Connected speech and intonation

Stress on Word Pairs Noun/Adjective Verb

ˈPro.gress --- Pro.ˈgress ˈPre.sent -----Pre.ˈsent ˈCon.vict -------Con.ˈvict ˈRe.cord ------ Re.ˈcord ˈPer.mit ------- Per.ˈmit

Connected Speech – rapid, casual speech.

Simplifications of the syllable -

Vowel Reduction - Consonant assimilation - Consonant Lenition – Elision –  

Vowel Reduction – reduction in the length of a vowel, ands its quality. If the first syllable forms a sequence of unstressed syllables.

The most common form of vowel reduction is the reduction to schwa [ə], in unstressed syllables.

Requires the smallest deviation of the tongue body from the neutral position.

Shortest of all vowels

Principal of Assimilation – (Principal of ease of articulation) – processes in which one sound becomes

(realized) similar to the neighbouring sound in connected speech - in rapid, casual speech.

Consonant Assimilation – -Regressive assimilation -Progressive assimilation    

- - - - Cᶠ C - - - - ͥ   Single final consonant, single initial

consonant

Regressive assimilation – if the consonant final changes to become like consonant initial.

Progressive assimilation – if the consonant initial changes to become like consonant final.

Fat thing [fæt%θɪŋ] – dental plosive (stop)

alveolar stop has assimilated to the to the following dental sound in terms of place of articulation.

Assimilation according to –

-Place of articulation

-Manner of articulation

-Difference in voicing

Fat man – [fæp mæn]

Meat pie – mi:p paɪ]

Bright colour – [bɹaɪk kʌlə]

Pamphlet [pæɱfl -labiodental nasal stop

Good thing [gʊd= θɪŋ] – labiodentals plosive (stop)

Pamphlet [pæɱ flət] -labiodental nasal stop

Good thing [gʊd= θɪŋ] – labiodentals plosive (stop)

Allophones – realizations of a phoneme which are entirely predictable from context –variation

Assimilating partially – [s], [z] - [i], [j] Miss you – [mɪʃu] – palatal-alveolar fricative

[t], [d] – [i], [j] Hit you – [hɪʧu] – palatal-alveolar affricate

Manner of articulation – in most rapid speech

Regressive assimilation -

That side – [ðæs saɪd]

Good night – [gʊn naɪt]

Progressive assimilation –

Read theses – ɹi:d= d= i:z]

Get them - [get = t =əm]

Voicing – Voiced final consonants become voiceless

initial consonants   More observable across morpheme

boundaries Cats [kæts] dogs [dɒgz] Jumps [dʒʌmps] runs [ɹʌnz]

Consonant Lenition –

-Diminution or decrease in

- the degree of constriction of a consonant, -the voicing of a voiced consonant, - the length of time of the constriction.

American English – tap or flap - /t/ and /d/ are realized as /ɾ/ - (voiced alveolar tap or flap)

-Similar to a short /d/ -Saves articulatory time matter, better, rider

a common type of lenition – Reduction of oral stops or plosives to glottal

stops Put it right – [pʊʔ ɪʔ ɹaɪʔ], that- [ðəʔ]

most extreme form of lenition is – complete elision of segments

the sixth month [ðəsɪks mʌnθ]

Elision of consonants – cup of tea – [kʌpəti]

 Reduction and Elision among English speakers –

e.g. Spanish, Italian have different rhythm, no reduction of vowels to schwa

e.g. the Italian verb parlare (to speak) – [p English speaker – [pəɹˈlɑ:ɹe] -

Intonation

Falling tone

rising tone