conjunctions
TRANSCRIPT
CONJUNCTIONS
And
But
orfor
yet
neither
not only therefore
althoughaccordingly
thus
CONJUNCTION
• Coordinating conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions
• Conjunctions that introduce noun clause: that and if/ whether
• Prepositions and subordinating conjunction that have the same meaning
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and to join two items that are related in some way
but to add something different or surprising
or To indicate choices
for To give reasons
so To show results
yet To introduce something surprising
Coordinating conjunctions: are used to join together two or more items which are equally important, e.g. two or more words, phrases, clauses, etc.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The new building is very modern and innovative.
We worked extended hours, but we couldn’t complete the task.
She wanted red or pink wallpaper.
The room was hot, for the air conditioner was not working.
All the employees are in the auditorium, so the offices are empty.
The meeting started thirty minutes ago, yet some of the seats are still vacant.
Practice
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
both A and B → Plural verbs
not A but Beither A or B
neither A or Bnot only A but
also B
→ Verbs agree with B
A as well as B → Verbs agree with A
Correlative conjunctions: are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two balanced words, phrases, clauses.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Both the color and the style matches (→match) our product’s concept.
Not the computers but the Internet connection were (→was) malfunctioning.
Either her colleagues or she are (→is) going to attend the seminar.
Neither the employees or (→nor) the instructor were (→was) in the lecture hall
Not only the files but also the disc were (→was) misplaced.
The Hoover Dam is not only an interesting tourist spot but also an essential source of power for certain areas of the country.
Practice
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
A. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of time
As after as long asas soon as
Before until whenwhile
The session will begin as soon as everyone is seated.
Mr. Martino will take charge of this project while the manager is away.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
B. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of reason
As because now thatsince
Items 1 through 10 can’t be ordered because the products are out of stock.
Mr. Martino will take charge of this project while the manager is away.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
C. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of condition
if providing/ Provided thatin case
unless so long as
If you want to take the chance to win a free MP3, just register online.
We will move on to the next stage unless anyone has an objection to the decision.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
D. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of purpose
So (that) / in order that
Leave your number so (that) Ms. Shin can give you a call after the meeting.
The travel agent changed my reservation in order that I could take a later flight.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
E. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of result
So + adjective/ adverb + that = such + noun + that
The package was so heavy that the deliveryman couldn’t pick it up
= The package was such a heavy one that the deliveryman couldn’t pick it up.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
F. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of concession
although / even though / thoughwhile
Although some applications were submitted late, we decided to accept them all.
Even though interest rates are low, people are refusing to borrow money from banks.
While we understand you are in a hurry, you need to wait for your turn.
CONJUNCTIONS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSE : THAT AND IF / WHETHER
A. That + subject + verb
- that clause as subjects
That the earth is round is an established fact.
subject
- that clause as objects
I believe that you study hard.
object
- that clause as complement
One of the characteristics of leather is that it has a fibrous structure.
complement
CONJUNCTIONS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSE : THAT AND IF / WHETHER
B. If/ whether + subject + verb
If/ whether begins a noun clause in a sentence.
If (→ whether) you have won the prize or not will be announced on our announced on our website by next Monday.
PREPOSITIONS AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS THAT HAVE THE SAME MEANINGS
Subordinating conjunction + subjective verb Preposition + noun / noun phrase / pronoun
Preposition + noun/ noun phrase / pronoun
Subordinating conjunction + subject + verb
because of = ought to because
despite / in spite of although / even though
during while
except except that
without unless
in case of IF
PREPOSITIONS AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS THAT HAVE THE SAME MEANINGS
Subordinating conjunction + subjective verb Preposition + noun / noun phrase / pronoun
►Despite the traffic, I arrived on time.
= Although the traffic is bad, I arrived on time.
►The opening of the new factory outlet will be postponed because of construction delays.
= The opening of the new factory outlet will be postponed because there are construction delays.
PREPOSITIONS AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS THAT HAVE THE SAME MEANINGS
Subordinating conjunction + subjective verb Preposition + noun / noun phrase / pronoun
►we went to a lot of places during our vacation.
= we went to a lot of places while we were on vacation.
►Guests of employees are not permitted to enter the offices without a security escort.
= Guests of employees are not permitted to enter the offices unless they are escorted by a security guard.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
- Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that join two clauses.
- In this manner, they are like conjunctions.
- When using a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses, you need a semicolon (;), not a comma (,)
CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBS
A. Conjunctive adverb that show result
Accordingly consequentlyhence
Therefore thus
The tickets were sold out; therefore, we had to watch the next show.
CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBS
B. Conjunctive adverb that show addition
Besides furthermoreIn addition moreover
The party was over when I got there; besides, I didn’t even want to go.
CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBS
C. Conjunctive adverb that show concession
However neverthelessnonetheless
The play was over when I got to the theater; however, I had the chance to meet the performers in person.