connective tissue. found everywhere in the body includes the most abundant and widely distributed...
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Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue
• Found everywhere in the body• Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues• Functions
– Binds body tissues together– Supports the body– Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
• Variations in blood supply– Some tissue types are well vascularized– Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
• Extracellular matrix– Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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Extracellular Matrix
• Two main elements• Ground substance—mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules– Fibers
• Produced by the cells• Three types
– Collagen (white) fibers– Elastic (yellow) fibers– Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
• Bone (osseous tissue)– Composed of
• Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)• Hard matrix of calcium salts• Large numbers of collagen fibers
– Functions to protect and support the body
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Figure 3.19a
Bone cells inlacunae
(a) Diagram: Bone Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof ground bone (300×).
Lamella
Lacunae
Central canal
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Connective Tissue Types• Hyaline cartilage
– Most common type of cartilage– Composed of
• Abundant collagen fibers• Rubbery matrix
– Locations• Larynx• Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
– Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone
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Figure 3.19b
Chondrocyte(Cartilage cell)
Lacunae
(b) Diagram: Hyaline cartilage Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilagefrom the trachea (500×).
Matrix
Chondrocytein lacuna
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Connective Tissue Types
• Elastic cartilage– Provides elasticity– Location
• Supports the external ear
• Fibrocartilage– Highly compressible– Location
• Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
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Figure 3.19c
Chondro-cites inlacunae
Collagenfibers
(c) Diagram: Fibrocartilage Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (110×).
Collagen fiber
Chondrocytesin lacunae
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Connective Tissue Types
• Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)– Main matrix element is collagen fiber– Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers– Locations
• Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone• Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints• Dermis—lower layers of the skin
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Figure 3.19d
Ligament
Tendon
Collagenfibers
Nuclei offibroblasts
(d) Diagram: Dense fibrous Photomicrograph: Dense fibrous connective tissuefrom a tendon (500×).
Nuclei offibroblasts
Collagenfibers
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
Slide 3.59Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dense connective tissue Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts
Examples Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
Dermis of skinFigure 3.18d
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Two types of Dense Connective Tissue
• REGULARREGULAR• Parallel bundles of collagen;
packed tightly together• Extremely strong & tough• Avascular (why????)• Found in tendons & ligaments
for a strong rope-like connection
• Differentiate: tendon, ligament
• IRREGULARIRREGULAR• Non-parallel bundles of
collagen, arranged in a web like mesh
• Great strength• Vascular (why????)• Composes the dermis of the
skin
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Which is which: regular or irregular dense connective tissue?
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Connective Tissue Types
• Loose connective tissue types– Areolar tissue
• Most widely distributed connective tissue• Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”• Functions as a packing tissue• Contains all fiber types• Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
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Figure 3.19e
MucosaepitheliumLaminapropria
Fibers ofmatrix
Nuclei offibroblasts
(e) Diagram: Areolar Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (300×).
Fibroblastnuclei
Collagenfibers
Elasticfibers
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Connective Tissue Types
• Loose connective tissue types– Adipose tissue
• Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
• Many cells contain large lipid deposits• Functions
– Insulates the body– Protects some organs– Serves as a site of fuel storage
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Figure 3.19f
Nuclei offat cells
Vacuolecontainingfat droplet
(f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer beneath the skin (430×).
Vacuolecontainingfat droplet
Nuclei offat cells
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Connective Tissue Types
• Loose connective tissue types– Reticular connective tissue
• Delicate network of interwoven fibers• Locations
– Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
» Lymph nodes» Spleen» Bone marrow
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Figure 3.19g
Spleen
Reticularcell
Reticularfibers
Bloodcell
(g) Diagram: Reticular Photomicrograph: Dark-staining networkof reticular connective tissue (430×).
White blood cell(lymphocyte)
Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
• Blood (vascular tissue)– Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood
plasma– Fibers are visible during clotting– Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
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Figure 3.19h
Neutrophil(white bloodcell)
Red bloodcells
Monocyte(white bloodcell)
Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1300×)(h) Diagram: Blood
Whiteblood cell
Redblood cells
Blood cellsin capillary