors of the repository tower to have an idea of the storage, shelving an environmental conditions, including the fire prevention and fire-fighting facilities. Discussions were held with the archivist in-charge of the various sections, including that of the Conservation Section, and with the conservation chemist.
4. The National Archives is located on the top of a hill near the government office complex, in its own new and modern building. The archives complex com- prises a separate office block connected to the repository tower with a corridor.
- 6 -
The building was recently constructed and is air-conditioned which functions during office hours, i.e. 8 a.m. to 4.15 p.m. in the office block, and till 7.30 p.m. in the repository. A portion of the repository on the third floor is partitioned to house films and photographs with the archives. Here the air- conditioning is on for 24 hours, achieved by central air-conditioning from 7.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m- and a packet type air-conditioner of three tons capacity installed in the repository from 7.30 p.m. to 7.30 a.m. Control of the relative humidity is not ensured, and this is clearly visible on the thermohygrographs placed in the repository area.
5. Documents in file form are kept in document boxes made out of corrugated sheets, flat sheets of which are already cut as per design. These are folded to take the shape of a box. It has no staples and hence no corrosion problem. It is strong, durable and at the same time cheap. It has a hole for air-circulation. These boxes are stored four on each shelf vertically. Volumes too are stored vertically. But newspaper bound in volumes are stored flat. Nearly 30 per cent of the archive collection seems to be in the form of newspapers.
6. The shelving is of mobile type - an imitation of the compactus type of shelving. Library type shelvings are also used besides cabinets for storing of microfilms, maps and charts.
7. Films are being transferred from their rusty metallic cans to plastic cans, while photographs are kept in covers made of paper having a pH 8.5.
8. On the eighth.floor a large collection of artifacts relating to national leaders have been kept without fumigating or cleaning them. The repository area in general may be said to be free of dust. During the period of the consultant's stay at Kuala Lumpur it rained quite often and this may be one of the reasons for the area being clean, besides regular cleaning of the area by the staff employed for the purpose.
9. The Archives as it is today, surprisingly has.no facilities for fumigating their records, nor any area for sorting records prior to transferring them for storage into the repository. The corridors on each floor connecting the ad- ministration block with the repository are being used for the purpose. However, there is no air-conditioning in this area. This area has a lift, louvers for allowing fresh air to come from outside, a staircase, as also water pipes for fire-fighting purposes, besides a small lift for movement of documents to various floors. At the entrance to the repository on each floor, double doors are provided. Wiring is through conduits, but the main switches are inside the repository. A fire detection system - smoke detectors - has been installed, also a sprinkler system. Temperature in the muniment rooms is in the region of 21°C to 22T, whereas the relative humidity is in the range of 60 per cent to 65 per cent, or even higher on rainy days. Each floor of the repository has ventilators fitted with ordinary glass. These transmit the strong light of sun during the day. The Archives, however, has a very large research room which is beautifully furnished. It also has a small but useful library.
10. The Archives has nearly all the facilities for restoration work both by the traditional processes and also by modern processes, like solvent lamination and machine lamination (Arbee Laminator). Deacidification by magnesium bicarbonate solution is usually done prior to restoration. Facilities for non-aquenous or gaseous deacidification do not exist. A fume-hood and two exhaust fans have been provided in the conservation room. There is a complete unit for the binding of records, which is located in the same room. A small laboratory exists for testing paper-folding endurance (machine out of order), bursting strength and pH meter for determining acidity or alkalinity. Facilities are also available
-
- 7 -
for conducting chemical tests like the determination of alpha-cellulose content. Microfilming, developing, printing and allied facilities also exist.
11. Archives has a total strength of -250 plus. Out of these 38 works in the Conservation Section, comprising 12 for restoration work, 11 for binding work, five for reprography, one for laboratory, besides the supervisory and administra- tive staff headed by an Archivist. A few posts are vacant. A total of five. persons from the conservation section have received training abroad in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and India. Technicians engaged on restoration work and binding are, however, not interchangeable. Thus a restorer does not know how to bind and vice versa, though their grades and salary struc- tures are the same.
Programme
12. The Consultant's programme as drawn included conducting a course both in theory and in practical work for (a) 17 archivists mostly newly recruited, (b) 12 assistant archivists and (c) five technicians from the restoration side and three technicians from the binding side, i.e. 37 in all. Lectures were delivered in the morning while the practical work continued thereafter, after a break for tea, till the evening - working hours being Mondays through Thurdays, 8 a.m. to 12.15 p.m. and 2.45 p.m. to 4.15 p.m. on Fridays; and 8 a.m. to 12.45 p.m. on Saturdays. Topics covered both in theory and practical are detailed in Appendix 11.
13. topics of conservation was conducted at the end of the Course both in theory (objective type) and practical work. Out of the 17 archivists, the performance of 15 was above 60 per cent, and as many as seven secured more than 7c! per cent marks. The performance of assistant archivists in comparison was poor. Only five out of 12 assistant archivists could secure 50 per cent marks or above, while four failed to secure even 40 per cent marks in theory, though they did quite well in practical work. Only two conservators, i.e. a restorer and a binder, could do well in theory, whereas all were excellent in the restoration work (Appendix 111). Those who had a good knowledge of English and were otherwise well educated could understand and grasp the subject.
A test to evaluate the level of knowledge gained and the grasp of various
14. Another group of 31 comprising senior archivists of the Department and heads of the regional offices participated in a three-day lecture programme. The topics covered were 'Role of Conservation in Records Management' and 'Preventive Conservation ' respectively (Appendix IV) .
15. The consultant also delivered a public lecture to the invitees from the libraries.,'museums and government departments on 'Environment and Conservation'. Some 60 persons besides.the staff of Archives attended the public lecture, which aroused interest amongst the participants.
16. Mrs Satinam Mohd. Rijal, Assistant Director-General (Records Management) and Officer-in-charge of regional branches (five at present) discussed with the consultant the plan of the proposed building in the Eastern part of the country, and facilities for conservation work. A few changes in the drawings, keeping in view the nearness of the location to the sea, were suggested and discussed,with her.
~ ..
111. FSCOMMENDATIONS
17. On the basis of discussions with the Director-General and other officers of the Archives and observations, the consultant would suggest the following.
- 8 -
Imnrovement in air-conditionina svstem
18. The air-conditioning system should be on for 24 hours in the repository area, i.e. round the clock. A temperature of 2O0-22OC and relative humidity of 50 per cent-55 per cent should always be maintained: This is possible with the existing plant. one year. This should be repaired urgently as at present there is no stand-by unit.
However, one chiller has been out of commission for approximately
19. The consultant had long discussions with the engineer (air-conditioning) and was able to convince him of the needs of the Archives and urgency of the matter, in view of the fact that temperature and relative humidity in Kuala Lumpur are on the higher side and as such are detrimental to proper preservation of archival holdings. The engineer promised to set right the present plant and make efforts to maintain temperatures and relative humidity at the ambient conditions required for scientific preservation. He also promised to send a report suggesting pro- vision of a separate unit for the auditorium and exhibition areas and 24 hour air-conditioning of the repository. The present plant would then be used for the administrative wing, conservation and microfilming units, and also act as a stand-by.
2C. The conservation and reprography units have exhaust fans. In spite of these the environmental condition in these areas is not ideal. This is because the conditioned air entering these units instead of being thrown out completely is returned to the A.H.U. (air handling unit) and recirculated. It would be better and advisable to throw out the conditioned air, instead of recirculating it: For this the passage for return of conditioned air to the A.H.U. should be closed/ sealed.
21. Sorting room. On each floor of the repository there is a corridor connect- ing it to the administration block. This place is not air-conditioned and is being used for sorting purposes. This area should be suitably partitioned and air-conditioned. The lift, staircase and fire hoses located therein should not form a part of the sorting room.
22. The Louvers in these corridors should be replaced with windows to prevent the entry of rainwater into these corridors.
23. Fumigation. At present Archives have no facilities in its building for fumigation of infested archival materials. The consultant saw a number of fungus-infested documents. These were pointed out to the concerned authorities. Fortunately the area is free o€ insects. But for how long?
24. The consultant saw on the eighth floor a number of documents, books and other artifacts, which he was told have been received from national leaders and are meant for display in a memorial hall likely to be ready soon. However, these were not fumigated prior to storing them inside the repository. In a few of these, signs of damage by insects and also fungus infestation were visible. These should be taken out of the repository and fumigated. The repository area i.e. the eighth floor should also be sterilized.
25. It is recommended that the Archives should have fumigation facilities at its own site. Pending installation of these facilities near its proposed new wing, the Archives should procure a mobile vacuum fumigation chamber for fumigating records with ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide. This chamber would be helpful for not only fumigating insect and fungus infested records at the Archives but
- 9 -
also for fumigation purposes at the Record Centre and other places. The same chamber can be used for fumigation with carbon dioxide gas alone at seven atmospheric pressure, a process which has been recently developed and is effective both against insects and fungus infestation. Yet it is safe for the humans and does not pollute the environment.
26. Documents may be fumigated with para dichloro benzene and thymol mixture as demonstrated, pending receipt of the chamber.
27. Steps should be taken to augment fumigation facilities at the Record Centre, where fumigation is done once a fortnight or so with methyl bromide on records received from the creating agencies. This fumigant is not effective against fungus infestation. The Record Centre has a number of records which are affected with fungus. Urgent steps may be taken to tackle this problem.
Conservation facilities
28. These need to be improved in a few cases by changing the techniques and processes
(i)
(ii)
being used at present. For example,
Deacidification. The time of placing documents in magnesium bicarbonate solution should be reduced to 30 minutes instead of the present two hours. In the case of documents written in water labile inks, deacidification may be done with 1 per cent solution of barium hydroxide in methanol, as demonstrated, but in a fume hood or in an area fitted with a powerful exhaust fan. Brittle documents may be deacidified with ammonia as demonstrated.
Minor repairs; The consultant demonstrated preparation of a tape using cellulose acetate film (one sheet) tissue paper, (one sheet) and acetone. The strips cut from this tape can be used for carrying out minor repairs on newspapers and documents.
Full pasting with cellulose acetate film and acetone. This process, as demonstrated, may be used for repair of brittle documents written on one side with water labile inks.
Guarding. Repaired sheets may be made into sections by the process of guarding as demonstrated. This enables the sections to be stitched flexibly all along.
Stitching. Documents after guarding may be stitched in file covers using the flexible stitching technique, and not by the process in use, i.e. side-stitching in some cases, as it does not permit stitched documents to open flat. The same technique may be used for stitching repaired sheets of a volume. No volume should be side-stitched.
Sheets of printed books may be strengthened at the joints with a strip of tissue paper and cellulose acetate film, as demonstrated and carried out by participants of the course. Samples of such work have been shown to the Director-General and left at the Archives.
At present hand-made paper used for framing is being wasted, as a full sheet is being used'for the purpose. previously cut to size strips of hand-made paper. Such a procedure was demonstrated and results in a considerable reduction of restoration costs.
This work can easily be done by
- 10 - (vi) Drying racks. Archives should have drying racks fitted with trays
having white or creamish plastic nylon net at the base. An open rack 3 feet square, fitted with castor, and having 10 to 12 trays per rack should be made to measure.
Microfilm storaae
29. The room used for storage has a cement floor. This should be changed. The floor which may be of mosaic or poly vinyl plastic tiles and walls should.be made damp-proof. Cabinets containing microfilms must have at least 3 inches clearance (6 inches ideal) from the floor to enable air-circulation. In addition the room should have an air-circulator to ensure proper air-circulation in the room. The temperature and relative humidity should be maintained regularly. The conditions of storage of microfilms at present are not satisfactory. This was explained and pointed out to the officer concerned.
30. The National Archives of Malaysia has a large collection of newspapers, estimated to be nearly 30 per cent of its holdings. These newspapers are being microfilmed. Brittle ones are repaired and bound while ones in good condition are guarded and bound. The collection is likely to increase in the years to come. The cost of maintaining and servicing of these is bound to increase manifold as newspapers are printed on poor quality paper which deteriorates early.
31. The consultant would suggest that newspapers may be segregated from the original records in the repository and stored in a separate block comprising two to three storeys and fully air-conditioned. The ground floor portion may be used as a reading room also.
32. Restoring an entire newspaper collection is impossible. Besides it would be very costly. It is suggested that Archives should look into the possibility of (a) printing of 100 copies or so of the newspapers in the country on good quality paper if Archives intends or is required to preserve them by law and (b) preserving them on either microfilms or microfiche and letting the originals except of national papers fade away with time.
\ 33. Leaf casting. A small machine as is in use in Singapore Archives may be procured by the Archives to restore brittle documents, specially the ones that are torn or have some missing portions. After the Ma'laysian Archives acquire the necessary experience for work, they may go in for a big sized RECURATOR machine, like the one in use at the U.S. Library of Congress. It must be stressed here that this machine cannot restore documents that are written in water labile inks.
34. Space. The Conservation Section needs more space. For this purpose it would be desirable to move from the conservation room the staff of the Branch looking after the P.M. papers. The space vacated could be used for deacidification and /
washing purposes, for the much needed space for the Laboratory, for thymol fumigation, and for solvent lamination. The present space is not suitable for deciphering offaded writings - a number of faded documents are available in the 1
Archives. A portion of the space allotted to the chemical laboratory there could be used for this purpose after necessary modifications.
35. All windows in the storage areas and the exhibition area should be fitted with a film for cutting off ultraviolet rays. Such films are available in Kuala Lumpur.
36. The fire detection system comprising of smoke detectors and a sprinkler system should be tested to check their working condition. of the staff is aware whether in case of fire the sprinkler system would trigger
At present no member
- 1 1 - in the entire building or would work selectively to 1ocaliz.e the fire. This must be ascertained from the supplier or engineer responsible for its installation, and then tested.
37. The staff of the Conservation Section i.e. restorers and binders should be interchangeable. This will necessitate the present staff on either side to learn binding or restoration. The consultant during the Course did precisely that i.e. restorers were taught to bind repaired documents and the binders how to restore documents. Such a step is bound to improve the quality of the work.
38. The staff from the regional offices must be given intensive training at the National Archives of Malaysia, and thereafter refresher training whenever new equipment is acquired or a new technique adopted by the Archives.
39. Visits. The consultant visited the Tan Abdul Razak Memorial and would recommend that display be improved. It is not necessary to exhibit all the articles at the same time. Change of display would improve the appeal. The lighting needs to be reduced to a low level, and the articles cleaned regularly. Tapestry should be supported with terrylene/terracotta material to prevent tearing.
40. The Record Centre looks like a warehouse. This is because of the shortage of space and lack of facilities and space for storage. The storage area needs to be extended - there is space for it - and so also the fumigation facilities there. Methyl Bromide used at present may be discontinued, as it is not effective against fungus. The processes recommended are: (a) fumigation by ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide mixture in a vaccum, or (b) fumigation with a mixture or para- dichlorobenzene and thymol mixture, or (c) fumigation with carbon dioxide alone at 7 atmospheric pressure. (a) and (c) require a chamber and specialized tech- nique while (b) can be done easily in a room, or even in almirahs by any member of the staff trained for the purpose. However, it is slow, i.e. it requires “14 days, whereas (a) and (c) can be completed in one day.
41. A visit was arranged to the National Library. Mr Vijaysurya, the Acting Director-General, evinced interest in conservation work. Many improvements are required to bring this institution at par with facilities at the National Archives. A few manuscripts are in an advanced stage of decay due to fungus infestation, acidity and pollution and need specialized treatment. The consultant felt tempted to attempt restoration of one such manuscript during his stay at Kuala Lumpur, but resisted it, as it was not required of him under the conditions of the contract.
F0110w-u~ action
42. It is essential that the tempo of interest in conservation work generated by the consultant’s visit is nursed and augmented by a follow-up visit, say for 10 to 14 days at the most after a period of six months or so. This would help the Archives to press for early implementation of the recommendations and to observe at first-hand how far they have succeeded in implementing the suggestions. This period could also be utilized for a refresher course specially for the regional offices.
- 13 - APPENDIX I
PARTICIPANTS OF PAPER CONSERVATION AND BOOK BINDING COURSE CONDUCTED BY MR Y.P. KATHPALIA FROM 1 MARCH-:! APRIL 1985
AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES MALAYSIA
Archivists:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Azimah Ali
Nor Janati Ibrahim
Liang Poh Chu
Shafee Saad
Habibah Ismail
Azemi Abdul Aziz
Syed Omar Sharifuddin
Ihsan Haji Hassan
Saemah Mohtar
Samariah Mohd. Ali
Ismail Md. Yusof
Nor Asizah Daud
Shaffie Awang
Yatimah Rimun
Sulasteri Abd. Hamid
Hemalatha Ramasamy
Norehan Jaaf f ar
Assistant Archivists:
18. Lim Hong Mun
19. Abd. Hamid Shirat
20. Md. Musidek Md. Shariff
21. Roslim Ali
22. Azizah Sidek
23. Yahya Mamat
- 14 - 24. Azemi Abdul Aziz
25. Abu Bakar Zakaria
26. Saudah Ab. Manaf
27. Christopher Martin Pereira
28. A. Mutalip Bin Mohd. Amin
29. S. Adikalsamy
Conservator (Document) :
30. Razali Md. Zain
31. Ismail Haji Salleh
32. Sharifuddin Baharom
33. Kamarudin Sulaiman
34. Hamdan Mutalib
Conservator (Book) :
35. Abd. Rashid Md. Jani
36. Frederick William
37. Hashim Maakop
- 15 - APPENDIX I1
22 February 1985
22 February 1985
Time/per iod
23 February 1985
25 February 1985
26-27 February 1985
28 February 1985
1-23 March 1985
CONSULTANT'S MISSION PROGmMME
Departure Delhi for Singapore on 22 February at 6.45 a.m. by K.L.M.
Arrival Kuala Lumpur at 4.30 p.m.
Programme
Meeting with Director- General
Tour of various sections of the National Archives
Discussion at Conserva- tion Unit
Discussion with Chemist, Conservation Unit
Lectures and practical to (i) trainee archivist new recruits
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(vii)
Subjects
Concept and objectives of conservation
Qualities of materials (Archives/Records) for conservations
Causes of deterioration in Archives and Records. Agents of destruction.
Qualities of paper (ink) (Writing materials)
Techniques and processes of conservation e. g . manual/machine lamination; deacidification and fumigation. Advantages/ disadvantages.
Equipment and tools for conservation; specific- ation
Essentials' of conserva- tion, laboratory - tools and chemicals - specifications
Time/period
- 16 - Programme
25-28 March 1985
” .
29 March 1985
30 March 1985
1 April 1985
2 April 1985
3-4 April 1985
5 April 1985
6 April 1985
Lectures and discussion with senior archivists
Visits and discussion at Tun Abdul Razak’ s Memorial and Record Centre
Discussions with Assistant Directors-General
Test for participants
Public lecture
Discussion and evaluation with course participants
Discussion with Conser- vation Unit
Discussion with Director- General
Subjects
tviii) Tensile strength of paper/ acidic contents
(ix) Concept of bindery/ objective
(x) Different techniques/ processes of binding/ advantage/disadvantage
(xi) Tools and equipment for binding
(xii) Conservation/binding tech- niques all over the world/ new techniques finding, that merit introduction to Malaysia/tropical countries
(xiii) Storage for records and archivesjspecif ication of storage area
Departure to Singapore en route to Delhi - 6.30 p.m.
(xiv) Qualities of Archives Building
Arrival - Delhi 00.45 by K.L.M.
- 17 - APPENDIX I11
EXAMINATION RESULTS OF THE PAPER CONSERVATION AND BOOK BINDING COURSE 1 MARCH-2 APRIL 1985,
AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF MALAYSIA
Archivists :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Azimah Ali
Nor Janati Ibrahim
Liang Poh Chu
Shafee Saad
Habibah I smail
Azemi Abdul Aziz
Syed Omar Sharifuddin
Ihsan Haji Hassan
Saemah Mokhtar
Samariah Mohd. Ali
Ismail Md. Yusof
Nor Azizah Daud
Shaffie Awang
Yatimah Rimun
Sulasteri Abd. Hamid
Hemalatha Ramasemy
Norehan Jaaf f ar
Assistant Archivists:
18. Lim Hong Mun
19. Abd. Hamid Shirat
20. Md. Musidek Md. Shariff
21. Roslim Ali
22. Azizah Sidek
Theory
B+
C
A+
B
B
B+
A
C+
A
A+
B
A+
A
A+
A
A+
B+
B
A
D
D
A
Practical work '. .
A
B+
A+
A
A+
B+
B+
A
A+
A+
B+
A
A+
B+
A
A+
B+
B+
E
B
B
A
Practical copy and notes
B
C+
A+
A+
B+
B+
B+
B+
A
A+
A+
A
B+
A+
A+
A+
A+
B
A
X
B
B+
- 18 - Practical
COPV and notes Practical work Theory
D
C+
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Yahya Mamat
Azemi Abdul Aziz
Abu Bakar Zakaria
Saudah Ab. Manaf
Christopher Martin Pereira
A. Mutalip Bin Mohd Amin
S. Adikalsamy
A x
B+ C
C B A+
A D A
C
B++
B+ C+
E E
A E E
Conservator (Document) :
30. Razali Md. Zain
31. Ismail Haji Salleh
32. Sharifuddin Baharom
33. Kamarudin Sulaiman
34. Hamdan Mutalib
E
E
Conservator (Book):
35. Abd. Rashid Md. Jani
36. Frederick William
37. Hashim Maakop
D
B++
D
E
A
A+
Above 80 per cent 70 to 79 per cent 60 to 69 per cent 50 to 59 per cent 45 to 49 per cent Below 39 per cent Exempted Not submitted
Note: A+ A B+ B C+ D E X
- 19 - APPENDIX IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
LIST OF SENIOR ARCHIVISTS ATTENDING LECTURES BY rm Y.P. KATHPALIA, 25-27 MARCH 1985
Shamsi bin Shariff
Mohd. Jamil Jalaluddin
Mustapa b. Hj . Yusof
Maidin Hussin
Kasbollah Mohd. Tahir
Abdul Wahid Ramin
Mohd. Salahuddin
Mukhtar Ramli
Wan Jamilah
Mahani Muhammad
Samsiah Muhammad
Kamariah Ismail
Zainon bin Tukiman (PNM)
Mohd. Jamin Lebai Din
Zainol Abidin A. Rahman
Hamzah Hussin
Rahani Jamil
Rusnah Mohd. Salleh (PNM)
Nor Esah Mohd. Said (PNM)
Norzahriah Md. Razally
Mary Tay Chwee Geok
Leong Meng Wee
Faridah bte. Ishak
Azizah bt. Kasah
G. Alphonso (PNM)
- 20 - 26. Norizah Hj. Talib
27. Satinam Mohd. Rijal
28. Abu Rahman
29. Aini Fawzia Samsudin
30. Abdul Aziz Ismail
31. Ahmad HI. Abd. Kadir
- 21 - APPENDIX V
CONSERVATION TEST PAPER
Time allowed: 1) hours
NOTE: 1. NO OVERWRITING, NO USE OF ERASER AND NO TALKING.
1 April 1985
2. READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE: ANSWERING.
1. Biological deterioration is caused by man/insects/light/pollution. (Score out. the wrong ones.
2. Oxidative, hydrolytic and photochemical reactions take place in paper because of ..........................................................
, ......................................................................
3. Fungi spores dry and get killed on exposure to sunlight. True/False
4. Ambient conditions for storage of archives are ...................... .....................................................................
5. Name the causes of pollution in an archive storage area.
6. Name three traditional processes of repair:
(i) .................................................................
(ii) ................................................................
(iii) .................................................................
7. Name three modern processes of restoration of archive materials:
(i) ................................................................
(ii) .................................................................
(iii) .................................................................
8. What are the two differences between
(a) Carbon inks (b) Iron-gall inks containing iron
............................. ..............................
............................. ..............................
9.
10
- 22 - Which of the following inks are permanent and why?
Typewriter ink
Carbon ink
Iron-gall ink
Fountain pen ink
Ink containing pigments
Mention three advantages of storing documents in carton boxes
(i) ................................................................
(ii) ................................................................
(iii) ................................................................
11. Monile shelving is used for storage of records as it provides: (tick - / the right ones) : (a) protection against fire
(b) protection against dust
(c) more storage space
12. (a) Name the two fungicides commonly used
......................................
......................................
(b) Which of these fungicides is best?
......................................
13. (a) Name three insecticides:
(i) .................................
(ii) .................................
(iii) .................................
(b) Which of them is the best?
......................................
14. (a) Insect infested records are fumigated with
(i) .................................
(ii) .................................
1.
(iii) .................................
(b) Best of these is .....................
- 23 - 15. Foxing is caused by +dust/pollution/humidity/ternperature:
....................................................................
16. Spraying of insecticides on records saves them from insects and fungi attack. True/False.
17. What is common between Termites, Fungi and Bookworm?
....................................................................
18. Give the formula.of the following used in the Arkib Negara:
(a) deacidification solution ......................................
(b) C.M.C. Paste ..................................................
(c) leather preservative mixture ..................................
19. What is common between
(a) Solvent Lamination
(b) Machine Lamination
20. Heating of paper at 100°C f 3OC for 72 hours is used for ...........
....................................................................
21.. Give three differences between Handmade Paper and Machine made Paper.
22. Ultraviolet rays are known to kill insects and fungus. Besides it plays an important role in preservation of records. Name the most important role.
.....................................................................
23. What happens when paper is stored as R.H. 10 per cent and temperature 22oc f 2OC?
......................................................................
24. Glue is used for (i) ...............................................
(ii) ...............................................
(iii) ...............................................
25. Name the Principles of Repair:
- 24 .26. What is the.use of the following in preservation work?
(i) Eraser ....................................................
(ii) Ball pen ..................................................
(iii) Electric iron .............................................
(iv) Silicone release paper ....................................
(v) Blotting paper ............................................
(vi) Taflon ....................................................
(vii) Lying press ...............................................
(viii) Nipping press ............................................
(ix) 'Mythyl cellulose (Glutofix) ...............................
(x) Soluble.nylon (Calaton) ...................................
27. Is the ink is soluble in water it is deacidified with ................
......................................................................
28. Flaking ink can be fixed with ....................................
......................................................................
29. Document soaked in water get .........................................
......................................................................
30. Name three itemsjsteps that are important for preservation of microfilms:
(i) ...........................................................
(ii) ............................................................
(iii) ...........................................................
31. Indicate the three different types of stitching a volume:
(i) ...........................................................
(ii) ...........................................................
(iii) ...........................................................
32. Steps necessary for fire prevention are:
(i) ...........................................................
(ii) ...........................................................
(iii) ...........................................................
4
- 25 - 33. Enumerate the essential features of an archive building:
34. Name three aqueous processes of deacidification:
(i) ..........................................................
(ii) ..........................................................
(iii) ...........................................................
35. Give the formula of a standard Record Ink.
36. What are the characteristics of a blue-black ink, name them:
37. Draw a diagram illustrating the aging of ink on paper.
38. Name the process for deciphering faded writings:
39. Woods-glass ........................................... is used for
...................................................................
40. The styles of Binding are ........................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
41. (a) Purpose of end-paper is ......................................
(b) Purpose of rounding a volume is. ..............................
(c) 'Get-in' papers are ..........................................
(d) Single sheets of paper are made into section by .............. ..............................................................
(e) Back-lining helps to keep ....................................
- 26 - 42. pH is .............................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
43. Name the process-ofLdeacidification of documents written in ink soluble in water and alcohol:
...................................................................
44. Describe in six lines the benefit of training that you have received.
45. For proper preservation microfilms should be ..........................
of ................................... and ............................
46;, The temperature of ........................ is necessary for washing
processed .............................................................
47. You are asked to set up a conservation centre. What steps you will take for the purpose? Mention steps only.
48. Functional features of an archive building are:
49. For non-aqueous deacidification we require ............................
and ...................................................................
50. Forwarding and finishing are the two facets ...........................
.......................................................................