connected and automated vehicles: modeling and … · • enhanced mobility for low-mobility...
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ConnectedandAutomatedVehicles:ModelingandManagementNeeds
SrinivasPeeta,[email protected]
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NUTC-FHWAWorkshopJuly23,2017
q VehicularautomaMon,inconjuncMonwithconnecMvity,isprovingtobedisrupMveandtransformaMve§ ARermorethanacentury,thehumanisrelinquishingdrivingcontrol§ Machines(vehicles):controlandarMficialintelligence(learning)
q VehicularcapabiliMes,drivenbytechnology,areadvancingatafargreaterpacethansociety’sabilitytohandlethem§ Gaps(human,builtenvironment,management,models/procedures)§ Consequences(emergent)§ TransiMon(geZngtherefromhere)
ConnectedandAutomatedVehicles(CAVs)
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q Standards:clarity,uniformity,policy,ethics,legal
q Technology:flux,acceptability,adopMon,long-term
q SystemevoluMon:emergentoutcomes,phenomena
q TransiMon:mixedtraffic,infra.design,regulaMons
q PotenMalforobsolescence:howtohedge?
q Decision-making:planning,investment,recourse
q Traffic/systemmodelingandmanagementneeds
ChallengesarisingfromCAVs
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Infrastructure
Human Vehicle
Why:modeling&managementneeds?
Industry
Government
Academia
SOCIETY
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Why:modeling&managementneeds?q Itisaboutmorethanjustthevehicleq Howhumansinterfaceneedstobewell-understoodq Infrastructuredesignq Regulatory,legal,policy/ethical,security,standards
Infrastructure
Human Vehicle
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Emergentphenomena• Ghostridership,carsharing,ridehailing• Datamanagementandsecurity
Safety• Fewerroadaccidents• Eliminatehumanerror
Mobility• Enhancedmobilityforlow-mobilitypopulaMon• Lesser“wasted”Mmeintravel
ImpactsofCAVs
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ImpactsofCAVs
Environment• Energy-efficientdriving• Vehicle-milestraveledmayincrease
Industry• Disruptsfreight,mobilityservices,etc.• Couldcreatenewjobs
Realestatemarket• Urbansprawl• Redesigninglanduse
ModelsneedtobeabletocaptureCAVimpacts
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Example:LevelofautomaMon
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Source:www.jchs.harvard.edu
Example:Americaisaging
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Source:www.jchs.harvard.edu
Example:Agingandtravel
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Supply
Demand Technology
What:modeling&managementneeds?
Individuallyinflux,andinteracGonsontopofthat!
q TransportaMoncharacterisMcs§ Demand-sideaspects§ Supply-sideaspects
q SystemmanagementobjecMve§ Planning§ OperaMons
q AnalysisandimplementaMontools§ AnalyMcalmodels/procedures/processes§ SimulaMonmodels/soRware§ Drivingsimulators§ Virtual/augmentedrealityapproaches§ Real-worldtesMngfaciliMes
What:modeling&managementneeds?
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Demand-sideaspects
TravelMode
IntheVehicle
LifestyleChoices
TravelBehavior
- Vehicleownership- Newmodes&adopMon- Mobilityasaservice- TransiMonperiod
- Modechoice- DepartureMmechoice- Routechoice- Parkingchoice- Roleoftechnology
ModelingforCAVs:
Demand-side
- ValueofMme- In-vehicleacMviMes- Human-machineinteracMons
- LocaMonaldecisions- AcMviMes- AcMvityscheduling- Traveldecisions(roleofdemographics)
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Driver/TravelerBehavior
TrafficFlow
TrafficManagement
NetworkDesign
- Roleofhuman- RoleofinformaMon- Technologyuptake
- Signalcontrol(V2X)- TrafficoperaMons- Publictransit- Roadwaydesign- Parkingsystem
ModelingforCAVs:
Supply-side
- Trafficmeasures- VehicularinteracMons- Platooning- Mixedtraffic- Ghostridership
- UserobjecMve- Roleoftechnology- InnovaMonsinsoluMons- Cyber-physicalsystems
Supply-sideaspects
Concludingcommentsq ExisMngmodelsneedtobeupdated/modified/discardedto
accountforchangesduetoCAVs
q NewmodelstoleveragenewtechnologicalcapabiliMes,andcaptureemergentinteracMons
q ModelingforCAVsemphasizesintegraMonofadvancedtechnologies
q ModelingchallengesinthetransiMonperiod
q ModelingneedstofactorsocialandinteracMon/integraMonaspects
q Datawillplayamoreimportantrole
q CooperaMve/synergisMcapplicaMonswillbemorepromising
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Thankyou!
Popular Mechanics, 1950s
ContactInformaGon:SrinivasPeetaEmail:[email protected]:hSp://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nextrans/CCAT:hSp://ccat.umtri.umich.edu
Roleofhuman
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q Newphenomena§ Drivingdecisions/acMonswillbereplacedbyautonomouscontrol
systems§ RouMngdecisions/acMonswillbedynamicallyintervenedby
autonomouscontrolsystems
q Currentmodelscando– DepartureMmechoice;routechoice;modechoice;valueoftravel
Mme;valueoftravelMmereliability
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– ChangestovalueoftravelMmeanditsreliability(vehicleasan
extensionofworkplaceorforleisure)
– RouMng/rerouMngunderCAVs– CombinaMonoftravelers’preferencesandautonomoussystem
control
RoleofinformaMon
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q Newphenomena§ Real-MmeinformaMoncanbeautomaMcallyprocessedand
analyzedbyCAVs
q Currentmodelscando– TravelMmeesMmaMon;travelMmereliabilityesMmaMon;dynamic
shortestpath;V2VinformaMonpropagaMon;V2IcommunicaMons
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– InformaMonprovisionstrategiesforCAVs
– InformaMonfiltering/customizaMon
– MaliciousinformaMonprevenMon
– PrivacyprotecMon– InformaMonintegraMonwithtravelerpreferences
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Technologyuptakeq Newphenomena
§ TransiMonperiodandtransiencewillexist
q Currentmodelscando– Lifecycleanalysis
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Howtravelers’behaviorschangegradually– ModelingtrafficflowevoluMontowardapurelyautonomous
drivingenvironment
q CurrenttrafficflowtheorymaynotbeapplicableforCAVsduetohomogeneityindrivingbehavior
q CAVscanmoveinplatoonsatauniformspeed
q Highwaycapacityismoreflexibleandcontrollable
q QueueformaMonanddissipaMonmechanismmaychange
Trafficflowtheory
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Volume,speedanddensityq Currentmodelscando
§ RelaMonoftrafficvolumewithrespect
tospeedanddensity§ MacroscopicFundamentalDiagram
§ Volume,density,andspeedchangesunderinclementweathercondiMons
§ Uncertaintyinthetrafficflows
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– ChangesintherelaMonshipsbetween
volume,speedanddensityunderCAVs
– UncertaintyreducMon– Uniformheadways
𝑞=𝑣∙𝑘
CitedfromFernandes,P.,Nunes,U.PlatooningWithIVC-EnabledAutonomousVehicles:StrategiestoMiMgateCommunicaMonDelays,ImproveSafetyandTrafficFlow.IEEETransacMonsonIntelligentTransportaMonSystems,13(1),2012
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Trafficwaveq Newphenomena
§ CAVscancommunicatewitheachotherandreacttoinformaMonmoreefficiently
§ DifferentmobilityparernwithouthumanintervenMon
q Currentmodelscando– Homogeneousandheterogeneoustrafficwave(kinemaMcwave
theory)
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– TrafficwavecharacterisMcsduetoV2VandV2IcommunicaMons
– Trafficwavespeedscanincreasesignificantly
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Mixedtrafficq Newphenomena
§ CAVsbehavemorehomogeneouslyinplatoonstoimprovesystemperformance
§ CAVscancommunicatewitheachotherandinfrastructure
q Currentmodelscando– Heterogeneoustrafficflowmodels(focusmoreonmixtureofcars
andtrucks)
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– ModelingplatoonstreamsforCAVs
– Car-followingmodelformixedtrafficwithautonomousandhuman-operatedvehicles
– “Car-followingmodels”formulM-classCAVtraffic
Signalcontrolq Newphenomena
§ CAVscancommunicatewithsignalcontrolsystemsandautomaMcallydetermineopMmalspeeds
§ CAVscanformplatoonswhenapproachingintersecMon
§ CAVflowsmaybemanagedthroughsignalcontrol
q Currentmodelscando– SignalMmingplans;adapMvetrafficsignalcontrols;signalcoordinaMon;
signalpreempMon
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Realizenetwork-widesignalcoordinaMonforCAVs– ProvidesignalpreempMontoCAVplatoons
– ManagepurelyautonomousvehiclesatsignalizedintersecMons
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§ CAVsmovemoreefficientlythanhuman-drivenvehicles
§ SpecialdesigntofacilitatethemobilityofCAVs
q Newphenomena
Highwaydesign
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Highwaydesignformixedtrafficwith
autonomousandhuman-drivenvehicles
– Highwaydesignforpurelyautonomousvehicles
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q Newphenomena§ ACAVcanparkitself
§ Parkingdistancecanbeextended
§ Parkingspacecanbeusedmoreefficiently(on-demand)
q Currentmodelscando– Parkingfacilitydesign;parkingdemandsandsupplyanalysis;
park-and-rideplanningandoperaMons;parkingpricingstrategies
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Facilitydesigntofacilitateauto-parking– Sharedpark-and-ride
Parkingsystem
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Publictransitq Newphenomena
§ Human-operatedtaxicabcanbereplacedbydriverlessones
§ Publictransitridershipmayincreaseduetoreducedcarownership
q Currentmodelscando– PublictransitinfrastructuresystemmodelingandopMmizaMon
– IntegratedpublictransportaMonplanning– RouteopMmizaMonanddispatchingplanningfortaxicab
– OpMmalMmetablesfortransitsystems
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Transitdemandanalysis
– PricingstrategiesforCAVtaxis,ride-sharing/ride-hailingservices
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Freightfacilityq Newphenomena
§ Connectedandautonomoustruckscantravelmoreefficiently
§ RoutescanbeopMmizedandupdatedinreal-Mme
§ Connectedandautonomoustruckscanformplatoons
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– LocaMonplanningforfreightfacility– JointopMmizaMonproblemsoffreightoperaMonsandnetworkdesign
Mercedes-BenzFutureTruck
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UE/SOq Newphenomena
§ UserdecisionswillbemoreinfluencedbysystemlevelobjecMves
q Currentmodelscando– Userequilibrium/systemopMmumtrafficassignment
– AcMvitybasedtrafficassignment
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– UE/SOtrafficassignmentwithnewcostfuncMon
– UE/SOtrafficassignmentformixedtrafficwithautonomousandhuman-operatedvehicles
– UE/SOtrafficassignmentformulM-classCAVs
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DeterminisMc/StochasMcq Newphenomena
§ Vehiclescanbecontrolledmoreeasilybycentralizedsystem
§ TrafficcondiMon“percepMons”willbemoreaccurate
q Currentmodelscando– DeterminisMc/stochasMctrafficassignment
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– NoMonofstochasMcitymayhaveadifferentperspecMve;not
primarilydrivenbydriverpercepMons/acMons
– StochasMctrafficassignmentforpurelyautonomousvehicles
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StaMc/Dynamicq Newphenomena
§ CAVscanreceivereal-MmeinformaMonanddynamicallyadjustdecisions
q Currentmodelscando– StaMc/dynamictrafficassignment
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– StaMc/dynamictrafficassignmentformixedtrafficwith
autonomousandhuman-operatedvehicles
– StaMc/dynamictrafficassignmentforCAVswithfullcooperaMonandreal-MmetrafficinformaMon
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Responsetoincidents
q Newphenomena§ CAVscanreceivetrafficinformaMonmorequickly
§ CAVscanmovecooperaMvely
q Currentmodelscando– EmergencyevacuaMonrouMng
– RerouMngundernon-recurrenttrafficcongesMon
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Trafficassignmentmodelsunderincidentscenarioswith
cooperaMvevehiclemovement
IntersecMondesignq Newphenomena§ CAVscanmoveathigherspeedswhen
approachingintersecMons
§ CAVscantalktoeachotherandtheinfrastructure
q Currentmodelscando– Clover-leafdesign;roundabout;
intersecMoncapacitymodeling;safetyanalysis
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– Signal-freeintersecMondesignto
facilitateCAVmovement
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HighwayoperaMonsq Newphenomena
§ CAVplatoonscantravelmoreefficiently
§ InteracMonsbetweenhuman-drivenvehiclesandautonomousvehiclesneedtobefactored
§ CooperaMveoperaMonsarepossible
q Currentmodelscando– CongesMontollingandtradable-credittollingstrategies;rampmetering;
managedlanes;contraflowlanes
q Ques4onsneedtobeaddressed– UsingexisMnghighwayoperaMonstoencourageCAVride-sharing– Demandmanagementstrategiesforpurelyautonomousvehicles
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