I l,c \',,',lli(t lr,,l,r"',,

bcginnings in adv:nccd lrorticultural sociciies, wiriic cornirrg tt; fLrll llowcronly in induslnil \ocictics.

The impo(tance of i,lcologv wirs iccn rlost clerrly rn tlre sorncwlut rtrtcxpected halting, rnd possrble ievers!1. of ihe trcnd ioward increasing sc.rcrrlinequalitv, so pronounceC in the evolution fronr hunting rnd gat]lering k)rgrarian societies. . . . il]t was predicted that the degree of incqulliw in dis-tributive systems rvould varv directly rvith the size o[a socielv's surplus. Thrswas quali6ed in tcntatr\e faslrion kr nrakc irllowarrce ibr the Possibility thrlpersons who lacked power individuallv nrrglrt, tlttouqh orglrrization, develop:rmeasure of co!rntervailing power; arrd it was "predicted (not without sonleawareness of the facts) that this would be rnost likely iI) dcmocratic natronswith an egalitarian or socirlistic ideologv. 1'hough it was not Possible todevelop anv qurntitatlvc measure oI overall rneqLralilv, tlre cvidence which wereviewcd sirorrgly su4gcsts th:ii thc :rvcr:tgc lcvcl oI irrcqrralitl irr tlre nrostadvanccd indLrstrral v)crclrcs is ro grcrlcr tlrrrr lhrll irl llte,rvcrirqc rrdrrrrccrlagrari;rn 5ocrct!, rnd prol;rbly lcss. ()rrrPlricrrlly, tlrc cwrlrriiorrirrv l)irltcrrr .rl)-pears to icscnrble lhc paltcl|l rrr l'igrrrc r

,.\ Crrrrllrct'l licori.. of strrrtilicutrorr rg75]t{/\N I),\ LL (i( )l,t,tNs

Hunrinq and Simple Advancedgaiher nq hor cultural horticultural

Type oi society

Figurc r Degree o[ socral ineqrrality by rype of socicty.

\rry c0lrcrcrrt tlrcrrrv,rl 11rr1111.,,1,,,,,

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l>ccrr trsrrl prirrr.rrrlv us,rrr rrilisy\tcrrr.;r !rrrtrgc lx)rrrt irorrr.rlriclr irr;rrntrtlrc l;rrlirrgs oi lhc otlrcrs. llris llrs cii us irr sorrrc{lrrrrg irl rrrlrrrpirssc LLrbuilding r rrrorc porrcrtrrl crplurruloo srstcrn. Ilrc cLlssrcrl \l;rnii.rrr rrrrxlcl.for.rll llrc rrrrportuncc oi thc ccononrrc rli'isrons ou

"lrich it trrcrrscs, rrltirnrtclr .rssLrrrcrl .t Lrrrrrocurrsrrl crpl;rrrrtrorr lor rr rrrLrlticrrrrs:rl rvorlci. llrc rcsrrlt has bcen eithcr tlrc Lrrrtcril)lc rir;rtcgr oi crplairrirrq.rll rrtlrcr cr-rrrditrorrsrls cr)rrcl;llcs ,ri cc0rr0rrrrc rrrrcs, or llrc rrlrirrrtirrl orrc rri lcjrLIrtl tlrcrrr Lrrrcx_phirrcd crrtilcir'. llrc trrrliri(,rrl \l,rrv,rrr rrrxlcl lr,rrrrrlcrs rr ilrc l:rcc of rllrnic. rucirl. ,rlrl rcliqiorLs rliLisrorrr. lroliticrl p;rrlics llr;rt rIr Irot crrirrcrLlc rvrllrccrrrrorric gr'orrprrrr,s, orqurrrzlirorr:rl lrrcitrrrrs rrr llrc rrrrxlcrrr corporrrliorr ,rrrtLstatc, ilrc conrplcr lirrliagcs of lricLLrlrlrLp 4roLrlx irL ll,c L:,rrrrLrLrrr itr. :s rvrll rstlrc lrlrtrrrrrrrcrroLr oi rocill rrrobilLti: llrcsc rrr:rllcrs crrrr, ',f corrrsc. l,c tiLs-cLrsscd ilr r \lIr\lst Ir:rspcclirc. l)1Lt tcL](l lo bc crpllirrcrl ir\r1'lirllrcr llrilrr tr)bc crplrirrr.rl slrtcrrrrtic;rllr.

l\rl rclrcrrr.rlrc;rlli, \l rrr r srx ol.qr rl,rlc :r llislorc;rllr'. l,,rrrrLrrl,rr ionrs,,l ;,r,,1rtr1vLrl:rlcrr, ltlrl:r1 l;rrrrllr,rl

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.,),rlii(lrtrro,\ I,tr \\i.lr.r rillrlr crli;rl c,,,t,l,l\r! rlrrc,c.rti()rr ol crrrotrorlrlsoli(lirrity docs rr(,t sut)l)l,rrrt corrlliL.l. lrrrt rs 0rrc ol tlrt.rrrrirr rtrrporrs rrstrlco,rllict. l:rr(,tr(,nirl rilrrrir r:rrr lrc rrrrl {,)r { | { , , r r | | | r I I i , , | | tr irt,ir ,, *,,,,,,,,,, ,,,*,,,,t-,,rlr(,ni Ilr(r;rrc:r relrictc t,\ !\t,,(t, rltii,rffl;rf tt,r,,f(l t,, rt,. ,r,,,gl:t. ,,q,,;,,,,rolircr Sroul)sr rrrrtl tlrcr crrrr lx,rrscrl to irrrlxrsc rr lricr;rrrlr,. (Ji\tirtns l)rcslirc Iulricir sorrrc qrorrl,s rLrrrrin;rrc orlrcrs lrr 1;roritlirr(,,,, ,,1..,,t r,, .,,,,,i,,,.,",,f.,irrlcrirrr crrrrlitiorrs \\'clx,r s llrcorl ol ,,:lr!jion i,rc,,r1",r.rrfs,rll ,,1 tl,c:,c iL\t)(.rr\,ll( i ( ) r | | i r I i I I i i ) | | llrrrrrrglr tlrc,rr||,rr|)||LrIi,,||,|r ( r,, )tr,r;,1 v,tirl:rr irr, rrrrr I rlrcrt l,v 1,rlvirlcs:rrr:rrclrcrrl' f., rl,r' r:,rr.rrr f,,rrrrs.r r.rrr,,rrrrir'srr;rrirrrrrIirrrr. (i,rircctlrrric qrr;rrp, fcrrrl;rl l'.strrtc lSkrrrti), ct|rcrrtiorrri c,,lt,r,:,,1 q,,,r,P, , .l li, -,"spectabiiitv lines irrc rrll forrrrs rrf str:rtifict{ soliclurrtics. ,i.1,.,n1i,,q ,,,, ,,rr,,,,edistributions crftlrc rcrotrrccs [

Itlc,rlr:rrr

I 16 'I'hc Conflict liadittutt

standing bcfore sorrlcorrc \\'ll(' is grrirrq hirrr {)r llcr ordcls rrrxl rvitlr rlclcnirlg tihat person at least for thc rnon)cllt. Onc atlitttal corvs altr)tlrcr k) its llceis: tlrattlre archetypal situatiorl oI orqarriTNtiorral life rrrd tlrc shapcr of classes arrdcultures.

The situaiions in rvhich lutlroritv is xcted out rre tlrc kc)' c\pcricnces ofoccupational lifc. Siltce one cellrrot:l!oid ha\'ing arl occtrpatiorr or l)cillg crrcrlior by sorneo,re *ho docs. it ittiltrctrccs cverlotrc. On tlris blsis thrcc trtatclasses can be distirrqtrisl:ccl, tllosc wlrrr lakc ordcrs frolll fuw or tlollc btrt grveorders io ma,r,v; iltose rvho nust defer to soulc Pcople. but ciln colllnl:l d otll(Is;and those who are orcler-takers onlv. 'llre readilv understocrd coniinurtrrl lronrupper class tltroLtgh nricldle class to rvorkirrg clrrss corresponds b this dinrcnsion''Ibis is cspccially clcrrr if nc rrotc lxlv tlrc rrritltllc'clirss-*rrrkirrg-clrrss lrrcrrk rscornnlonly assigncd: rlot so Irrtlclr olr tllc basis rtf tlrc clclrrrlirlcss rrI tlrc rvork' rrrof the incomc derivcd fronr it; ccrtninlv not. today, orr thc basis ol proPcrt!distinctions; bui on the basis of rvlrerc one starlds rvlren ordcrs arc givctt

Uppcr rniddle class arld lorvcr rrrirllri''i'on prlvcr rclllrrrrrs. lt slrr;rrl

, lllc Co',tl;ct'lirditio,,

sorts of crrilrrrrrl objccts irrrrl lx rv,rrrrl [,v:rlrit.s. \\t,lrcr'r rlistirrctiorr bLtrrr.c..bLtrcrrtcnlic lrxl pl(rir)r(,liirl rr rlturcs cirl)tnrcs tlris rlirrrcrrsiorr, rlitlr iis rlillcrcrrrccrttcls r)[ lovirll! ;rrrrl rlrrrrrl;rrrrsirrcss rs in thc coltcxt of llte particular society. 'flte merchant princes of\lcrlier:rl l,irrropc .rrrd of tlrc \liddlc liast havc gcrrcrallv lffcctcd a rvorldlx(rstcrtrtioLrs, ritualistic rcligiorr, rrot urrlikc llrc r ilitirry ancl political clitcs'l'rr!rrrotrulorga,,rz.lidr,,,xxt(l,ir.rct.ral,(ofir.(Llirnrrt!'ci.rics,cd,r(Briin,,df,,,,i1ic5.p.rRnsand iher clieoh. rnd other pcro,ralisric ,r.h\o,k5. Il,e cn,ptr$is s or rodirioDt rLh,,t, lhit icrrorri'r.ie rhe e'norio,'rl bo,,ds.rrrrorrq pcr rs: rhe hrklis ds,dcd inlo rhose $t,o one c,n kun bcc!uscor n,onelv lcqrt n.,reJ pcnor,rl , or,r,c..r,,,,.. .tr,r tl,e ,rn oi ,r,e r,{.d ao,,r \tnrn r,o,t,r.rg .r .o r,eerpclcd lhatcan|ot be e!:rcrcrlbv coulnrrxled 1)rrgainirrsor forcc trr nutem hurc!mlatic org.lize_hon. by conlrasl. person!l ttcs rre \$ker, le$ iirurlizcd ind ernolio,,allv d$,onstmtifer ir rheir pl.ceis lhe alleq'ance to a ,ci of ibsrnct n,lcs .rrd po$ho,tr. l tre di{Icrcrt clas cutrurcr in p.rrirnonr,t and5u,cr{.r.hc {rgiriTxri(ntr rrL iccoftliIql! ilfcd(d. t,irrirno,,inl clitcs rrc nrore cercmorious an,lpetson!ljstic. IJ

'ciucrxlic clitcs $rplrrsizc :r collcr scr of rlcrk.

A Co,,flict I hcory of Stratification {19791 ,re),)lrc ring likc tlris irr ils rrrrrk.rr

\ocr:rl liic of wcll-cslrrl,lis6c

'I hc Couflicr 'li:tditntttti,

r'cry el;rborate sirorv o[ thenrsclvcs. l,]rpcrsivc instcs irr cloilres, briltlinqs, iood,:rrrd other paraphcrnalia bccorrrc prrt of thc cxpcctcd strgc sctting o[ powcr.i\rrother side resuli of the ideal of qcncrositv b tkxe in nccd rvhiclt lelvcrrsrrppcr-cl!ss rlfrogarcc, rt Icrst irr Princil;ic. lltis 6ts in r!itlr u pxlcrlrillisticratiorralizltiorr ftrr thcir durrrirrurrcc. rcl)rcsc li g lrr i rcshllcrit irr ccrcrrrorriullclderslrip of the conrnnrit\' rvlrich h:rs conrpnlrtivcly lorv nratcrial costs andhiqlr rchrrns irr strhrs, lrrd;rtklitiorral irrsrtrarrcc [or tlrcir porvcr.

'llrc rtrore consistcntlv a pcrsou c\pcricnccs sitrrirliorrs ul'Lrrrrrritigr{cd tlclcr,ence, thc more slrarply lhis gencral outlook rppears. Secrlrc bLrsiness tycoons,like irereditary monarchs. experience morc oIthis in their lifctimc than insccLrrepoliticians in a competitive denrccracy. Ihe morc a pcrson associates witllothers, whcther famriy or frielcls wl)o l]ave experierced only tlre same situr-tions, the stronger the culture. Webcr (rq68: ql2-9.18) suggcstcd that tiurcs ofrapid clrange in power relations tcnd to break dorvn upper-class culture into itsbasic elements-which arc tbc shecr capacity to awe others, the energy tocorllmand, the sclf-identilicatiorr with ilre organizationi idcological rcfrcction.With the passaqe o[ time, therc appeer the rcfined manners, the sel[-containcclair, the elaboration of conrplex svstcnls oI rrutual recognition througlr signals oIrnrterial tastes.

A sccorxl rrrajor clltss corrsisls of llrc irrrrclionirlics, llrc rui

I l,c U{'lli(t lillit!,,,'l lrosc rvlro lroltl rclrrtirclr rlc:rtll j,,lrs.ri llre lnlllrrr ol llrt cr,,rrorrrr Ir.nc vcl

:rlolllcr occupliiorrirl cLrltLrrc.; llrc) rrrc ulrrrrrst cxclrrsirclv srrlxrLclirrltcs. Sirrcclhcl (lo not girc o(lcrs to lrr!orrc itt tlrc ttarrtc oI tlrc orgrltiz:ltioll, tlr,:v do rrr,rtirlcrrtill rtith thc rrrgerizirliorr. Oftcu tlrcv rdcrrtifv irr;rrirrst rt. iftrrrlv irr tliffrrscrpathvtotlrcidcalspuii(rtlrl)vllrcirsrl)criors.\\'rrrlirrq-clessctrllLrrciskrcalistic,clnicrl, irrrd oricnlc(llrrrlurtlllrc irrrrrrctlialc prcrcrrl. lrrckrrrgirrr:rclivcposiliorrirrtlrc clrarrrrcls oIrrrgirrrizirliorur] corrrrrrrrrricrrliorr irrrtl rccrrqrrizirrg llrrrt llrcrr srrl'criors use control of inli-rnrretiorr trr jLrsti[v urrcl rrrNrtiPtlhtc tltcrt d

fhe Confl ict'liaditiotr

One cart conceivc oI varrotls Irlixtures oI tlrcsc traits alorrgrrillr ftrrllrcrvarr'r-tions. Iior exantple, the nrorc cocrciorr tilcrc is ilvolvcd irl cxacting dcfcrcrrcc, tlrernore sharply the pattern oIclignitv, rcsPcctability, o. dcferrsivcncss nppcars at ilrr:three nrain class levels, rcspectivcly '[ his cxplains sornc of tltc differcrrcc irr torrcbetwcen traditiotrel sy lcss cx1;ricit strrtiic. ,,r ,,,r,itt"-,,,",,"i.r,

,,) or,,r..sronrls irrteracting rlrrong tlrerrrsclvcr; it is probablv also lxrrrrc u,'u trr,a,,l,,r.r,,_tive rctivities in reiativeiy unstrati6ccl tribal socictics. Ur,i." ,f,", ,,ll ,r" ,,ir,,,,.,:lOtO:,j", orrrco'rres arc possible fcrr ,lifferc,,t i,,

, i. I Lc (jo,,flict .ti|dirion

llrrs rs ilrc rvcll-krrorrr l)rinctl)lc ol ,rrrtrcrpalorl.srrcr:rltrltt(rr (Nlcrh)l), tg6l:1t{r 1.:5) lt irlso rvorks in rclrosl)ccl..tttrtr(lcs clrr\ rrrcr lrorrr flrc past:r.; 'lllc nrorc olc fcntcnlbcrs bcirrg rrr .rlrrsrlrrrrr.rsonlcr-grrcr,rr,,rrlcr-takcr,llrc lrorc onc rctairrs llrc irltitrrrlcs of tlr:rt lrrirxl.

Sincc pcoplc tcnlc ,vorl

l l'c Co,'{lict lirdirnn'rr(t tollg-tcrlr c{)Ilscquc ccs 'l lrir vrrrirrl>lc (:.:). trrgclltcr rvitlr r. r, lrclDs cr-plirirr rvhy tlterc have bccn u rrrrrrLcr rrf rliftcrcut rppcr,cllss crrltrrrcs tlrr,,uqh_r)(rt lristoql llre relatireh isolatcrl nrral I:rrrdorvncr or elel tllc plrtrirrtorrialkirre, for all tlrc rlcfcrcucc lrc got, opcr:rtctl irr rrotlring likc tlrc crrrrrrrrLrrricutrorrsrrctrvork of Ilrc rrrrxlcrrr lrrrsirrcss crcr.rrtnc or IlrIiIicirrrr.

llrc rji[[crcrcc llclrvccrr irrrIrirrrorrr:rI rrrrtl lrrrclrrrcr;rtic rrx.i:rI orr;rrrriz:rtiorr crrrrrrlso bc cxplairred ir tcrrrrs r;ftlrcsc virri;rblcs. l)lrlrirrrorriulorgurrizatirrrrs lruvc lrrgrrsun,cillance but lorv diversity oI corrtilcts; the resuiting oUtlook. which Webcr(r968:rz-254) characterizcd as trditior@l legilinacy, enrphasizes personairelationships, e purely local concern, ,nd a surrounding rvorl

rlo 'l'hc Co',ftict I oditionri'

nrorc tllan ethnic or class cullurc, altlroLrgh it carr bc tauglrl It llrusc wlto urc rtotborn into it. But Iong-st:rncling and irrtcrnally conrplcx sclrool systcnrs l)rrrqabout some goal displaccntent, changinq thc culhrrc ilto sonrctlrrng spccificarryscholastic; inso[ar as it Bocs on to providc tlrc crr]hrral i.i_

polterin thc tlnilccl Strtcs..:\rrerrrrr Socro/,an.a/ ltr"rc,,.q ,"_r;^ ' ""'

",-'.'n::..]: rr. ,e7:. ,,\,,rr!(,rir:,ri:,,iis,,,

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l Lc Co'rtlicr Ii:rditioDK(,1,,,. \tct\i,r |

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'.,,r,.,( ri ,,,, ,.r,_ r,,,, , e,_,". r,,,.,,.,,\j.""t ,r'lrhr t.rr- Lt , ,e,t,tt, IL,.|,,,|.|||||L .r',tr\'..\i.l| rr..J: 'rcsrt . ,.J It,,r.,.r \ \Ir.,,L,.\ r/,,,.,,,,_,,tr).:1 () :tuj:nttrrr\ Nc$ \.,,,t: \\/il(r^'ll,_lll:,,:iil,li;:;:i,:it.l,.r ,,,,,,,,,',i"",,',i,",iiii,',iii,il';,|;,1),.),;j;,j),1]:;

".,.

)ork: Irrtcnrarionrl l\rt,lislrcrs.-':r'^i;i;,"t,:T,"|:)'i;::lll;lllt':'''"'r':,*'ccrr

rxklrc,rrrrrrppcr cr,scs lou'alPearlin, Leonard t. r,,a 1f.f,.,,, f

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r{ ,', ,r,,,,, . ii, ,':''""'l;li.:;,.1,,,iI,,:tiVhc lru L lc r rIt(,xrl,.

,. t,. irr(t () tt (i,\.ti,, ,,,(,_

: crry )-,ci,,/ r,i,..,.! jr'.;;l;,, " \ I ' ( \ ' | | | i I I i 'i ' | , , , r rlrr i.rrrrr,r 'rrrrr rrr,,r 1r,rc.rql l{ , R A. Si,l,. .,r{t l.t \\t li,,\l(1, ,)s.. t.t(nrtx,t it(ryttts N($ ),,r1,: ll.A,,(Vir|clr A,tt,,,r J .,i,,1 l,A, r,L Jt,,,\,,,,,1'

'rl.((.t,,rl tllrl\(rsir! t,ft\\ t'tttt\ sntll linrt /" r\lr,rs s'rl//v ll',((r('rl

Wcl)er, l;rr. rvtrlj (rrrqrrrrrl t,)-) t.1\,',,tr:"'|\ w'|rr'|r rr ""' i t ';''i; ,;l

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i{,.^Til, 5fl ro NA L/ urr r, i-r\ r{ I A N