congress ashlyn nassar, julie bontems, tess bedell
TRANSCRIPT
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Congress Ashlyn Nassar, Julie Bontems, Tess Bedell
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I. Congress and the Persian Gulf, 1990-91A. Congressional Breakdown
1. Parties2. Votes
B. Structural Aspects1. Committees2. Congressional Human Rights Caucus
C. Powers Used and Unused 1. Legislative2. Oversight3. Power of the Purse
Overview
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Overview
II. Congress and the Bosnian Intervention,1994-95A. Congressional Breakdown
1. Parties2. Votes
B. Structural Aspects1. Committees2. Congressional Human Rights Caucus
C. Powers Used and Unused1. Legislative2. Oversight3. Power of the Purse
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Congressional Breakdown - Desert Shield
102nd United States Congress (1991-1993)● Senate
o 56 Democratso 44 Republicans
● House of Representativeso 267 Democratso 167 Republicanso 1 Independent
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Congressional Voting - Desert Shield
Authorization of Military Force Against Iraq● Senate Joint Resolution 2
o Approved 52 to 47o Democrats - 10 to 45o Republicans - 42 to 2
● House Joint Resolution 77o Approved 250 to 183o Democrats - 86 to 179o Republicans - 164 to 3o Independents - 0 to 1
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Structural Aspects - Desert Shield
Congressional Committees● Hearings before the invasion
○ Senate Armed Services Committee ○ House Committee on Foreign Affairs
● Following the decision to invade ○ Funding and logistics
Congressional Caucuses● Congressional Human Rights Caucus
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Congressional Powers - Desert Shield
Legislative powers vs. Oversight:● Bush sought congressional authorization for a war
which the military was already prepared to fight
● House of Representatives passed a resolution supporting the President’s deployment of forces to defend Saudi Arabia
● The Senate passed a more limited resolution supporting the President’s actions in the U.N. and his demand for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait
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Congressional Powers - Desert Shield
Power of the Purse: ● First formal congressional action of the Gulf War: A
continuing resolution that appropriated just over $2 billion for Desert Shield
● $61.1 billion overall, but was fought with only $1 billion in specific appropriations
● Congress authorized the use of force in January 1991, but did not appropriate funds for Desert Storm until April 1991; in the meantime, the entire Gulf War was waged and won
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Congressional Breakdown - Joint Endeavor
104th United States Congress (1995-1997)● Senate
o 47 Democratso 53 Republicans
● House of Representativeso 204 Democratso 230 Republicanso 1 Independent
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Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor
Bosnia and Herzegovina Self Defense Act of 1995● Senate Bill 21
o Passed 69 to 29o Democrats - 21 to 24o Republicans - 48 to 5
● House Vote on Senate Bill 21o Passed 298 to 128o Democrats - 93 to 103o Republicans - 204 to 25o Independents - 1 to 0
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Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor
Authorization of Troop Deployment in Bosnia● Senate Joint Resolution 44
o Passed 69 to 30o Democrats - 45 to 1o Republicans - 24 to 29
● House Resolution 302o Passed 287 to 141o Democrats - 65 to 130o Republicans - 221 to 11o Independents - 1 to 0
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Structural Aspects - Joint Endeavor
Committees● Senate Committee on Armed Services
○ Chairman Sam Nunn 1994○ Strom Thurmond 1996
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe● Special agency created by Congress 1976● Consists of 9 representatives and 9 senators, and
3 executive agency members ● Hearing on humanitarian issue in Bosnia
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Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor
Legislative powers: Clinton veto● Both houses passed the measure to end the United States
part in the embargo by two-thirds majorities.● The Senate majority leader, Bob Dole agreed about the
volatility of the situation ● The Senate minority leader, Tom Daschle, thought there
was enough support to sustain the veto, but added that it was "a very close call,"
● Clinton warned that unilaterally ending the United States role in the embargo would damage mutual security agreements with allies.
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Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor
Oversight and War Powers Resolution: ● President Clinton kept the
bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed.
● What about the War Powers Resolution? ● The War Powers Resolution specifically says that such
funding does not constitute authorization.● Challenged by a member of Congress but the court
found the issue was a “non-justiciable” political question
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Conclusions
● Political Parties and Voting: foreign policy approval divides along party lines
● Structure: Leaders in Congress and the President
● Powers: Congress elected to use certain powers depending on perception of the issue at hand
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Works Cited ● http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/world/confrontation-gulf-congress-acts-authorize-war-gulf-margins-are-5-votes-se
nate.html● http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-10/news/mn-12378_1_white-house● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/14/world/balkan-accord-congress-anguished-senators-vote-support-bosnia-mission-cl
inton.html● http://www.cnn.com/US/9512/bosnia/12-13/pm/● http://www.senate.gov/● http://history.house.gov/● http://clerk.house.gov/● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HJ00077:@@@L&summ2=m&● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SJ00002:@@@L&summ2=m&● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SN00021:@@@L&summ2=m&● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SJ00044:@@@L&summ2=m&● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:HE00302:@@@L&summ2=m&● http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/ns97050.pdf● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html● http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hjackson/WarBudgeting_39.pdf● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017591584;view=1up;seq=5 ● http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/25/world/senate-leaders-fight-plan-to-lift-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025747560;view=1up;seq=56 ● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000031705462;view=1up;seq=3