connective tissue(c.t.) the mesodermal ………………. to mesenchymal tissue(undifferentiated...
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Connective Connective Tissue(C.T.)Tissue(C.T.)
The mesodermal ………………. to mesenchymal The mesodermal ………………. to mesenchymal tissue(undifferentiated mesenchymal cells&hemogenous tissue(undifferentiated mesenchymal cells&hemogenous intercellular substance of proteinsintercellular substance of proteinsThe mesenchymal tissue are differentiated in the embryo intoThe mesenchymal tissue are differentiated in the embryo into1-connective tissue C.T.1-connective tissue C.T.2-vascular tissue2-vascular tissue3-smooth muscle3-smooth muscle
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The connective tissue formed ofThe connective tissue formed of A-C.T. cellsA-C.T. cellsB-C.T. fibersB-C.T. fibersC-C.T.matrixC-C.T.matrix
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Types of C.TTypes of C.T..
According to the nature of intercellular According to the nature of intercellular matrixmatrix
we have 3 types of connective tissuewe have 3 types of connective tissue11--C.T. proper( soft matrix)C.T. proper( soft matrix)22--cartilage (rubbery matrix)cartilage (rubbery matrix)
33--Boney ( solid matrix)Boney ( solid matrix)
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11--Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper
It is called connective because is It is called connective because is support,binds&connection various support,binds&connection various tissue and organstissue and organs
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The C.T. is formed ofThe C.T. is formed of
11--C.T. cellsC.T. cells
22--C.T.fibersC.T.fibers
33--Soft matrix or ground substanceSoft matrix or ground substance
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Types of connective tissue properTypes of connective tissue proper
The cells &C.T. fibers are present in theThe cells &C.T. fibers are present in the soft C.Tsoft C.T . .
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66) ) SixSix((Types of C.T. ProperTypes of C.T. Proper
11--areolar C.Tareolar C.T..22--yellow elastic C.Tyellow elastic C.T..
33--Mucoid C.TMucoid C.T..44--White collagen C.TWhite collagen C.T..
55--Adipose C.TAdipose C.T..66--Reticular C.TReticular C.T..
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Types of Connective tissue cellsTypes of Connective tissue cells
11--Fixed C.T. cells asFixed C.T. cells as
22--Free C.T.CellsFree C.T.Cells
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11--Fixed C.T. cells asFixed C.T. cells as::
11--fibroblastfibroblast,, 22--fixed macrophagesfixed macrophages,,
33--fat cellsfat cells , ,44--mesenchymal cellsmesenchymal cells,,
55--pericyte cellspericyte cells,,66--endothelial cellsendothelial cells
77--reticular cellsreticular cells
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Fibroblast&Fibrocytes CellsFibroblast&Fibrocytes Cells
--develop from mesenchymal cells&pericytesdevelop from mesenchymal cells&pericytes--It is very numerous in areolar C.TIt is very numerous in areolar C.T..
--basophilic cytoplasmbasophilic cytoplasm--The cytoplasm is rich in The cytoplasm is rich in
RNA,ER,GA,MitochondriaRNA,ER,GA,Mitochondria--fibroblast can dividefibroblast can divide
--Fibroblast can changes into myofibroblastFibroblast can changes into myofibroblast
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Function of FibroblastFunction of Fibroblast
- -Form collagen,elastin&reticulin Form collagen,elastin&reticulin substances in order to form C.T.fiberssubstances in order to form C.T.fibers
--Form the mucoprotein of the C.T. matrixForm the mucoprotein of the C.T. matrix increase number during healing of increase number during healing of
woundswoundsFibroblast change into myofibroblast which Fibroblast change into myofibroblast which
close woundsclose wounds
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Fibrocytes === mature fibroblastsFibrocytes === mature fibroblasts
- -Small spidle shaped cells with dense Small spidle shaped cells with dense nucleinuclei
- -Acidophilic cytoplasmAcidophilic cytoplasm--can not dividecan not divide
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LM of fibroblasts (arrows)
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SEM of fibroblasts
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22--Fixed macrophages or Fixed macrophages or histocytes cellshistocytes cells
--dervied from blood monocytesdervied from blood monocytes - -more present in the damaged C.Tmore present in the damaged C.T..
--have irregular cell membranehave irregular cell membrane--cytoplasma is not clear-rich in lysosomescytoplasma is not clear-rich in lysosomes
--the nucleus is small ,kidney shapethe nucleus is small ,kidney shape--Histiocytes cells can be stained with vital Histiocytes cells can be stained with vital
stain as stain as trypan bluetrypan blue
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FunctionFunction::
--Defence mechanism of the bodyDefence mechanism of the body--can engulf(eat)foreign bodies,bacteria and old can engulf(eat)foreign bodies,bacteria and old
blood cellsblood cells--can clean wound from foreign bodies&debriscan clean wound from foreign bodies&debris
--can transport antigenscan transport antigens--macrophage………multinucleatd gint macrophage………multinucleatd gint
cells…..enclose large foreign bodies in order to cells…..enclose large foreign bodies in order to destroy themdestroy them
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33--Adipose cell or fat cells or Adipose cell or fat cells or adipocytesadipocytes
--derived from mesenchymal cellsderived from mesenchymal cells - -flat peripheral nucleusflat peripheral nucleus
--there are 2 types of fat cellsthere are 2 types of fat cells11--unilocular white fat cellsunilocular white fat cells
22--multilocular brown fat cellsmultilocular brown fat cells--Fat cells can not divideFat cells can not divide
StainedStained: : orange with sudan III,black sudan blackorange with sudan III,black sudan black
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FunctionFunction
--brown fat responsible for energy brown fat responsible for energy reservoir&heat productionreservoir&heat production
--white fat cells release energy during white fat cells release energy during starvationstarvation
- -support organs as kidneysupport organs as kidney--they act as heat insulatorthey act as heat insulator
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44--The Mesenchymal Cells(UMC)The Mesenchymal Cells(UMC)
--embryonic branched cells called(UMC)embryonic branched cells called(UMC)--has large oval nucleus&basophilic has large oval nucleus&basophilic
cytoplasmacytoplasma--present in the embryonic tissuepresent in the embryonic tissue
FunctionFunction::Can differentiate into other types of C.TCan differentiate into other types of C.T..
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55--The Pericyte cellsThe Pericyte cells
- - pale branched cells(peri= around)pale branched cells(peri= around)--present immediate external to the present immediate external to the
endothelium of blood vessels endothelium of blood vessels capillaries&small venulescapillaries&small venules
--persistent in adult lifepersistent in adult life
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FunctionFunction::
Give rise to both fibroblast&smooth Give rise to both fibroblast&smooth muscle cellsmuscle cells
--role in the process of healing of role in the process of healing of connective tissueconnective tissue
--modified to form myoepithelial cells which modified to form myoepithelial cells which can contractcan contract
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66--The Endothelial CellsThe Endothelial Cells
Present in the surface of blood Present in the surface of blood capillaries&blood vesselscapillaries&blood vessels
--develop from the embryonic develop from the embryonic mesenchymal cellsmesenchymal cells
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FunctionFunction::
11--synthesise synthesise collagencollagen(type 4 collagen)(type 4 collagen)22--can form the basal lamina of the can form the basal lamina of the
endotheliumendothelium33--divide rapidly ..divide rapidly ..give risegive rise..endothelial cells of ..endothelial cells of
lung capillaries to secret angiotensin lung capillaries to secret angiotensin converting enzymeconverting enzyme
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77 - -Reticular CellsReticular Cells
--present in mainly in the reticular C.Tpresent in mainly in the reticular C.T..--modified fibroblast which are specialized modified fibroblast which are specialized
to secrete reticular fibresto secrete reticular fibres--reticular cells are found in the stroma of reticular cells are found in the stroma of
bone marrow,lymph bone marrow,lymph nodes,spleen,liver,pancreasnodes,spleen,liver,pancreas
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FunctionFunction::
Supportive&phagocytic cellsSupportive&phagocytic cells--form the stroma of glands&bone marrowform the stroma of glands&bone marrow--removal cellular debris from the lymphatic removal cellular debris from the lymphatic
tissuetissue
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22--Free C.T. CellsFree C.T. Cells
11--Mast CellsMast Cells22--Plasma CellsPlasma Cells
33--Free MacrophagesFree Macrophages,,44--Blood LeucocytesBlood Leucocytes55--Melanophore CellsMelanophore Cells
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11--Mast CellsMast Cells
22--Histamine secretory mast cellsHistamine secretory mast cellsPresent under mucosa of respiratory Present under mucosa of respiratory
&digestive tract&digestive tractHistamine…………….contract smooth Histamine…………….contract smooth
musclemuscleDilated blood vessels capillariesDilated blood vessels capillaries
Increased the capillary permeabilityIncreased the capillary permeability
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--Small cells,round,irregular in shapeSmall cells,round,irregular in shape--present in groups blood vesselspresent in groups blood vessels
Types of mast cellsTypes of mast cells11--Heprin secretory mast cellsHeprin secretory mast cells
Present in the C.T. of skin,secret heprin Present in the C.T. of skin,secret heprin which is an anticoagulantwhich is an anticoagulant
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TEM of a Mast Cell
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LCT – M = mast cell; P = plasma cells; F = fibroblasts; Eo = eosinophils, N = neutrophils
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FunctionFunction::
--Secrete heparin or histamineSecrete heparin or histamine))paracrine cellsparacrine cells((
--release chemical mediators as immediate release chemical mediators as immediate hypersensitivityhypersensitivity
Factors which may cause of anaphylactic Factors which may cause of anaphylactic shockshock
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22--Plasma CellsPlasma Cells
PresentPresent peritoneum, submucosa of digestiveperitoneum, submucosa of digestive
respiratory tractrespiratory tract,,lymph nodes&spleenlymph nodes&spleen
--originate from plasmablast cells which develop originate from plasmablast cells which develop from B-lymphocytesfrom B-lymphocytes
--small&round with hemogenous basophilic small&round with hemogenous basophilic cytoplasmcytoplasm
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FunctionFunction::
--secrete specific antibodies against secrete specific antibodies against organisms&foreign bodies antibodies organisms&foreign bodies antibodies circulate in the blood termed(humoral circulate in the blood termed(humoral antibodies)&processes is called humoral antibodies)&processes is called humoral immunityimmunity
--Can not divideCan not divide--Have no phagocytic activityHave no phagocytic activity
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33--Free MacrophagesFree Macrophages
--derived from blood monocytes after their derived from blood monocytes after their migration to C.Tmigration to C.T..
--their cytoplasma is rich in their cytoplasma is rich in lysosomes&RERlysosomes&RER
--they have oval eccentric nucleithey have oval eccentric nuclei
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FunctionFunction::
--Immun system of the bodyImmun system of the body--they are highly phagocytic cellsthey are highly phagocytic cells
--secrete collagenase&elastasa secrete collagenase&elastasa enzymes&lysozomeenzymes&lysozome
--kill certain viruses through secretion of kill certain viruses through secretion of interferoninterferon
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44--Bolood LeukocytesBolood Leukocytes
Appear normaly in the C.T.of the Appear normaly in the C.T.of the following body organsfollowing body organs
--Eosinophils&basophilsEosinophils&basophilsFound in C.T. of respiratory Found in C.T. of respiratory
intestinal&female genital tractintestinal&female genital tract--they increase in allergic conditionthey increase in allergic condition
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--Lymphocytes&monocytesLymphocytes&monocytesPresent in many organsPresent in many organs
--increased in number in chronic infectionsincreased in number in chronic infections--NeutrophilsNeutrophils::
--They migrate from blood vessels of C.TThey migrate from blood vessels of C.T..--where acute infection is present in order where acute infection is present in order
to phagocytose microorganismto phagocytose microorganism
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55--Melanophore pigment cellsMelanophore pigment cells
--They are C.T.macrophages which They are C.T.macrophages which phagocytose melanin Pigments are phagocytose melanin Pigments are formed by the melanocytesformed by the melanocytes
--melanophores are branched cells with melanophores are branched cells with small round nucleismall round nuclei
--melanophore are rich in melanin pigmentsmelanophore are rich in melanin pigments
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FunctionFunction::
--They carry melanin pigmentsThey carry melanin pigments
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Types of C.T.FibersTypes of C.T.Fibers
There are three(3) types of C.TThere are three(3) types of C.T..11--white collagennous fiberswhite collagennous fibers
22--yellow elastic fibersyellow elastic fibers33--reticular fibersreticular fibers
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11--White Collagenous FibersWhite Collagenous Fibers
ShapeShape::colourless wavy branching bundles,the colourless wavy branching bundles,the
fibers run paralled to each otherfibers run paralled to each otherCharcterCharcter::
soft,strong&flexible but not elastic fiberssoft,strong&flexible but not elastic fibers
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StructuresStructures::formed of protein known formed of protein known
as(collagen)which can be digested by as(collagen)which can be digested by pepsin&trypsin enzymespepsin&trypsin enzymes
StainingStaining::collagenous fibers are acidophilic,stain collagenous fibers are acidophilic,stain
pink with eosin,red in van-Gison&blue with pink with eosin,red in van-Gison&blue with Mallory stainMallory stain
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Types of collagenTypes of collagen
There are five(5) types of collagenThere are five(5) types of collagen11--Type I collagenType I collagen::
PresentPresent:: losse C.T.,White fibro-cartilage,bone&teeth this losse C.T.,White fibro-cartilage,bone&teeth this
type is formed by type is formed by fibroblast,osteoblast,odontoblastfibroblast,osteoblast,odontoblast
22--Type II collagenType II collagen:: hyaline&elastic cartilage&formed by hyaline&elastic cartilage&formed by
chondroblastchondroblast
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33--Type III collagenType III collagen : :skin ,smooth muscle&reticular fibers formed by skin ,smooth muscle&reticular fibers formed by
fibroblast&by smooth muscle cellsfibroblast&by smooth muscle cells44--Type IVType IV
collagen: basement membranecollagen: basement membrane of epithelial of epithelial tissue&lenes of eye,It formed by fibroblast&by tissue&lenes of eye,It formed by fibroblast&by endothelial cellsendothelial cells
55--Type V collagenType V collagen:: in placenta,it is formed by fibroblastin placenta,it is formed by fibroblast
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22--Elastin fibersElastin fibers
ShapeShape : :fine,straight branching fibersfine,straight branching fibers
CarachterCarachter::the fibers branched&anastomose with the fibers branched&anastomose with
each othereach otherThey run singly¬ in bundlesThey run singly¬ in bundles
Appear yellow in fresh stateAppear yellow in fresh state
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StructuresStructures:: formed of protein known as elastin which formed of protein known as elastin which
is resistant to chemical and to boilingis resistant to chemical and to boilingCan digested by the pancreatic elastase Can digested by the pancreatic elastase
enzymeenzymeStainingStaining::
brown with orcein,black with verhoeff and brown with orcein,black with verhoeff and yellow with van-Gisonyellow with van-Gison
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Orecin Stain for Elastin – purple “ribbon candy”
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33--Reticular FibersReticular Fibers
ShapeShape:: they are thin,branched anastomose to they are thin,branched anastomose to
form anetwork or reticulumform anetwork or reticulumStrucuresStrucures::
--formed of protein known as collagen type formed of protein known as collagen type IIIIII
--Staining: Black with silverStaining: Black with silver
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Sliver Stain for Reticular Fibers
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PAS stain of epithelial basement membranes (BM)
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TEM of collagen fibers with 64 nm periodicity
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TEM of extracellular collagen fibers (Cl)
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Masson’s Trichrome Stain – blue = collagen
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Areolar Tissue
Pink = collagen
Purple = elastin
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TEM of a Plasma Cell
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LCT – M = mast cell; P = plasma cells; F = fibroblasts; Eo = eosinophils, N = neutrophils
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TEM of a Macrophage