confronting and coping with resilient environment by...

Confronting and Coping with Resilient Environment by

Fishermen Community of Penthakata, Puri during Fani

Er. Sagarika Panda, Dr. Siba Prasad Mishra

Civil Engineering Department, Centurion University of Technology and Management

Abstract: This paper explores the challenges and opportunities for confirming and

coping of the nomadic but now settled as domicile, the fishermen Telugu community at

Penthakata, Puri Town by the cyclone FANI. The extreme severe cyclonic storm, Fani

shattered the coastal fishing trade/craft/gears where it slammed Puri coast on 3rd May

with gusting wind speed of 185-213 Km/hr, central eye pressure drop of 50hPa. The

cyclone has devastated the Penthakata, a fishermen village (Ward No 26 &32 of Puri

Municipality), on land fall, which is prone to cyclones, surge inundation, erosion on high

waves and tides. The present focused area is coping with the physically, psychologically

and economically devastations made to the developing fishermen community domiciled

at Coastal areas of northern flange of Puri Municipality as migrant settlers. Field

survey was conducted in these areas of Puri town as case studies of pre and post Fani

losses. According to local people, the ignorance about the knowledge of safe building

code for cyclone resilient structures, community infrastructural facilities, issuing

authentic land holding (Patta) and poverty alleviation programs are the main causes of

their sufferings. This paper presents details of data collection and modifications after

the disaster Fani and disaster Impact analysis. The lessons learnt are need for Disaster-

risk Management Programs based upon community participation, institutions for

disaster management creation and strengthening, emergency response/rehabilitation

cyclone centers, awareness initiatives and emergency operation centers on short-term/

long-term plans.

Key Words: Cyclones, Resilient buildings, Eastcoast of India

Introduction

Anthropogenic activities and

climate anomalies have escalated the

frequency, intensities and magnitude of

natural disasters not only Odisha but

also in the globe. The ecology and the

biodiversity are encountering turmoil of

faunal biodiversity, structural damages,

and losses to societal, fiscal and political

status. Over the past few decades, a

series of meteorological extremes like

earthquakes, Tsunamis, cyclonic storms

and high floods have shattered several

parts of the earth, which have

challenged the existing risk reduction

Fig 1: Penthakata in Puri municipality, the study

area; source: Puri Municipality, 2018

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Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2020

traditions, and management system. Super cyclone (1999), Chobari earth quake, Gujurat

(2001), Indian ocean Tsunami (2004), Mahanadi floods (2008 and 2011), Tropical cyclones

such as Super cyclone (1999), Phailin (2013), Hudhud (2014), (Titli) 2018 and Fani on 26th

April to 3rd

May and the Matomo Bulbul (5th

to 10th

Nov) 2019 are some of the major

catastrophes in Mahanadi delta and apocalyptic disasters over the past 20years in Odisha

coastal territory. Odisha has been victim to many of such devastating disasters having long-

term impacts on slamming coast like Fani.

Extremely severe cyclonic storm (ESCS) Fani shattered the golden beaches of Odisha

(Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar) where it slammed south of Puri town on 3rd

May with

gusting wind speed of 185-213 Km/hr, central eye pressure drop of 50hPa (IMD Report,

2019[1]

). The shattering tropical cyclone caused 60 fatalities, and devastated other 13 districts

of the state for the whole day in the state giving physical trauma and mental stress. In spite of

low storm surges, the cyclonic storm had upset all vegetation’s, installations, dwellings,

telecommunication and put Puri and Khurdha district for months together. The most affected

communities are the fishermen group of Penthakata area living in slums of Puri town Fig..1.

Disaster resilience norms are pre cyclone forecast, preparedness (3days before),

cyclone alert and evacuation (which starts 2days earlier), cyclone warning (24hrs at hand)

and alertness management processes were ready before land falling of Fani. The actions

involved were evacuation, circulation of the post land fall bulletins, necessary assistance like

provision of basic inevitabilities such as food , drinking water, safe shelter, a safe

infrastructure, Hospital and doctors, and other amenities to face psychological trauma,

socioeconomic, social-capability, social capital, managerial and organizational, and cultural

factors. Though adequate measures to combat Fani was provided by the statutory federal

bodies, district administration, OSDMA, ODRAF, NDRF and NGO’s, the disaster shall put

its imprint for long period even not sparin Pucca houses Fig 2. So the study emphasizes on

community coping with structural and non-structural safety aspects in the built environment

and proposing methodologies to have strategic planning for adaptation of community and

natives of the area to combat disasters like Fani.

Chakraborty M, 2016[2]

found that the fishermen

group of Puri are deprived of basic knowledge of

their fishing gears and motorised boats, cold

storage facilities and educational trainings which

lagged them coping modern fishing techniques.

Study area:

Penthakata a basti area (unplanned residential

colony) in the northern outskirt of Puri town with

fishermen from Andhra Pradesh were residing

temporarily during fishing period of the year in

1950’s. Presently the coastal entity has been

developed to a mini township mainly with hotels

and tourism industry surrounding the slums. Later it has turned to a residential area and was

converted to a permanent residential colony. Later the colony was converted as Ward No. 26

Fig 2: Penthakata , Puri sea beach, after

Fani, Pucca houses are not even spared.

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and Ward No 32 by the Puri municipality. The squalid slums in Penthakatha is having dried

fish smell, amidst the streams of dirty brown meandering between palm-leaf roofed huts,

kutcha, semi kutcha and pucca houses adorned frontage with folk art (Jhotti). According to

census 2011, the demography status of the Penthakata area Table 1:

Table 1: The demographic status of Penthakata area (Ward No 26 and No 32} Puri.

Ward No

Name of ward No ofTotal Household

Total male

Total female

Total Population

SC (mostly fishermen)

26 Penthakata (A) 1987 10064 5169 4895 2228

32 Penthakata (B) 1060 5259 2689 2570 6

Total Penthakata 3047 15323 7858 7465 2234

Note : Pentha Kata (B) area consists of Sanskrit university, Govt offices and residential cplonies but Bhudan area and some encroached slum areas are thickly populated.

Penthakata area in history:

The Bengal and Orissa Municipal Act 1892 was in force in Puri w.e.f 1.1.1923, and prior to

that Puri municipality was known as an urban local body, where in the Penthakata area was

of only sand dunes/ marine creepers and had no residence recorded. The Orissa Municipal

Act 1950 was in vogue to an extended Puri w.e.f 1951 without the Penthakata area Fig 3. It is

after the independence the area was dominated by fishermen community and now a semi-

developed area a congregation of palm leaf thatched (Kudia) or barbed fenced (Jhatimati) and

modern hotels and restaurants. The satellite imagery is shown in Fig 4.

Fig 3: The old map of Puri Local urban body in 1889

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iFig 4: The satellite map of slums with RCC structures in Penthakata

Objectives:

After the cataclysm of the ESCS Fani it became instant need for a coordinated

strategic plan for attaining disaster resilience built environment to risqué he victims in a

novice .Built up environment plays important role in city building, and helps to maintain

sustainable urbanization and safe cities. It is of paramount importance to develop a built

environment with an effective degree of resilience to withstand and adapt to the threats of

disasters. The present paper aims to explore the challenges in achieving a disaster resilient

built environment within cities and disaster prone rural areas and to provide

recommendations as to how these challenges could be averted. The Penthakata area, has been

employed to support the research arguments which has been harshly affected by Fani and

regularly vulnerable to potential waves, storms and erosion.

Methodology:

The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with the local and other

government and NGO officials, policy makers, industry practitioners and experts who are

engaged in the respective areas for the distorted infrastructure/mental trauma/lively hood

propective. In addition, expert interviews were conducted who are extensively engaged in

disaster management and built environment of related disciplines to validate the case study

findings (Mr. Sabyasachi Mahapatra, Vice Chairman, Puri Municipality). The interview data

were analysed based on the findings; conclusions are drawn for the challenges associated

with confrontation and coping of the extreme severe cyclonic storm Fig 5,

Fig 5: The methodology applied in confronting and coping the analysing ESCS FANI

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Disaster resilience and its management has been considered bitch affairs tried to satisfy the

deities by ritual customs in past. Advancement of science and modern structural

methodologies has shaped the disaster resilient structures from last part of 20th

century only.

It was mainly to explain why some communities did better and were successful in responding

to and bouncing back from large-scale disasters while others failed. Previous studies have

suggested that a community’s disaster resilience can be attributed to a variety of factors: a

sense of community; problem-focused coping style; self- or collective efficacy, social support

or social capital, citizen participation as voluntary organizations, local leaders, disaster

management policies, plans, and practices process- oriented hazard mitigation policies

organizational preparedness cooperation learning. Communication capabilities, indigenous

expertise, experiences, significance, and ethos, infrastructure, life lines and the demographic

features of a community can ameliorate the impact.

Fig 6 :Journey from 1940’s: Penthakata area with palm leaf houses within the Basti

Built up environment in Past:

The Telugu fisher communities of Penthakata (except Bali Nolia Sahi) started coming to fish

at Puri during 1940s and is continued till end of 20th

century. These fishermen are the most

innovative marine artisans in the Corromondal coast of India since past. The fishermen from

Andhra coast were migrating in groups with their families during winter season as Puri coast

searching for a relatively calm and a solitary place for their marine catch when Andhra coast

is rough and agile due to prevalence of North East monsoon. They construct Palm leaf huts

for their dwelling and live for 3-4months and return with their boat and belongings to their

native place to live normal life leaving the huts deserted Fig 6. The causes of the shift were

poor and unsustainable lively hood triggered by poverty, food insecurity and vulnerability

Fig 7. Present study involves the influence of seasonality and shocks that the fisheries-based

livelihoods encounter under the stimulus of numerous federal policies, social/ political

institutions and improved fishing processes in addressing their needs.

From Palm-leaf huts to modern dwelling:

The past palm leaf huts are rarely visible in the crowded Penthakata beach.The temporary

huts were constructed without basic plans, infrastructural designs and appurtenant facilities. It

was even seen a small fire to one hut was causing thousands homeless and pauper. Along

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with livelihood vulnerability, there were social

and economic stigmas due to addiction with

country liquor by the male members. As the

fishing gears were few nets and a small boat for a

family, they could recoup soon to their normal

life to continue their lively-hood. During that

period the fishermen community had coped and

were combating the then vulnerability and if

failed they were returning back to their native

place keeping huts deserted.

Last 50 to 60 years with superimposition of

contemporary peaceful livelihood, changes in

fishing craft and gears, capital-initiatives,

specialized technology adaptation on the

traditional base, the community has learnt to face the disasters in due course. These hut

dwellers have started living permanently constructing pucca housing and participating in

local business and political activities FAO 1983[3]

.

The ESCS Fani (3rd

Mar 2019, 0900IST)

The ESCS, Fani, after a travel of about 2800Km from equator and barrelled through south of

Puri coast, Odisha on 3rd

May, 2019 with gusting peak wind speed of 213Km/h with drop in

pressure within the eye 50HPa and storm surge of 1.5m over the normal wave amplitude

accompanying heavy rainfall as given Table….

Table 2: Rainfall in different blocks of Puri during Fani (Dist emergency unit), Puri)

Name of block R/F 02.05.2019

in mm

R/F 03.05.2019 in mm

R/F 04.05.2015

in mm

R/F 05.05.2019

in mm

Astaranga 0 34 38 0

Brahmagiri 0 54.7 67 0

Delang 0 52.3 36.7 0

Gop 0 30.2 22.2 0

Kakatpur 0 22.3 37.4 0

Kanas 0 Not available Not available 0

Krushnaprasad 0 143.5 70 0

Nimapara 0 36 118 0

Pipili 0 39 103 0

Puri 0 52 145 0

Satyabadi 0 46 140 0

Total 0 510 777.3 0

From the rainfall aspect there was not much aggressive rainfall in different blocks of the

district where the Krushna Prasad Block received the highest followed by Puri town and

flood and waterlogging in the storm affected areas are less observed. The rainfall pattern

shows it was a spell giving less panic for preparedness, restoration and rehabilitation.

Fig 7: Forcing of unsustainable lively-

hoods of nomadic fishermen at Penthakata,

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Estimation losses by Red Cross:

The National disaster response team (NDRS) deployed by IRCS (Indian Red Cross Society),

Odisha (Dr. Kumar V.L.S, IRCS Karnataka, Mr Ajit Singh Rawat and their team) to assessed

on 16.5.2019 and the immediate for the Fani victims are drinking water, food and Non-food

items (FI & Non FI’s), debris clearances, hygiene, sanitation, and medical facilities with co-

ordination statutory government disaster management organisations.

Fig 8 : Trails of Fani impact (a) blown away thatching’s (b)sand lodged over boats; https:/

/www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-fishermen-in-a-

fix/article27130466.ece

The Government of Odisha has estimated that the total damages costing INR 164.65 billion

INR ($ 2.352 billion) and the estimated recovery/repair/ renovation and rehabilitation

requirements are 29.315 billion INR ($ 4.188 billion) posed to ADB and World Bank during

May, 2019, Govt. of Odisha, 2019[4]

. Nearly 8000boats are damaged in Puri town by Fani and

others were buried under sand https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/ 2019/

jun/05/livelihood-still-a-concern-for-puri-fishermen-1986268.html Fig 8.

Civil Society and Panic due to Cyclone:

Not only the government sources but also the NGO’s played pivotal role during the

unprecedented disaster Fani. The NGO’s like Bharta Seva Sangh, Ramakrishna Mission,

Satya Sai groups, and other SHG groups have accelerated and augmented the confronting

primary responsibilities shouldered by the local and federal government as they have already

built of ideological trust and confidence of the people beyond relief and restoration under the

community focussed umbrella approach. The fishermen group of the area are dependent on

sea catches which is uncertain so they are not economically sound. One cyclone is enough for

distorting their financial backbone. Fighting the cyclone trauma on community basis can

protect them to cope, confront and rebuilt Venkatesh Salagrama, 2006[5]

.

Housing reconstruction:

The worst affected sector during the cyclone Fani is the housing sector either damaged (fully

or partly) or destroyed whether it is Pucca or mostly (Fig 9). The immediate approaches for

repair and renovation were either owner driven or participatory approach to the damaged

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https://ww/

https://ww/

https://www.newindianexpress/

dwellings without waiting for insurance, multi-hazard reconstruction opportunities,

Government reconstruction schemes depending on the scanty government helps like tarpaulin

or Polyethylene sheets ignoring quality control and future risks. The observations made to

confront cyclones and coping with the built environment are:

All kutcha / masonry houses with asbestos roofing must be replaced by RCC framed

structures with knee bracing on a raised ground, RCC walling with bands, conical

RCC roof and beyond ICZM regulatory zone to avoid storm surges and inundation.

Govt of Odisha prescribes two layers of widows to be provided, exterior to be strong

and conventional and inner shall be with Glass & Aluminium or of un-plasticized

polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) as in USA and UK .The financially backward people of

the Penthakata area could not provide this double window. The houses with no

window but very small openings to be provided.

Electrification should be underground and the area to be vegetated with bushy trees

encircling by creepers to avoid fire, electrocution and trauma due to falling trees.

No concrete or masonry overhead water tanks rather multiple PVC Tanks with lower

capacity to reduce trauma.

Institutional, Official buildings and religious units should be constructed with a long

return period minimum 50years.

All structures must be approved from Municipality and PKDA (Puri –Konark

development authority for Penthakata area.

The after myth:

Scientists from ICAR- CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute), Barrackpore,

Calcutta reported in June 2019, that Puri district have suffered from extensive and severe

damages (≈90%) to kutcha houses (completely), Semi-pucca 9mostly roofs),fishing gears and

crafts, agri-produces, household belongings by the fishermen families. The lady counsellor

Mrs. Minakhi Prasad of Penthakata Ward No-26 expressed her panic about rescuing the

cyclone victims and came forward to serve relief along with her SHG group in her cyclone

affected areas. Similarly Mr. Chepala Chiranjeevi, the counsellor of ward No 32 was in front

of the process of evacuation, rescue and relief team to serve the people. As collected from

Government sources the losses that occurred to fishermen community at Puri district are

Table 3.

Table 3: The impact of the cyclone fani on fishing trade in Odisha

District Boats fully

damaged

Boats partly

damaged

Fishermen

affected

Total fishing

man-days loss

Fish sector

loss in INR

Nos Nos Nos mandays million crore

Puri 1460 1445 11620 785700 3.01

Odisha 1473 1502 11900 800640 5.3

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Coping/ confronting Fani:

The urban slum dwellers and rural communities are vulnerable to floods and cyclone hits.

The affected people and the government pose major challenge to restore, rehabilitate and

relocate the disaster oustees. These permanent inhabitants have their livelihood and earning

avenues depend upon the means and sources of the neighbourhood areas. These informal

building are dilapidated with the gusty spells of the cyclone Fani. The structures made up of

barbed fenced earthen houses, thatched roofs, old buildings with deteriorated and weakened

conditions of walls, unreinforced or old poorly constructed structures of rural, and slum

communities are most vulnerable for storm impact. The topography of land, and temporary

shelters in low lying, lacustrine, coastal and isolated areas are also vulnerable to the Aeolian

forces and whirl wind zones affect the poor structures.

Resilience Fund for Cyclone by NGO’s:

Women in the Penthakata fishermen group after the Fani incidence have created a resilient

fund to combat the sufferings the cyclone, coast erosion and MSLR had given them for a safe

and prospective future. The slum-thrum’s at Penthakata area is ready to be newly

rebuild/erected with cyclone resilient dwelling houses. A community development group

membered by women of the locality (653 women from hamlets and slum houses with initial

contribution (Rs200/head +monthly Rs10/-) organised to form a resilient group added with

@Rs 2000/head + 50Kg of rice + Polythene sheet and came forward to combat the distress.

The amount expected by the group was Rs 130000/ month was deposited safely in the bank

(on interaction with Madam. Varsha Misra, SPANDAN, Local NGO Sahana Ghosh on 12th

Nov. 2019 Monga Bay .

Fig 9: The after-myth of Fani, ruin if a kutcha and Pucca Building in Penthakata area

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https://india.mongabay.com/by/sahana-ghosh/

Post Fani Psychological response among fishermen:

When the roofs of houses are blown off, roads are blocked with debris, the answer of the

public and fishermen community about their psychological feeling on land slamming of the

ESCS Fani has been interviewed and recorded their replies for the different stages of the

disaster. Their answers were analysed for their psychological trauma, the results were:

# Stages Raw narratives Observations

1 Pre-cyclone

stage (Initial

stage)

We had no intent to shift to the cyclone centre near

Irrigation Office. We have the feeling that we can

face the cyclone as we have faced Phailin and

Hudhud but a fear at back like loss of house, property

and life. Fishermen were astonished, cyclones land

fall in odisha in post monsoon and how Fani is in

pre-monsoon (Doni Nageswar Rao, one respondent)

Mixed anxiety

and fear phase

2 Approaching

cyclone

(Combating

stage)

No time to think of anything, rescue the women,

children, sick and geriatrics to the Cyclone Shelter

(for refugee) with costly belongings and packets of

food and drinking water. Keeping the fishing crafts,

fishing gears, and boat in safe places, away from sea

thinking of large surges and erosion

Confrontaton

phase : Exhaust

totally dealing

the forthcoming

calamity

3 Landfall

Phase

(slamming

stage)

When the winds are high, tree branches are flying in

air, no officials/NGOs are nearby we became

hopeless felt that no timely help will reach us. So

prayed the lords Ayyappan, Polerammamata &

Polombamata..

Disillusionment:

Phase:

4 Surpassed

stage

We are engaged in collecting the usable, shifting to

the half dilapidated houses, collecting food from

relief and clearing roads. We all are in a stage of

mental and emotional reconstruction and stabilizing

particularly old and children. Happy that less trauma

occurred;

Reorganization

phase

5 Normalcy

stage

Paying gratitude Gods and deities that at least

survived and safe. The joy that received the relief

from others. Planning for repaire renovation,

reconstruction and recouping the losses physical and

materially from mental trauma.

State of repose

To overcome Psychological Trauma:

Self-efficacy is to be nurtured to overcome the depression on the losses either life of kiths and

kins or property. Loss of life and property within the Bay of Bengal is regular and poverty is

common the fishermen group (both young and old) to develop psychological trauma. Self -

efficacy is the only practice to overcome such state of mind by inculcating and developing

self-confidence of that “I can”. The practice of I can do it, I am capable, I can fight, I have

the potency, and many more can increase the level of positive thinking keep away from the

psych disorder Bandura A. 1977[6]

and 1997[7]

. Flammer A. 2001[8]

.

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Mismanagement during Disillusionment phase:

Mismanagement of the evacuation officials that keeping families hither and thither which

created discontentment among the cyclone victims in the refugee centre. There was

dissatisfaction among the affected people that they were under polythene and acanty supply

of food for days together instead there are so many pukka buildings in the area as reported by

Kedar Jalli aged 58years and Jagannath Reddy (25years) and Gunna Rao (40yearsof

Penthakata. Due to disruption in electric supply the refugees were in dark at night and there

was poor supply of safe drinking water during the calamity. The brackish contaminated tube

-well water were used with dissatisfaction (Rabindra Kumar Sethi from Ward No-32)

Discussion:

The NGO working is the Penthakata area is People's Empowerment & Need based

Community Development (PENCODE). They are involved in training of fishermen family

for both men and women to improve in economic and social sectors through self-help group

(SHG) like community development, health and hygine, neonatal care of mother and the

child sanitation, water supply and nutrition etc. . Mr. Prasanta Behera, the president of the

Odisha Traditional Fish Workers’ Union (OTFWU, have told in grief that Phailin and

Hudhud had made Penthakata fishermen bankrupt but the cyclone Fani must compel the

fishermen community for migration.

Urgent necessity: Government intervention

Presently the economy of this fishing community are involved with production (catches);

processing; marketing; finance & credit and manufacturing of fishing gears and crafts. The

most important is the processing and preserving fishes. Ice factory are essential sister concern

to fishing industry to store fishes. Puri town has a number of cold storages but all are private

status. The storing cost is higher which forces the fisherman to sell their catches at throw

away prices. Puri town has potential of 7 Ice plants of total capacity 108MT but less utilised

for only 70MT. The list of storages and capacity of storage is given in Table….

Table: The list of Ice factories in Puri town and their capacity (On field visit)

Name of the Ice plant location Installed

capacity

(MT)

utilised

capacity

(MT)

Owner

private/

govt.

M/s Nilachala Ice Factory, Chakratirtha Road, Penthakata,

Puri

20 12 Private

M/s Puri Ice Factory Puri Puri 6 4 private

M/s Jaihind Ice Factory Chakratirtha Road, Penthakata, Puri 20 12 private

M/s Puri Marine Products Gopinathpur, Puri 30 24 private

M/s Bijaya Marine Products, Atharanalapatna Puri 6 3 private

M/s. D. K. Marine Products, Puri 20 10 private

M/s Laglace Ice Factory Puri Puri 6 5 Private

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The demands of Fishermen community:

a. The town has no jetty or fish landing centre for mechanised boats.

b. Only the registered boat owners are to get relief but the unregistered illiterate boat

owners shall not. They should share the relief.

c. The unhygienic and unplanned settlements within the slum area with narrow and

murky roads and the smell of dry fish need to be replaced by well-planned and

organised settlements with all community development structure like another

schools, auditorium, .

d. The Fishermen community were considered as 2nd

class citizen to Puri town. Though

most of them have voting rights and Adhar card still they are some who are deprived.

It is the duty of district administration to locate them, issue residence card and allow

them all facilities.

e. Fishermen community report that, the trawler menace are their professional

opponents as motorised fishing crafts are violating the OMFR Act and CRZ policies,

exploiting fish source and depriving traditional fishermen from their livelihood,

Venkatesh S., 2006.[5]

f. The Golden beach of the pilgrim city attracts tourists round the year for sea bath and

Lord Jagannath. The continuous erosion of Puri beach has seen increased drowning

death tolls after December Tsunami-2004 and state administration has appointed

temporary coastal guards (from these fishermen community) to rescue the bathing

tourist from drowning trauma. They are temporarily appointed and their monthly

income is insufficient for their daily livelihood. They need to be regularised and

considered as regular employees of the appointing agencies.

Conclusion:

Last 70 to 80 years the migrant but presently settled Telgu fishermen community have

dominated the marine fishing industry and the travel from temporary palm leaf huts to

modern fishing gears and fish crafts have made them recognised. The cyclone Fani has

ravaged their fishing crafts, gears and boats and forced them to their 20th

century status.

The lessons learnt from the cyclone Fani as impact assessment are need for Disaster-risk

Management Programmes based upon Community participation, Institutions for Disaster

Management (creation and strengthening), ERC’s (emergency response centers), Awareness

initiatives and EOC’s (emergency operation centres) on short-term basis and long-term plans.

References:

1. India meteorological department, 2019, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm “FANI” over east

central equatorial Indian Ocean and adjoining southeast Bay of Bengal (26 April – 04 May,

2019): Summary, Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre, tropical cyclones, New Delhi,

PP-1-18

2. Chakraborty Monalisha, 2016, Socio-Economic Conditions of Fisherman of Bali Nolia Sahi,

Puri, Odisha, International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies (IJHSSS),

Volume-2 (6), PP- 283-290,

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3. Food and Agriculture Organisation Swedish International of the United Nations,1983,

Marine small-scale fisheries of Andhra Pradesh: bobp/inf/4 a general description,

Development of Small-Scale Fisheries in the Bay of Bengal Madras, India,

4. Govt. of Odisha, 2019, Cyclone Fani, damage, loss and needs assessment, posed to World

bank, ADB abd UN ,India,pp-14 https://ncrmp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/ 2018/09/psc

/Fani2019.pdf

5. Venkatesh Salagrama, 2006, Trends in poverty and livelihoods in coastal fishing

communities of Orissa State, India, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 490. Rome, FAO.

2006. 111p.

6. Bandura A 1977, Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory ofbehavioral change.

Psychological Reäiew84: 191±215

7. Bandura A 1997The Exercise of Control. Freeman, New York

8. August Flammer, 2001, Self Efficacy, In book: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 812-13815

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