THE CONGRESS OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND NEW VIENNA AND NEW

IDEOLOGIESIDEOLOGIES

EARLY 19EARLY 19THTH CENTURY CENTURY EUROPEEUROPE

IMPACT OF NAPOLEONIMPACT OF NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON HAD ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A NAPOLEON HAD ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A FRENCH EMPIREFRENCH EMPIRE

USED FRENCH USED FRENCH NATIONALISMNATIONALISM TO GAIN TO GAIN SUPPORT SUPPORT

THIS WAS PERCEIVED AS A THREAT TO THE THIS WAS PERCEIVED AS A THREAT TO THE BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE IN EUROPE

NAPOLEON’S DEFEAT AT WATERLOO NAPOLEON’S DEFEAT AT WATERLOO USHERED IN AN ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO USHERED IN AN ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO POLITICAL CONSERVATISMPOLITICAL CONSERVATISM AMONG THE AMONG THE EUROPEAN STATES (POWERS)EUROPEAN STATES (POWERS)

NAPOLEON CROWNED HIMSELF NAPOLEON CROWNED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF FRANCEEMPEROR OF FRANCE

NAPOLEON USED MILITARY CONQUEST AND NAPOLEON USED MILITARY CONQUEST AND ALLIANCES TO BUILD A FRENCH EMPIREALLIANCES TO BUILD A FRENCH EMPIRE

NAPOLEON FINALLY DEFEATED AT THE NAPOLEON FINALLY DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE OF WATERLOOBATTLE OF WATERLOO

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNATHE CONGRESS OF VIENNA1814-18151814-1815

THE TREATY OF PARIS THE TREATY OF PARIS ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA IN 1814THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA IN 1814

THE FRENCH (BOURBON) MONARCHY THE FRENCH (BOURBON) MONARCHY WAS RESTORED - WAS RESTORED - LOUIS XVIIILOUIS XVIII

NAPOLEON WAS DEFEATED IN1815 NAPOLEON WAS DEFEATED IN1815 AND EXILED FROM EUROPEAND EXILED FROM EUROPE

LOUIS XVIIILOUIS XVIIIFRENCH MONARCHY RESTOREDFRENCH MONARCHY RESTORED

PURPOSE OF THE CONGRESS PURPOSE OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNAOF VIENNA

THE CONGRESS ATTEMPTED TO “THE CONGRESS ATTEMPTED TO “UNDO”UNDO” THE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE AND THE NAPOLEONIC PERIODNAPOLEONIC PERIOD

AIM WAS TO AIM WAS TO RESTORE POLITICAL RESTORE POLITICAL ORDER IN EUROPEORDER IN EUROPE RESTORE THE RESTORE THE BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER AMONG AMONG

THE EUROPEAN STATESTHE EUROPEAN STATES CREATE AN CREATE AN “INTERNATIONAL “INTERNATIONAL

EQUILIBRIUM” EQUILIBRIUM” RESTORE RESTORE THE “OLD ORDER” THE “OLD ORDER” OF OF

MONARCHY AND ARISTOCRATIC POWERMONARCHY AND ARISTOCRATIC POWER

MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONGRESS OF

VIENNAVIENNA

PRINCE METTERNICHPRINCE METTERNICHOF AUSTRIAOF AUSTRIA

ARISTOCRATIC FOREIGN ARISTOCRATIC FOREIGN MINISTER OF AUSTRIAMINISTER OF AUSTRIA

OPPOSED NATIONALISMOPPOSED NATIONALISM SAW IT AS A THREAT TO SAW IT AS A THREAT TO

THE BALANCE OF POWER THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPEIN EUROPE

OPPOSED THE POLITICAL OPPOSED THE POLITICAL LIBERALISMLIBERALISM

REJECTED THE NOTION OF REJECTED THE NOTION OF EQUALITY AND LIBERTYEQUALITY AND LIBERTY FEARED VIOLENCE, WAR, FEARED VIOLENCE, WAR,

AND BLOODSHEDAND BLOODSHED FAVORED A RETURN TO FAVORED A RETURN TO

CONSERVATISM- CONSERVATISM- THE OLD ORDER OF THE OLD ORDER OF

MONARCHY AND MONARCHY AND ARISTOCRATIC RULE WITH A ARISTOCRATIC RULE WITH A STRONG BUREAUCRACYSTRONG BUREAUCRACY

ROBERT CASTLEREAGH ROBERT CASTLEREAGH OF BRITAINOF BRITAIN

BRITISH FOREIGN BRITISH FOREIGN MINISTERMINISTER

WANTED TO MAKE WANTED TO MAKE SURE THE POWERS IN SURE THE POWERS IN EUROPE WERE EUROPE WERE BALANCED BALANCED

FEARED RUSSIAN, FEARED RUSSIAN, PRUSSIAN, AND PRUSSIAN, AND FRENCH POWERFRENCH POWER

““ENGLAND HAS NO ENGLAND HAS NO PERMANENT FRIENDS, PERMANENT FRIENDS, ONLY PERMANENT ONLY PERMANENT INTERESTS.”INTERESTS.”

PRINCE CHARLES TALLEYRANDPRINCE CHARLES TALLEYRANDOF FRANCEOF FRANCE

FRENCH FOREIGN FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER MINISTER

SOUGHT TO SOUGHT TO PRESERVE FRENCH PRESERVE FRENCH TERRITORY GAINED TERRITORY GAINED BY NAPOLEONBY NAPOLEON

ALLIANCES BETWEEN ALLIANCES BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN STATESTHE EUROPEAN STATES

Secure national interests and Secure national interests and agendas agendas

THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCETHE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE

BRITAINBRITAINPRUSSIAPRUSSIAAUSTRIA- AUSTRIA-

STILLED RULED BY HABSBURGSSTILLED RULED BY HABSBURGSBRITAIN WANTED PRUSSIA TO BALANCE BRITAIN WANTED PRUSSIA TO BALANCE

THE POWER AGAINST FRANCETHE POWER AGAINST FRANCERUSSIA-RUSSIA-

AGREED TO GIVE PRUSSIA PART OF AGREED TO GIVE PRUSSIA PART OF SAXONY FOR ITS SUPPORTSAXONY FOR ITS SUPPORT

THE HOLY ALLIANCE THE HOLY ALLIANCE 18151815

FORMED TO FORMED TO CHECK THE SPREAD CHECK THE SPREAD OF POLITICAL LIBERALISMOF POLITICAL LIBERALISM AND AND REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY IN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY IN EASTERN EUROPEEASTERN EUROPEAUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIARUSSIARUSSIA

CZAR ALEXANDER I SOUGHT COMPLETE CZAR ALEXANDER I SOUGHT COMPLETE POWER OVER POLANDPOWER OVER POLAND

THE GERMAN CONFEDERATIONTHE GERMAN CONFEDERATION

ESTABLISHED BY THE VIENNA PEACE ESTABLISHED BY THE VIENNA PEACE SETTLEMENTSETTLEMENT

MADE UP OF MADE UP OF 38 INDEPENDENT 38 INDEPENDENT GERMAN STATES GERMAN STATES (INCLUDED AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA)(INCLUDED AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA)

DOMINATED BY METTERNICH’S DOMINATED BY METTERNICH’S POLICIES POLICIES

THE CARLSBAD DECREES THE CARLSBAD DECREES IN THE GERMAN CONFEDERATIONIN THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION

ISSUED IN 1819ISSUED IN 1819 SUPPRESSED ANY OPPOSITION TO SUPPRESSED ANY OPPOSITION TO

METTERNICH’S CONSERVATIVE POLICIES METTERNICH’S CONSERVATIVE POLICIES PRESS CENSORSHIPPRESS CENSORSHIP WAS IMPOSED WAS IMPOSED

A A SECRET POLICESECRET POLICE AND SPY NETWORK KEPT AND SPY NETWORK KEPT TRACK OF AND ROOTED OUT OPPOSITIONTRACK OF AND ROOTED OUT OPPOSITION

THE GOVERNMENT THE GOVERNMENT CRACKED DOWN ON CRACKED DOWN ON UNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITIES (STUDENTS AND TEACHERS) (STUDENTS AND TEACHERS) WHICH OFTEN CHALLENGED GOVERNMENT WHICH OFTEN CHALLENGED GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND TENDED TO FAVOR A MORE POLICIES AND TENDED TO FAVOR A MORE LIBERAL COURSELIBERAL COURSE

THE EARLY 19THE EARLY 19THTH CENTURY CENTURY CONTINUED TO BE CONTINUED TO BE

DOMINATED BY DOMINATED BY

Nationalism Nationalism

Promoted national and cultural unity Promoted national and cultural unity that could become a political “reality” that could become a political “reality” Language Language Ethnicity Ethnicity Territory Territory Religion Religion

Focused on national interests and Focused on national interests and agendas agendas

Industrialization and improved Industrialization and improved communication impacted the communication impacted the development and spread of nationalism development and spread of nationalism in Europe in Europe

Impact of Nationalism Impact of Nationalism The conservative old order (Metternich The conservative old order (Metternich

and the Congress of Vienna) feared and the Congress of Vienna) feared nationalism’s threat to the balance of nationalism’s threat to the balance of power in Europe power in Europe

The emergence of new nation-states and The emergence of new nation-states and the re-drawing of national borders was the re-drawing of national borders was seen as a threat to the major powers of seen as a threat to the major powers of Europe Europe

Nationalism’s focus on democratic and Nationalism’s focus on democratic and liberal reforms also worried Europe’s liberal reforms also worried Europe’s power elite power elite

Rising nationalism would create an Rising nationalism would create an environment of “aggression and conflictenvironment of “aggression and conflict” ”

THE MAJOR EUROPEAN THE MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS CONTINUED TO POWERS CONTINUED TO

WORK OUT THEIR WORK OUT THEIR NATIONALISTIC AGENDASNATIONALISTIC AGENDAS

NATIONALISM WOULD ALSO FUEL NATIONALISM WOULD ALSO FUEL INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN

THE 19THE 19HH CENTURY CENTURY

LIBERALISM- LIBERALISM- (POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC )(POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC )

DEMAND FOR GREATER POLITICAL DEMAND FOR GREATER POLITICAL LIBERTIESLIBERTIES FREE SPEECHFREE SPEECH FREEDOM OF THE PRESSFREEDOM OF THE PRESS FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLYFREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY

EXPANSION OF VOTING RIGHTSEXPANSION OF VOTING RIGHTS THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT IN BRITAINTHE CHARTIST MOVEMENT IN BRITAIN

WORKED TO ENSURE THAT ALL MALES COULD WORKED TO ENSURE THAT ALL MALES COULD VOTEVOTE

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENTREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAWEQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW PROTECTION FROM ABUSIVE AND PROTECTION FROM ABUSIVE AND

TYRANNICAL GOVERNMENTTYRANNICAL GOVERNMENT

AFTER 1815AFTER 1815 LIBERALISM BECAME LIBERALISM BECAME MORE OF A CONSERVATIVE MIDDLE MORE OF A CONSERVATIVE MIDDLE CLASS (BOURGEOISIE) DOCTRINECLASS (BOURGEOISIE) DOCTRINE

WORKING CLASS AND LOWER WORKING CLASS AND LOWER CLASSES WERE OFTEN EXCLUDED CLASSES WERE OFTEN EXCLUDED

FROM GOVERNMENT AND FROM GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESSBUSINESS

THE RISE OF SOCIALISMTHE RISE OF SOCIALISM SOCIALISM PLACED A GREATER EMPAHSIS SOCIALISM PLACED A GREATER EMPAHSIS

ON COMMUNITY (THE COLLECTIVE ) AND ON COMMUNITY (THE COLLECTIVE ) AND LESS ON THE INDIVIDUALLESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL

SOCIALISM PUSHED FOR GOVERNMENT SOCIALISM PUSHED FOR GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS TO ASSURE ECONOMIC AND PROGRAMS TO ASSURE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EQUALITYSOCIAL EQUALITY

IT SUPPORTED LEGISLATION TO PROTECT IT SUPPORTED LEGISLATION TO PROTECT WORKERS AND GIVE THEM MORE POWER WORKERS AND GIVE THEM MORE POWER IN THE WORK PLACEIN THE WORK PLACE

KARL MARX KARL MARX AND AND

FRIEDRICH ENGELSFRIEDRICH ENGELS

Karl Marx Karl Marx 1818-18831818-1883 German philosopher German philosopher From a Jewish family that converted to From a Jewish family that converted to

Christianity Christianity Marx was an Marx was an atheist atheist Studied philosophy at the university Studied philosophy at the university Influenced by early French socialists Influenced by early French socialists Marx built his ideas on the Marx built his ideas on the dialectical model dialectical model

of the German philosopher of the German philosopher Georg Hegel Georg Hegel Thesis, antithesis, synthesis Thesis, antithesis, synthesis Dialectical materialismDialectical materialism - all history is driven by - all history is driven by

material forces - Marx- class struggle material forces - Marx- class struggle

THE COMMUNIST THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTOMANIFESTO

18481848

KARL MARX AND KARL MARX AND

FRIEDRICH ENGELSFRIEDRICH ENGELS

MAJOR IDEASMAJOR IDEAS MARX INTERPRETED HISTORY AS NOTHING MARX INTERPRETED HISTORY AS NOTHING

BUT THE HISTORY OF BUT THE HISTORY OF CLASS STRUGGLECLASS STRUGGLE Dialectical Materialism- class struggle driven Dialectical Materialism- class struggle driven

by material forces - goods, land, money, by material forces - goods, land, money, etc. etc.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY WAS NOTHING BUT THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY WAS NOTHING BUT THE MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS BOURGEOISIE BOURGEOISIE EXPLOITINGEXPLOITING THE WORKING CLASS THE WORKING CLASS PROLETARIATPROLETARIAT ““STEALING” THE WAGES OF THE WORKERSSTEALING” THE WAGES OF THE WORKERS

MARX PREDICTED THAT MARX PREDICTED THAT VIOLENT VIOLENT REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION WOULD OVERTHROW WOULD OVERTHROW CAPITALISM AND USHER IN A NEW AGE OF CAPITALISM AND USHER IN A NEW AGE OF COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

““WORKERS OF THE WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE.”WORLD UNITE.”

BY 1848 EUROPE WAS AT BY 1848 EUROPE WAS AT A POINT OF TRANSITIONA POINT OF TRANSITION

Revolutions would erupt in Revolutions would erupt in Austria, France, and Prussia Austria, France, and Prussia as various political groups as various political groups sought political and social sought political and social

reform reform

IMPACT OF MARXIMPACT OF MARX THE RISE OF THE RISE OF COMMUNISM COMMUNISM

RUSSIAN REVOUTION- 1917 RUSSIAN REVOUTION- 1917 RISE OF THE SOVIET RISE OF THE SOVIET

UNIONUNION

THE LAST CZAR OF RUSSIATHE LAST CZAR OF RUSSIA

THE BERLIN WALLTHE BERLIN WALL

THE CHINESE REVOLUTIONTHE CHINESE REVOLUTIONAND CHAIRMAN MAOAND CHAIRMAN MAO

CUBA AND FIDEL CASTROCUBA AND FIDEL CASTRO

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

NORTH KOREANORTH KOREA

VIETNAMVIETNAM

CENTRAL AMERICACENTRAL AMERICANICARAGUANICARAGUA

LA CARPIO, COSTA RICALA CARPIO, COSTA RICA

Maria de Trinidad Maria de Trinidad Calderon, 85, known as Calderon, 85, known as the grandmother of La the grandmother of La Carpio, is seen in the La Carpio, is seen in the La Carpio slum near the Carpio slum near the capital of capital of San Jose

Costa Rica's low-skilled Costa Rica's low-skilled immigrants work in immigrants work in agriculture, at agriculture, at construction sites and construction sites and as domestics and as domestics and security guards; jobs security guards; jobs Costa Ricans, better Costa Ricans, better educated and settled in educated and settled in the middle class, prefer the middle class, prefer not to do. not to do.

THE ISSUES AND THE ISSUES AND DEBATE CONTINUEDEBATE CONTINUE