Confidence Building Confidence Building Measures and Preventive Measures and Preventive

Diplomacy :Diplomacy :ASEAN PerspectivesASEAN Perspectives

ByByC.P.F. LuhulimaC.P.F. Luhulima

ASEAN – exercise in CB & PD ASEAN – exercise in CB & PD

• Characteristic:Characteristic:1.1. Border & territorial Border & territorial

disputes;disputes;2.2. Ethnic conflicts & Ethnic conflicts &

animosities;animosities;3.3. Religious prejudice;Religious prejudice;4.4. Fear of smaller Fear of smaller

states of the bigger states of the bigger ones.ones.

• Goals:Goals:1.1. Economic growth;Economic growth;2.2. Social progress;Social progress;3.3. Cultural Cultural

development in development in the region.the region.

To promote regional peace & To promote regional peace & stabilitystability

ASEAN & the Concept of PDASEAN & the Concept of PD

The Principles of The Principles of ASEAN (TAC 1976):ASEAN (TAC 1976):

• Sovereign Equality;Sovereign Equality;• Territorial Territorial

integrity;integrity;• Non-interference in Non-interference in

the internal affairs the internal affairs of a member state.of a member state.

• It is to guarantee that It is to guarantee that each country shall have each country shall have the right to:the right to:

1.1. Lead its national Lead its national existence free from existence free from external interference external interference subversion / coercion;subversion / coercion;

2.2. Not interfere in the Not interfere in the internal affairs of one internal affairs of one another;another;

3.3. Settle the differences / Settle the differences / dispute and conducted dispute and conducted only by only by peaceful means;peaceful means;

4.4. Refuse threat / use of Refuse threat / use of force;force;

5.5. Encourage effective Encourage effective cooperation among cooperation among themselves.themselves.

UN & the Concept of PDUN & the Concept of PD

• UN Charter - article 33 (1):UN Charter - article 33 (1):

If a dispute between countries in the If a dispute between countries in the region occur and disturbing regional region occur and disturbing regional peace and harmony peace and harmony the parties to the parties to the dispute should be persuaded to the dispute should be persuaded to take the initiative in finding solution take the initiative in finding solution through peaceful negotiation and in through peaceful negotiation and in the shortest time possible. the shortest time possible.

The ARF & the Concept of The ARF & the Concept of PDPD• To help prevent disputes To help prevent disputes

& conflicts from arising & conflicts from arising between States that between States that could potentially pose a could potentially pose a threat to regional peace threat to regional peace and stability;and stability;

• To help prevent such To help prevent such dispute & conflicts from dispute & conflicts from escalating into armed escalating into armed confrontation;confrontation;

• To help minimize the To help minimize the impact of such disputes impact of such disputes & conflicts on the & conflicts on the region.region.

• Non-coercive;Non-coercive;• It requires trust & It requires trust &

confidence;confidence;• It operates on the basis of It operates on the basis of

consultation & consensus;consultation & consensus;• It is voluntary;It is voluntary;• It is conducted in It is conducted in

accordance with universally accordance with universally recognized basic principles recognized basic principles of international law & inter-of international law & inter-state relation embodied, state relation embodied, inter alia, in the UN Charter, inter alia, in the UN Charter, the Five Principles of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and Peaceful Co-existence and the TAC.the TAC.

Kofi Annan’s concept of PDKofi Annan’s concept of PD

1.1. Preventive deployment;Preventive deployment;

2.2. Preventive disarmament;Preventive disarmament;

3.3. Preventive humanitarian action;Preventive humanitarian action;

4.4. Preventive peace-building.Preventive peace-building.

Implementation of PDImplementation of PD

Case study:Case study:

1.1. The Philippine government & the The Philippine government & the Moro National Liberation Front;Moro National Liberation Front;

2.2. The conflict between the The conflict between the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Indonesia and the Gerakan Aceh MerdekaGerakan Aceh Merdeka (Aceh (Aceh Freedom Movement).Freedom Movement).

State Sovereignty and Human State Sovereignty and Human Rights: Seeking the EquilibriumRights: Seeking the Equilibrium

• Since the atrocities Since the atrocities in Srebrenica, in Srebrenica, Kosovo and Rwanda, Kosovo and Rwanda, a state also a state also responsible in responsible in protecting its citizens protecting its citizens from domestic from domestic conflict and various conflict and various acts of violence and acts of violence and atrocities.atrocities.

• Reasons why a Reasons why a State failed to State failed to protect its citizens protect its citizens are:are:

1.1. Lack of political Lack of political will;will;

2.2. Narrow national Narrow national interest and interest and negligence.negligence.

Key word : Key word : B A L A N C EB A L A N C E

The OutlookThe Outlook1.1. A step-by-step approach in order to ensure A step-by-step approach in order to ensure

consensual progress to secure the consensual progress to secure the maintenance & continuing enhancement of maintenance & continuing enhancement of commitment of all participants in the ARF commitment of all participants in the ARF process.process.

2.2. ASEAN & ARF shall deliberate on settling ASEAN & ARF shall deliberate on settling clear cut targets in preventing disputes & clear cut targets in preventing disputes & conflicts in the region (not only between conflicts in the region (not only between states but also between the state and its states but also between the state and its citizenry).citizenry).

3.3. ASEAN will have to shift from an explanatory ASEAN will have to shift from an explanatory to a normative approach in its endeavours to to a normative approach in its endeavours to shape in its future, also in nurturing shape in its future, also in nurturing confidence-building, preventive diplomacy confidence-building, preventive diplomacy and approaches to conflict resolution.and approaches to conflict resolution.

Thank You