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Connecting Reading and Writing in Grammar Teaching: A Functional Approach
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Recap: Pre-Webinar Polls
1. It’s important to learn all of the grammar rules before reading and writing long texts.
2. Grammar teaching means correcting students’ errors.
3. Grammar is not that important in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT).
Strongly Agree
Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
J J J K K K
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Warm-Up Chat What do you think about when you hear the word grammar?
What do students think about when they hear the word grammar?
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Goals for the Webinar
• Define grammar from a functional perspective
• Identify three functions of language • Explore classroom applications
of functional grammar
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Grammar Translation
• Translation of written documents • Focus not placed on communication
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Communicative Language Teaching
Knowing about language
Using language to communicate
Shifts from teaching to translate to teaching to communicate
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A focus on what grammar does:
• Makes meaning • Connects ideas • Creates social relationships
What is a Functional Approach to Grammar?
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Why a Functional Approach in English?
• Connects grammar to meaning • Fosters critical thinking • Integrates all four language skills • Promotes discussion • Gives instructors deep knowledge of
language
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Three Grammar Functions
Language performs three acts simultaneously: 1. Makes meaning
2. Connects ideas
3. Creates relationships
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(1) Grammar Makes Meaning
Make Meaning
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How does language make meaning?
• Participants: Who or what is performing the action?
• Processes: What are the thinking, doing, feeling, or being actions?
• Circumstances: When, where, and how are the processes occurring?
Make Meaning
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My favorite activity is hiking in the mountains.
Traditional Analysis Verb Adj. Noun Noun
Make Meaning
Pl. Noun Prep. Det. Det.
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My favorite activity is hiking in the mountains.
Functional Analysis Circumstance Participant
Process
Participant
Make Meaning
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Activity: Close Reading Analysis
1. Teacher selects a short passage with which students are familiar
2. Students identify participants, processes, circumstances
3. Focus on each part and ask questions - Why did the author choose to use this language? - How does it contribute to the meaning of the text?
Make Meaning
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Activity: Change Sentences
1. Teacher re-writes text with blanks
2. Students fill blanks with different participants
3. Discuss how the different words change the meaning of the text
Make Meaning
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Let’s try it out! Make Meaning
The young baseball players from Venezuela are playing at the Little League World Series.
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Make Meaning
The _____ baseball players from Venezuela are playing at the Little League World Series.
Let’s try it out!
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Extension: Apply to New Sentences
The young baseball players from Venezuela are playing in the Little League World Series.
The __________ teachers from ________ are working in the classroom.
Make Meaning
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(2) Grammar Connects Ideas
Connect Ideas
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How does language connect ideas?
(adapted from de Oliveira & Schleppegrell, 2016, p. 47)
Example Cohesive Devices Meaning
And, and then, furthermore Addition
But, for example, instead, however, on the other hand
Compare/Contrast
When, then Time Because, so, despite, nevertheless, even though
Cause/Consequence
If, unless Condition In order to, so Purpose First, second, finally Sequence
Connect Ideas
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Ac#vity: Iden#fying Cohesive Devices
1. Teacher selects short passage that students can understand
2. Students identify cohesive devices
3. Students document cohesive devices in chart and explain importance
Connect Ideas
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Identifying Cohesive Devices
Connect Ideas
What connectors do you see?
Learning a new language is challenging for many
adults because they are busy. However, language
learning routines can make a big difference. For
instance, students can review new vocabulary every
night before bed. Another idea is to listen to the news
in the language they are learning.
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Identifying Cohesive Devices
Connect Ideas
What connectors do you see?
Learning a new language is challenging for many
adults because they are busy. However, language
learning routines can make a big difference. For
instance, students can review new vocabulary every
night before bed. Another idea is to listen to the news
in the language they are learning.
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Identifying Connectors
Cohesive Device Meaning
because Provides a reason that learning a new language is hard
However, Introduces a contradiction
For instance, Provides an example
Another idea is Provides a second example related to the previous one
Connect Ideas
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Activity: Sentence Combining
1. Take a text composed of short sentences – Note: You can use student-produced texts
2. Group related ideas
3. Combine sentences using connectors
4. Explain rationale for choice of connectors
5. Remember: no “correct” answer; the goal is discussion about language!
Connect Ideas
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Sentence Combining Example
My pet Chihuahua is cute. He is small. Many Chihuahuas bark a lot. My dog is calm. He does not like strangers. He is still nice to the neighbors.
Connect Ideas
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Sentence Combining Example Connect Ideas
My pet Chihuahua is cute and small. Even though many
Chihuahuas bark a lot, my dog is calm. However, he does
not like strangers. Nevertheless, he is still nice to the
neighbors.
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(3) Grammar Creates Relationships
Create Relationships
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How does language create relationships?
Create Relationships
Modality = probability and obligation
Terms of Modality Examples
Modal Auxiliary Verbs will, can, may, should
Modal Adverbs maybe, perhaps, arguably
Modal Nouns possibility, requirement
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Advice Columns: Full of Modality
DEAR ABBY: My friend is always tired and sick because she does not eat healthy foods. How can I help her?
Create Relationships
I think the best approach would be to talk about this with
your friend. Tell her that you are concerned about her health
and you might suggest that she eat more fruits and
vegetables. It is essential that you also eat healthy to show
support.
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Activity: Modality Scale
• Students underline modality • Students sort phrases on a continuum
from gentle/uncertain to firm/certain • Students discuss rationales behind their
sorting
Create Relationships
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Modality Scale Example
Tell her that…
You might suggest that…
It is essential that…
I think the best approach would be…
Very certain / Firm
Uncertain / Gentle
Create Relationships
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Extension Ac#vi#es with Modality
• Students act as advice columnists and write answers
• Students take on different roles (e.g.,
parent, friend) and give advice • Compare columns and discuss language
choices
Create Relationships
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Summary: Functions and Activities
Make Meaning Close reading analysis
Connect Ideas
Sentence combining Create Relationships
Modality scale
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Tips to Remember • Select reading examples that are about
topics familiar to students • Connect grammar forms to meaning • Focus on discussion; there may be more than
one correct answer • Start with noticing new grammar forms in
text, and then begin using them in writing
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Try it out and let me know how it goes!
See you on the Ning!
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Selected References • Bourke, J. (2008). A rough guide to language
awareness. English Teaching Forum, 1, 12-21. • de Oliveira, L. & Schleppegrell, M. (2016). Focus
on Grammar and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
• Gibbons, P. (2009). English Learners, Academic Literacy and Thinking: Learning in the Challenge Zone. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
• O’Dowd, E. (November 2015). Finding a voice for argument. TESOL Connections.
• Ruday, S. (2016). The Argument Writing Toolkit. New York: Routledge.