CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIESReadings: Smith, et al., 904-913, 972-973, 1012-1014, 1045-1048 –NOTE FULL VERSION IS ON TITANIUM-PROPRIETARY SLIDES REMOVED FROM THIS GROUP

Versailles Treaty

Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty

Two approaches: Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau

(French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s Approach

Fourteen Points Guide to future

peace Open covenants of

peace; openly arrived at

“National Self-Determination”

League of Nations “The Peace to End

All War”

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach

Punish Germany Blamed Germany for

the war Disarm Germany Demilitarize the

Rhineland Create buffer states

in Eastern Europe Make Germany pay

for the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference

Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.

Punish Germany: Germany blamed for war No Army Alsace-Lorraine to France Rhineland demilitarized No Armaments Industry Germany pays for War and

Reparations (5 billion +)

National Self-Determination

Eastern Europe Austria-Hungary is

dismantled Austria becomes

small country Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Poland

Treaty of Trianon Hungary becomes a

very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians

Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)

Prize: Ottoman Empire

England, France, Russia and Other Powers Seek Gains in Middle East

Gallipoli

Armenian Genocide

The Husayn-McMahon Agreement, 1915

Middle East After Settlements

British Role: Arab Revolts

(Lawrence of Arabia) Balfour Declaration

French Role: Got Involved in

Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies

The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920

Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson)

Jordon—mandate to British

Palestine—to British Syria and Lebanon—

French Hijaz (Arab)

independent

Attaturk and Turkish Nationalism

The Palestine Mandate

Poster Urging Jews to Settle in Palestine

Exodus

UN Partition Plan of 1947

David Ben Gurion Announcing the Birth of Israel

Young Israelis

Palestine Refugee Camp, 1948

Palestinian Woman Watches as Her Home is Demolished

Syria and Iraq Problems

Actual Below

Map of Present Day Iraq

Ethnic and Religious Makeup of Iraq

Kuwait, 1991

Burning oil fields, set ablaze by retreating Iraqis, provide an eerie backdrop to motorized U.S. troops participating in Operation Desert Storm, the high point of the Bush, Sr’s, presidency.

The Sanctions Period (1991-2003)

Colin Powell and WMD

In February 2003 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell went before the UN General Assembly to convince the international community that Saddam Hussein was concealing chemical and biological weapons, and to request the approval of the Security Council to commence military action against Iraq. Here he holds up a vial of anthrax, a life threatening infectious disease reputed to be in the terrorist arsenal.

Consequences of “Peace to End All War”

World War II Arab-Israeli

Conflict Iraq-Iran War

Persian Gulf War

Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis

Al Queda – 9/11

Iraq War - 2003

Other Consequences

Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam War

May 4th Movement – Chinese Communism