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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED.021 937 UD 006 446
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY; A CONFERENCE (NEW YORK STATE UNIVERSITY, BUFFALO,
SEPTEMBER 23, 1967).State Univ. of New York, Buffalo.Spons Agency-Buffalo Board of Education, N.Y.; Buffalo Chamber of Commerce, N.Y.
Pub Date 23 Sep 67Note-16p.EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$0.72Descriptors-BUS TRANSPORTATION, COMPENSATORY EDUCATION, CONFERENCE REPORTS *ECOCATIONALOPPORTMITIES, EDUCATIONAL PARKS EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, *EQUALEDUCATION. *METROPOLITAN AREAS PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS SCHOOL INTEGRATION, STUDENT ATTITUDES,
*SUBURBS URBAN AREAS
During a 1-day conference addresses were presented on equal educationalopportunities in cities and suburbs and on various plans, proposals, and programs forachieving quality integrated education. Discussion groups at the conference wereconcerned with such issues as a definition of equality, metropolitan approaches toeducational problems, and the value of educational parks. Other groups discussed theattitudes of suburban children, compensatory education, parochial schools, and busingplans. Summary remarks about the meeting could not point to any clearcut conclusionabout the value of the conference to the participants. (NH)
fl -
'4.-
-
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N &
WE
LFA
RE
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
BE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
DF
RO
M T
HE
PE
RS
ON
OR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OR
IGIN
AT
ING
IT.
PO
INT
S O
F V
IEW
OR
OP
INIO
NS
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
YR
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
FE
DU
CA
TIO
NP
OS
ITIO
N O
R P
OLI
CY
.
EQ
UA
LIT
Y o
f
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
OPP
OR
TU
NIT
Y
a co
nfer
ence
23 S
epte
mbe
r 19
67N
orto
n U
nion
Sta
te U
. of N
.Y.
Buf
falo
Wha
t th&
bes
t and
wis
est p
aren
t wan
tsfo
r hi
s ow
n ch
ildre
n,th
at is
the
educ
atio
n th
e co
mm
unity
sho
uld
prov
ide
for
all i
ts c
hild
ren.
Any
oth
er id
eal i
s da
nger
ous
and
unlo
vely
;ac
ted
upon
, it d
estr
oys
our
dem
ocra
cy.
The
Sch
ool a
nd S
ocie
tyJo
hn D
ew e
y18
99
,'
-**
*"...
.
pctu
rec
by A
E
WH
AT
'S I
TA
LL
AB
OU
T ?
On
OIL
23r
d of
Sop
tem
bor,
190
7,m
ore
than
two
hund
rod
pors
ons
gath
erod
in th
o st
uden
tun
ion
of th
o St
ate
Uni
vt.r
sity
f N
cw. Y
ork
at B
uffa
lo.
Tho
cam
e L
o2et
h,r,
as
eone
.Lrn
cdto
hea
r w
hat a
e-r
oup
of L
xpt.r
ts h
adto
onth
e pr
oble
ms
of tq
ual ,
duea
tiona
lop
port
uniti
(..
The
,al
so c
an%
tovo
ther
to s
peak
tIir
Ow
nm
in:-
; on
thst
. and
ryl
at.d
pro
Nom
s. T
hv
rds
and
piL
turL
:th
at f
dlcv
, Hw
onkl
tho
ofth
at d
ay.
EQ
UA
LO
PPO
RT
UN
ITY
AN
D R
EA
LIT
YT
he f
irst
sess
ion
ofth
e da
y w
as a
pai
r of
addr
esse
s: D
r. D
avid
Coh
en, o
fth
e Jo
int C
ente
rfo
r U
rban
Stu
dies
for
MIT
and
Har
vard
spo
keon
"E
qual
ity o
f O
ppor
tuni
ty in
Am
eric
anC
ities
and
Subu
rbs;
" an
d D
r. M
axW
olff
, of
the
Cen
-te
r fo
r U
rban
Edu
catio
n in
New
Yor
k C
itysp
oke
on "
Subu
rbia
- - E
duca
tion
for
Rea
lity?
"
Dr.
Coh
en d
escr
ibed
met
ropo
litan
coo
pera
tion
as a
n ar
ea o
f in
crea
sing
conc
ern
for
com
mun
-iti
es li
ke B
uffa
lo. W
heth
erth
at is
the
answ
erto
pro
blem
s of
equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ty,
he s
aid,
can
be d
eter
min
ed in
part
by
appl
ying
to it
thre
equ
estio
ns d
esig
ned
tote
st a
ny p
olic
y:is
itw
orka
ble?
is it
pos
sibl
e? -
isit
righ
t?In
dec
idin
g w
heth
erm
etro
polit
an c
oope
ratio
nis
wor
kabl
e, C
ohen
sai
d,w
e m
ust c
onsi
der
the
alte
rnat
ives
--
in th
isca
se, "
a pr
olif
erat
ion
ofsc
hool
juri
stic
tions
of w
idel
y va
ryin
g sc
hool
popu
latio
ns."
Pat
tern
s of
popu
latio
n m
ovem
ent
he e
xpla
ined
, hav
e be
encl
ear:
whi
tes
mov
ing
out o
f th
e ci
ties,
and
negr
oes
mov
ing
in. T
hepe
ople
mov
ing
have
bee
nyo
ung
adul
ts, p
eopl
eof
chi
ld-b
eari
ngag
e. T
hat m
eans
the
num
ber
of n
egro
es in
the
city
will
incr
ease
prop
or-
tiona
lly, a
s w
ill th
e nu
mbe
rof
whi
tes
in th
esu
burb
s.T
here
fore
, Coh
en a
rgue
d,ra
cial
and
soc
ial
ineq
ualit
ies
cann
ot b
e ri
ghte
dsi
mpl
e by
im-
prov
ing
educ
atio
n. T
he s
choo
ls,
atte
ndan
ce, a
nddi
stri
ct b
ound
arie
s m
ust
also
be
take
n in
to c
on-
side
ratio
n. W
e m
ust
not,
hesa
id, "
conf
use
impr
ovem
eta,
of
educ
atio
n w
ithpr
ovis
ion
of e
qual
oppo
rtun
it,T
he c
ost o
f m
etro
polit
anpl
anni
ng a
lso
mak
esit
wor
kabl
e, D
r. C
ohen
sai
d. H
ein
dica
ted
itw
ould
cos
t les
s th
an w
ould
be
need
ed to
bri
ngst
uden
tsin
exis
ting
scho
ols
up to
aca
dem
icst
anda
rds,
thro
ugh
spec
ial
inte
nsif
ied
prog
ram
s
in th
eir
scho
ols.
Is m
etro
polit
an c
oope
ratio
npo
ssib
le?
In a
n-sw
erin
g, C
ohen
sai
d w
em
ust r
ecog
nize
as
myt
hsso
me
of th
e st
anda
rd a
rgum
ents
agai
nst c
o-op
erat
ion-
- th
e m
yth
abou
t dec
line
in w
hite
stu
-de
nt a
chie
vem
ent,
the
myt
hab
out d
eter
iora
tion
of d
isci
plin
e, th
e m
yth
abou
tpe
ople
mov
ing
out
of th
e di
stri
ct to
esca
pe. T
he f
acts
are
that
peop
le d
o no
t mov
eaw
ay f
rom
a g
ood
scho
ol, a
ndth
at s
tude
nts
achi
evem
ent a
nddi
scip
line
do n
otdi
min
ish
in in
tegr
ated
situ
atio
ns.
And
is m
etro
polit
an c
oope
ratio
nm
oral
ly r
ight
?A
t thi
spo
int,
Dr.
Coh
en a
dmitt
edto
"so
me
disc
oura
gem
ent a
bout
talk
ing
in a
bstr
act t
erm
s -
-th
eori
es a
re a
bstr
act,
but
child
ren
are
real
,an
d th
ech
ildre
n,no
t the
theo
ries
, are
our
basi
c co
ncer
n."W
hen
we
have
pol
icie
san
d pr
actic
es u
nder
whi
ch c
hild
ren
are
bein
g de
nied
oppo
rcun
ity,"
he s
aid
in c
oncl
usio
n, "
then
Ith
ink
it is
im-
port
ant f
or u
s to
dev
ise
polic
ies
and
prac
tices
unde
r w
hich
they
can
grow
and
pro
sper
."
Itis
only
natu
ral,
Dr.
Wol
ff b
egan
, for
pare
nts
to s
ee th
eir
child
ren
as b
righ
t hop
esfo
r th
e fu
ture
, and
to d
oev
eryt
hing
they
can
topr
otec
t tha
t bri
ght h
ope
from
any
outs
ide
forc
es. B
ut w
e m
ust f
ace
real
ity:
we
mus
tad
mit
that
cha
nces
are
the
child
will
not
be-
com
e "t
he g
reat
ligh
t of
the
wor
ld;"
and
we
mus
t adm
it th
at th
e ch
ild w
ill m
eet a
ndha
veto
live
with
out
side
for
ces.
And
sub
urbi
a (w
here
Dr.
Wol
ffhi
mse
lf li
ves)
is p
art o
f so
ciet
y,it
is r
ealit
y. W
e m
ay tr
y,in
sub
urbi
a, to
esc
ape
real
ity.
Bui
ldin
g w
alls
arou
nd o
ur c
hild
ren,
how
ever
, in
subu
rbia
or
anyw
here
els
e, d
oes
not
prot
ect t
hem
fro
m th
ew
orld
, Dr.
Wol
ff s
aid,
bec
ause
the
child
ren
muk
enco
unte
r re
ality
soo
ner
or la
ter.
Infa
ct,
heim
plie
d, w
e do
our
chi
ldre
na
grea
ter
serv
ice
letti
ng th
emco
me
in c
onta
ctw
ith o
ther
" pe
ople
, dif
fere
ntpe
ople
, whi
le th
eyst
ill a
re in
sch
ool.
The
chi
ldre
nfr
om o
utsi
deou
r im
med
iate
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d ha
ve v
alua
ble
con-
trib
utio
ns to
mak
e to
the
real
wor
ldou
r ch
ild-
ren
grow
up
in.
Nei
ghbo
rhoo
d sc
hool
s w
ill c
ontin
ue,
Dr.
Wol
ffsa
id. T
hey
are
whe
re "
child
ren
beco
me
acqu
aint
edw
ith th
e re
ality
of
the
peop
lew
ho li
ve in
thei
rco
mm
unity
." T
hree
pro
blem
sal
way
s co
me
ups-
with
men
tion
of a
n ed
ucat
iona
lpa
rk, D
r. W
olff
said
: siz
e, b
ussi
ng, a
ndco
st. "
AS
for
size
,"he
sai
d, "
the
prob
lem
isno
t the
num
ber,
it is
the
Am
eric
an g
eniu
sto
org
aniz
e su
ch a
n in
-st
itutio
n."
The
edu
catio
nal
park
will
be
brok
endo
wn
into
sm
all s
ub-u
nits
,ea
ch w
ith a
n id
entit
yof
its
own.
"Bec
ause
we
have
no r
eal,
good
rea
son
tosp
eak
agai
nst b
ussi
ng,"
Dr.
Wol
ffsa
id, w
e m
ayin
vent
obj
ectio
ns. F
or e
xam
ple,
com
plai
nts
abou
tth
e sa
fety
of
buss
ing
are
unre
alis
tic: m
illio
nsof
stu
dent
s ri
de b
usse
sno
w w
ithou
t any
trou
ble.
Stat
istic
s in
dica
te c
hild
ren
are
muc
h sa
fer
onbu
ses
than
they
are
wal
king
hom
e fr
omsc
hool
.H
ow m
uch
does
an e
duca
tiona
l par
k C
ost?
No
mor
e, s
aid
Dr.
Wol
ff, t
han
it w
ould
cost
to b
uild
, as
sepa
rate
uni
ts,
a fi
rst c
lass
ele
-m
enta
ry s
choo
l, a
firs
t cla
ssju
nior
or
mid
-dl
e sc
hool
, and
a fi
rst c
lass
hig
h sc
hool
.A
ndth
e co
st w
ill b
e le
ss, "
far
less
, if
you
com
pare
itin
add
ition
with
cur
ricu
lum
impr
ovem
ents
,w
hich
are
far
bet
ter
inan
edu
catio
nal p
ark.
"B
egin
all
this
, Wol
ffsa
id, b
y bu
ildin
g ed
-uc
atio
nal p
arks
. We
mus
t mak
e pe
ople
say,
desp
ite w
hate
ver
prob
lem
sar
e co
nnec
ted
with
atte
ndan
ce, "
The
sch
ool
is s
uch
a fi
rst-
cla.
sssc
hool
, I w
ant m
y ch
ildto
go
ther
e."
.1
444'
'44'e
*
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S
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Isaii,.;','.44.-th..,-4t444.1zilvil",.4.:r.,..ekliktir.:..,e,s443,iitqle..-.4r*t 4 44A.-444144,4,,,...14.44.....4.4
..........
EV
ER
YO
NE
GE
TS
INT
O T
HE
AC
TD
urin
g th
e m
orni
ng, a
nd a
gain
dur
ing
the
afte
r-no
on, t
he c
onfe
renc
e br
oke
up in
toa
num
ber
of s
mal
l dis
cuss
ion
grou
ps, e
ach
grou
p in
tend
edto
con
side
r on
e pa
rtic
ular
asp
ect o
f th
e ov
er-a
llpr
oble
m o
f eq
ualit
y.
GR
OU
P I,
Cha
irm
an:
Con
sulta
nt:
Wha
t is
hum
an e
qual
ity?
Rev
. Rob
ert S
wee
ney
St. B
rigi
d's
Chu
rch
Dr.
Geo
rge
Bla
irC
ente
r on
Inn
ovat
ion
New
Yor
k St
ate
Edu
catio
n D
ept.
Mem
bers
of
the
grou
p fo
und
two
dist
inct
appr
oach
es to
the
ques
tion
of e
qual
ity: p
rovi
desp
ecia
l hel
p fo
r th
e de
priv
ed, t
o br
ing
them
up;
or e
limin
ate
disc
rim
inat
ion
and
let e
very
one
de-
velo
p as
bes
t he
can
with
out e
xtra
hel
p. M
ost
peop
le s
eem
ed c
lear
ly to
fav
or th
e fi
rst,
thou
gha
few
peo
ple
argu
ed th
atit
is m
oral
ly w
rong
to s
how
pre
ferr
ed tr
eatm
ent t
o a
depr
ived
gro
up,
beca
use
that
am
ount
ed to
dis
crim
inat
ion
agai
nst
the
adva
ntag
ed g
roup
.It
was
als
o ar
gued
that
par
ochi
al s
choo
lsw
ere
guilt
y of
de
fact
o se
greg
atio
n; C
atho
lics
in th
e gr
oup
agre
ed, s
ayin
g it
coul
d ha
rdly
be
cons
ider
ed s
urpr
isin
g, c
onsi
deri
ng h
ow f
ew n
eg-
roes
loca
lly a
re C
atho
lic.
Ineq
ualit
y is
a c
ondi
tion
ofou
r so
ciet
y, it
was
sai
d, a
nd th
e yo
unge
r th
e ta
rget
s of
any
prog
ram
to o
verc
ome
ineq
ualit
y, th
e be
tter
the
chan
ces
for
succ
ess
in th
at p
rogr
am. O
n th
epr
actic
al le
vel,
it w
as s
ugge
sted
that
, for
max
-im
um e
ffec
tiven
ess,
hum
an r
elat
ions
prog
ram
ssh
ould
rea
ch c
hild
ren
even
bef
ore
the
kind
er-
gart
en le
vel.
The
gro
up a
gree
d ge
nera
llyon
fou
r st
eps
whi
ch m
ight
impr
ove
educ
atio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties:
find
mor
e m
oney
and
be
will
ing
to s
pend
it;
prov
ide
smal
l cla
sses
, goo
d eq
uipm
ent,
and
wel
l-pr
epar
ed te
ache
rs; e
duca
te th
e co
mm
unity
, as
wel
las
the
stud
ents
; int
egra
te a
s m
any
scho
ols
aspo
ssib
le.
GR
OU
P 2,
Met
ropo
litan
App
roac
hes
toE
duca
tiona
l Pro
blem
s
Cha
irm
an:
Con
sulta
nt:
Dr.
Car
yl H
edde
nB
uffa
lo S
tate
Uni
vers
ity C
olle
ge
Dr.
Bro
ck R
ideo
utO
ntar
io I
nstit
ute
for
Stud
ies
in E
duca
tion
Uni
vers
ity o
f T
oron
to
The
gro
up q
uick
ly a
dmitt
ed th
at in
equa
lity
exis
ts,
but c
ould
not
agr
ee w
heth
er e
qual
ityw
ould
be
achi
eved
sim
ply
by im
prov
ing
the
pres
ent s
yste
m. B
ussi
ng, i
ntro
duce
d as
a p
ossi
ble
solu
tion
for
scho
ol im
bala
nce,
aro
used
pre
dict
ably
stro
ng, a
nd m
ixed
rea
ctio
n. W
heth
er th
roug
hbu
ssin
g or
som
e ot
her
mea
ns, t
hegr
oup
de-
cide
d, th
e ne
gro
conc
entr
atio
n of
city
scho
ols
will
hav
e to
be
cut.
The
re w
asno
impl
icat
ion
in th
is th
at n
egro
sch
ools
are
infe
rior
bec
ause
negr
oes
atte
nd th
em; t
he p
oint
was
rat
her
that
attit
udes
tow
ard
lear
ning
are
tied
to s
ocio
-eco
n-om
ic s
tatu
s an
d ba
ckgr
ound
, and
that
negr
oes
form
a d
ispr
opor
tiona
lly la
rge
perc
enta
ge o
f th
epo
orer
cla
sses
.T
he T
oron
to M
etro
polit
an p
lan
was
des
crib
edby
Dr.
Rid
eout
. Con
side
rabl
e in
tere
stw
as s
how
nin
his
arg
umen
t tha
t the
met
ro c
once
pt d
oes
not
nece
ssar
ily m
ean
cent
raliz
atio
n;it
can
mea
nde
cent
raliz
atio
n in
som
e pl
aces
. lie
poi
nted
out
that
the
tren
d ha
s be
en to
let d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
be k
ept a
s cl
ose
as p
ossi
ble
to th
e le
vel a
f-fe
cted
by
the
deci
sion
s.W
ork
at th
e hi
ghes
t pos
sibl
e go
vern
men
tal
leve
l, th
e gr
oup
conc
lude
d, w
as e
ssen
tial
to a
nypl
an f
or e
qual
izin
g ed
ucat
iona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s.
GR
OU
P 3,
Cha
irm
an:
Con
sulta
nt:
Edu
catio
nal P
arks
Mr.
J a
ck B
unis
- V
ice
Pres
.B
uffa
lo A
rea
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
mer
ceD
r. F
rank
Bar
rySu
peri
nten
dent
of
Scho
ols
Syra
cuse
The
pro
blem
of
oppo
rtun
ity, t
hegr
oup
felt,
cent
ers
in th
e ec
onom
ic s
truc
ture
of
soci
ety,
and
not i
n th
e sc
hool
s.It
was
adm
itted
, how
ever
,th
at th
e sc
hool
s do
off
er o
ne c
onve
nien
t app
roac
hto
sol
ving
the
prob
lem
.T
wo
ques
tions
dom
inat
ed th
e di
scus
sion
of
educ
atio
n pa
rks-
- w
heth
er a
nd h
ow?
Opp
onen
tsar
gued
that
the
popu
latio
n of
Eri
c C
ount
y (o
nly
eigh
t per
cent
non
-whi
te)
did
not i
ndic
ate
a se
riou
sin
tegr
atio
n pr
oble
m. A
t the
oth
er e
xtre
me,
som
epr
opon
ents
sai
d th
e pa
rks
shou
ld b
e se
t up
ona
com
puls
ory
basi
s, s
o th
at th
e pa
rks
them
selv
esdo
not
bec
ome
segr
egat
ed.
Edu
catio
nal p
arks
wer
e se
en b
y m
any
asin
evita
ble
beca
use
of th
e ne
ed to
impr
ove
ed-
ucat
ion
for
all;
the
only
que
stio
n w
as w
heth
eror
not
they
wou
ld b
e in
tegr
ated
. Alth
ough
the
park
s do
off
er a
wid
e ra
nge
of f
acili
ties,
not
ever
yone
was
con
vinc
ed th
ey w
ould
be
wor
thth
e pr
ice.
The
con
clus
ion
ofth
e gr
oup,
a m
ajor
itybu
t not
a u
nani
mou
s re
port
,w
ere
that
par
ksw
ill c
ome
even
tual
ly; a
nd th
at a
met
ropo
litan
-
"s"
I
scal
e ef
fort
will
be
need
ed, w
ithst
rong
lead
er-
ship
bot
h in
the
scho
ols
and
inth
e co
mm
unity
.
GR
OU
P 4,
Edu
catio
nal P
arks
Cha
irm
an:
Dr.
Rob
ert R
ossb
erg
Stat
eUni
vers
ityof
N.Y
. at B
uffa
lo
Con
sulta
nt:
Dr.
Max
Wol
ffR
esea
rch
Soci
olog
ist
Cen
ter
for
Urb
an E
duca
tion
<
a
4-T
,
Buf
falo
sch
ools
, som
eone
sug
gest
ed,
are
not
as b
ad a
s th
ey a
re p
ictu
red.
In
fact
, the
yar
ege
nera
lly g
ood,
ineq
ualit
y of
opp
ortu
nity
not-
with
stan
ding
. The
nee
d to
impr
ess
this
fact
on o
ther
s, it
was
fel
t, is
a la
rge
part
of
over
-co
min
g su
burb
an p
aren
ts o
bjec
tions
to s
enen
gth
eir
child
ren
to f
utur
e pa
rks
inor
nea
r th
eci
ty. B
uffa
lo r
esid
ents
thou
ght t
he s
ituat
ion
loca
llyw
as w
orse
ned
by s
ubur
ban
relu
ctan
ceto
hel
pth
e ci
ty o
ur o
f a
prob
lem
whi
ch d
oes
not s
eem
to a
ffec
t the
sub
urbs
.U
nles
s th
e su
burb
s ar
e re
ache
d, it
was
sai
d,an
y pr
ogra
ms
are
boun
d to
fai
l. T
hesu
cces
sof
edu
catio
nal p
arks
will
dep
end
on g
ettin
gi in
to
.10
It
them
stu
dent
s fr
om a
ll st
rata
of
soci
ety.
One
way
to a
ccom
plis
h th
is m
ay b
e to
bui
ld .g
ood-
mid
dle-
clas
s ho
usin
g in
the
city
,to
attr
act
back
man
y w
ho h
ave
mov
edto
the
subu
rbs.
In a
nsw
er to
wor
ries
that
the
,edu
catio
nal
park
wou
ld r
adic
ally
cha
nge
the
inst
itutio
n of
educ
atio
n,se
vera
l par
ticip
ants
said
that
the
park
s ar
e si
mpl
y to
ols
to w
ork
with
in e
d-uc
atio
n, th
ey a
re n
ot m
etho
ds o
fed
ucat
ion.
By
prov
idin
g be
tter
educ
atio
n,th
e gr
oup
deci
ded,
educ
atio
nal p
arks
cou
ldat
trac
t tco
-op
erat
ion.
Par
ents
wou
ld b
e w
illin
gto
sen
d th
eir
child
ren,
eve
n by
bus
, to
reac
h sc
hool
sbe
tter
than
the
ones
in th
e ne
ighb
orho
od.
GR
OU
P 5,
Cha
irm
an
Con
sulta
nt:
Subu
rban
Chi
ldre
n's
Atti
tude
s
Mrs
_ Ii
illia
ni G
. Rus
ch
r_ C
harl
es K
ockh
eise
rT
each
erB
righ
ton
Hig
h Sc
hool
The
abi
lity
to b
enef
it fr
omsc
hool
exp
erie
nce
was
tied
str
ongl
y to
the
hom
een
viro
nmen
t. A
nd,
beca
use
of n
atur
al is
olat
ion
fact
ors
in th
e ed
-uc
atio
nal s
truc
ture
, nei
ther
city
nor
sub
urba
nsc
hool
s w
ere
seen
ade
quat
eto
pro
vide
opp
or-
tuni
ties
for
thei
r st
uden
tsto
kno
w a
nd le
arn
to r
espe
ct p
eopl
e fr
oma
wid
e va
riet
y of
soc
ial,
ethn
ic, a
nd r
acia
l bac
kgro
unds
.
A h
eate
d de
bate
bro
keou
t Ove
rW
it()
isre
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e pr
esen
tde
cayi
ng s
yste
m in
city
sch
ools
. Per
sons
fro
mth
e su
burb
s ac
cuse
dth
eci
ty d
wel
lers
offa
iling
to h
andk
thei
rpr
oble
ms
effe
ctiv
ely,
whi
le th
e ci
ty d
wel
lers
char
ged
that
sub
urba
nite
sw
ere
runn
ing
away
from
the
prob
lem
. As
the
deba
te s
ubsi
ded,
both
sid
es s
eem
edto
r;_
aliz
e th
at, w
hate
ver
the
blam
e,a
prob
lem
doe
s ex
ist,
and
a so
lutio
nm
ust b
e fo
und.
The
bes
t way
to d
evel
op w
hole
som
eat
titud
esam
ong
child
ren,
it w
as s
aid,
is to
pro
vide
dir
ect
expe
rien
ce f
or th
em. H
uman
con
tact
is th
em
ost
effe
ctiv
e ki
nd o
f le
sson
for
all
stud
ents
.T
he m
ajor
ity o
pini
on o
f th
egr
oup
reso
lved
in tw
o po
ints
--
the
educ
atio
nal p
ark
isth
e be
stw
ay n
ow to
sol
ve th
e pr
oble
m o
f hu
man
con
tact
s,be
tter
than
bus
sing
stu
dent
sto
the
subu
rbs;
and
and
hum
an r
elat
ions
sho
uld
be ta
ught
as e
arly
and
as e
ffec
tivel
y as
pos
sibl
e.
GR
OU
P 6,
Cha
irm
an:
Con
sulta
nt:
Com
pens
ator
y E
duca
tion
Dea
n R
ober
t Sim
pson
Buf
falo
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Col
lege
Mrs
. Dor
othy
Jon
esO
ffic
e of
Chu
rch
and
Rac
ePr
otes
tant
Cou
ncil
ofth
e C
ity o
f N
ei::
Yor
k
One
of
the
firs
t ide
as b
roug
htup
was
that
equa
lity
of e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nity
doe
s no
t exi
stan
ywhe
re. M
any
agre
ed w
ith th
ispo
int,
but
succ
eedi
ng d
iscu
ssio
n of
ineq
ualit
y in
hou
sing
and
empl
oym
ent l
ed to
acc
usat
ions
that
the
scho
ol's
role
in e
qual
ity w
as b
eing
exa
gger
ated
. The
rep
lyw
as th
at th
e fo
cus
mus
t be
som
epla
ce, a
beg
in-
ning
mus
t be
mad
e so
mep
lace
-- w
hat b
ette
rpl
ace
for
that
than
edu
catio
n ?
The
cos
t of
educ
atio
n, it
was
sai
d, is
det
er-
min
ed n
ot b
y th
e pr
ice
of w
hat i
s do
ne, b
ut b
yth
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
f w
hat i
s no
t don
e. T
he s
choo
lsm
ay n
ot b
e ab
le to
cha
nge
soci
ety,
but
they
pre
-pa
re th
e pe
ople
who
do.
Edu
catio
nal p
arks
wer
e vi
ewed
as
a po
ssib
leso
lutio
n:th
ey p
rovi
de a
neu
tral
gro
und
whe
reno
ne a
re o
utsi
ders
, and
they
pro
vide
larg
e gr
oups
in w
hich
less
of
a st
igm
a is
atta
ched
to th
epr
oble
ms
of e
duca
tion.
The
y al
so p
rovi
dea
chan
cefo
r ch
ildre
n to
fac
e ea
ch o
ther
, rat
her
than
fac
tsab
out e
ach
othe
r.
Seve
ral s
ugge
stio
ns f
or im
prov
ing
educ
atio
nca
me
up: t
ailo
r ed
ucat
ion
to th
e ne
eds
of d
iffe
rent
peop
le; c
hang
e te
ache
rs' a
ttitu
des
thro
ugh
ex-
posu
re to
the
inne
r ci
ty; a
nd lo
wer
the
stud
ent/
adul
t rat
io a
s w
ell a
s th
e st
uden
t/tea
cher
ratio
-- th
at m
eans
mor
e ai
des,
tuto
rs, c
ouns
ello
rs,
and
so f
orth
.
GR
OU
P 7,
Pri
vate
Sch
ools
Cha
irm
an: M
rs. J
ohn
M. B
ozer
Con
sulta
nt: R
t. R
ev. M
sgr.
Will
iam
D. R
oche
Supe
rint
ende
nt o
f Sc
hool
sD
ioce
se o
f R
oche
ster
It w
as a
gree
d th
at p
riva
te s
choo
ls d
o ha
vea
role
in s
olvi
ng th
e pr
oble
m. R
epre
sent
ativ
esof
loca
l pri
vate
sch
ools
sai
d th
eyar
e w
orki
ngw
ith s
chol
arsh
ips
and
sum
mer
pro
gram
s to
rea
chth
e un
derp
rivi
lege
d ch
ildre
nin
the
city
, but
ther
e ar
e lim
itatio
ns in
fin
ance
s an
d fa
cilit
ies.
The
pri
vate
sch
ool,
it w
as p
oint
ed o
ut, e
xist
sto
pro
vid
an u
nusu
ally
hig
h-qu
ality
edu
catio
nas
its
cont
ribu
tion
to th
e co
mm
unity
. How
ever
,as
one
man
poi
nted
out
,"r
espo
nsib
ility
lies
outs
ide
our
own
wal
ls; e
very
one
has
an e
qual
stak
e in
Am
eric
a."
Som
e pe
ople
won
dere
d if
pri
vate
and
par
ochi
alsc
hool
s fo
ster
seg
rega
tion
on th
e ba
sis
of c
lass
and
relig
ion.
Ano
ther
wor
ry e
xpre
ssed
was
that
publ
ic a
id to
pri
vate
and
par
ochi
al. s
choo
ls m
ight
cut t
he n
ow-l
imite
d am
ount
s av
aila
ble
to c
ore-
city
pub
lic s
choo
ls. R
epre
sent
ativ
es o
f pa
roch
ial
scho
ols
said
they
wou
ld, i
f gi
ven
publ
ic m
oney
,ta
ke m
ore
stud
ents
, but
the
scho
ols
wou
ld in
sist
on k
eepi
ng p
raye
rs, r
elig
ious
inst
ruct
ion,
etc
,T
hey
poin
ted
out t
hat s
ome
paro
chia
l sch
ools
inB
uffa
lo h
ave
as h
igh
as 4
0 pe
rcen
t Neg
ro e
n-ro
llmen
t, m
uch
of th
at n
on-C
atho
lic.
Sugg
estio
ns f
rom
the
indi
vidu
als
in th
egr
oup
incl
uded
:
1.Pu
blic
and
pri
vate
sch
ool a
dmin
istr
ator
ssh
ould
wor
k to
geth
er o
n ed
ucat
iona
l par
ks a
ndot
her
poss
ible
sol
utio
ns.
2.N
on-p
ublic
sch
ools
sho
uld
take
a m
ore
fort
hrig
ht s
tand
in o
ffer
ing
qual
ity in
tegr
ated
educ
atio
n.3.
Add
ition
al h
elp
to n
on-p
ublic
sch
ools
shou
ld n
ot b
eat
the
expe
nse
of th
e pu
blic
scho
ols.
GR
OU
PS8
and
9,
Cha
irm
en:
Con
sulta
nts:
Bus
sing
Pla
ns
Dr.
Sta
nley
H. C
ram
erSt
ate
Uni
vers
ity o
f N
ew Y
ork
at B
uffa
lo
Mr.
Dan
iel A
cker
Tre
asur
er, B
UIL
D
Mr.
Edw
ard
Sulli
van,
Pri
ncip
alU
nion
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
Uni
onvi
lle, C
onne
ctic
ut
Mr.
Will
iam
D. H
ope
Wes
t Iro
ndeq
uoit
Boa
rd o
f E
duca
tion
Alth
ough
the
subj
ect w
as d
iscu
ssed
hea
tedl
yin
alm
ost e
very
oth
er g
roup
, so
few
peo
ple
regi
ster
ed f
or th
e se
ssio
ns o
n bu
ssin
gth
atth
e tw
o w
ere
com
bine
d.T
he H
artf
ord
and
Roc
hest
er p
lans
for
bus
sing
wer
e co
mpa
red:
bot
h ar
e ci
ty-s
ubur
b pl
ans
rath
erth
an in
-city
pla
ns. R
oche
ster
invo
lves
onl
yon
esu
burb
Wes
t Iro
ndeq
uoit-
- on
a s
mal
l sca
le;
it ha
s ro
used
muc
h op
posi
tion,
and
may
be
drop
ped
if o
ne m
ore
oppo
sitio
n sc
hool
boa
rd m
embe
r is
elec
ted.
In H
artf
ord,
fiv
e co
mm
uniti
essu
rrou
ndin
g th
eci
ty ta
ke p
art,
and
ther
e is
stro
ng c
ivic
and
com
mer
cial
sup
port
for
the
proj
ect.
Har
tfor
dal
so tr
ansf
ers
one
city
teac
her
to th
e su
burb
sfo
r ev
ery
25 s
tude
nts.
Som
eone
ask
ed if
ther
e is
a gr
ade
leve
l at
whi
ch b
ussi
ngis
inef
fect
ive
beca
use
of th
eex
trem
e di
ffer
ence
in tw
ogr
oups
. No
spec
ific
poin
t cou
ld h
e es
tabl
ishe
d, a
lthou
ghth
ere
was
agre
emen
t tha
t you
nger
tran
sfer
s w
ork
bette
r.So
me
atte
ntio
n w
as g
iven
to th
e su
cces
s
--
:'73
...1-
:-. -.
...
Bos
ton
has
with
ope
nen
rollm
ent:s
tude
nts
can
en-
roll
in a
ny s
ubur
ban
scho
olth
at h
as a
n op
enin
g,bu
t mus
t pro
vide
thei
row
n tr
ansp
orta
tion.
Prop
onen
ts o
f bu
ssin
g sc
hem
esad
mitt
ed th
atth
ere
is s
ome
tend
ency
to s
elf-
segr
egat
ion
amon
gst
uden
ts b
usse
d to
geth
er, b
utth
ey a
rgue
d it
was
no m
ore
than
cou
ld b
e ex
prec
ted
from
any
new
grou
p re
latio
nshi
p.It
was
arg
ued
that
the
gove
rnm
ent,
at s
ome
leve
l,sh
ould
sub
sidi
ze b
ussi
ng, a
ndpe
rhap
sse
t up
thes
e pr
ogra
ms
ona
stan
dard
bas
is. T
he
WH
AT
WO
RK
S,W
HE
RE
, AN
D H
OW
The
add
ress
es in
the
afte
rnoo
nw
ere
by p
erso
nsac
tivel
y in
volv
ed in
one
or
anot
her
ofth
e ki
nds
of p
roje
cts
desi
gned
toso
lve
the
prob
lem
sdi
scus
sed
in th
e sm
all-
grou
pse
ssio
ns.
Dr.
Fran
klyn
B a
rry,
Supe
rint
ende
nt o
fSc
hool
s in
Syr
acus
e, N
.Y.,
on "
Edu
ca-
tiona
l. Pa
rks"
"Urb
an a
reas
thro
ugho
ut th
eco
untr
y."
Dr.
Bar
rysa
id, "
face
wha
t am
ount
stc
edu
catio
nal p
over
ty."
Prob
lem
s of
all
kind
s, h
e ad
ded,
are
deve
lopi
ngm
uch
fast
er th
an s
olut
ions
to a
ny o
f th
em c
anbe
fou
nd. T
he a
nsw
erm
ay b
e in
edu
catio
nal
park
s, a
lthou
gh th
ese
park
sob
viou
sly
will
not
wor
k eq
ually
wel
l in
all s
ituat
ions
.
Dr.
Bar
ry d
escr
ibed
the
"Cam
pus
Plan
" in
Syra
cuse
, a f
orm
of
the
educ
atio
nal p
ark
plan
.A
ll Sy
racu
se h
igh
scho
ols
are
alre
ady
dese
g-re
gate
d; th
e C
ampu
s Pl
an w
ill r
epla
ceal
l pre
sent
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls w
ith in
tegr
ated
park
s. T
heci
ty o
wns
sev
eral
site
sne
ar th
e su
burb
s; e
ach
site
has
roo
m f
or 8
sch
ool u
nits
acco
mod
atin
gab
out 5
30 s
tude
nts
each
inki
nder
gart
en th
roug
hth
e 6t
h gr
ade.
Syra
cuse
off
icia
ls,
said
Dr.
Bar
ry, f
eel t
heC
ampu
s Pl
an w
ill im
prov
eed
ucat
ion
for
all
stud
ents
. In
addi
tion,
it ha
s be
en a
n ef
fect
ive
way
to r
epla
ce o
bsol
ete
faci
litie
s w
hile
cut
ting
land
acq
uisi
tion
cost
s. H
ow m
uch
can
be a
ttem
pted
in a
n ed
ucat
iona
l par
k, a
nd h
ow m
uch
can
beex
pect
ed o
f it,
dep
ends
, sai
d B
arry
, "on
the
amou
nt o
f m
oney
the
peop
le a
re w
illin
gto
put
into
it."
Mr.
Will
iam
Hop
e, s
choo
l boa
rdm
embe
r,W
est
I r
onde
quoi
t;N
. K,
on"B
ussi
n 6 t,
Plan
s"
Mr.
Hop
e de
scri
bed
how
his
Wes
tIr
onde
quoi
t
answ
er to
that
was
: "W
hat w
orks
bes
tin
one
com
mun
ity m
ay n
ot w
ork
best
,or
at a
ll, in
an-
othe
r. W
hat w
orks
bes
t loc
ally
pro
babl
yis
bes
tde
term
ined
loca
lly."
It w
as a
rgue
d, w
ithou
t res
olut
ion,
that
teac
hers
as g
roup
will
not
be
oppo
sed
to b
ussi
ng. T
heex
tent
and
nat
ure
of th
e ar
gum
ent
amon
g th
ead
ults
pre
sent
hig
hlig
hted
the
conc
lusi
on v
oice
dby
one
man
: "T
he k
ids
coul
dn't
care
less
; it's
the
pare
nts
who
mak
e th
e di
ffer
ence
s."
Scho
ol B
oard
had
, in.
196
4,m
et a
ser
ies
ofqu
estio
ns w
ith a
hig
hly
cont
rove
rsia
lan
swer
.T
he q
uest
ions
: wha
t goa
lssh
ould
we
set?
wha
tca
n w
e as
k of
edu
cato
rs in
pre
pari
ngou
r ch
ild-
ren
for
the
futu
re?
how
can
we
effe
ct th
e ch
ange
sne
eded
to k
eep
our
scho
ols
up w
ith a
cha
ngin
gw
orld
? T
he a
nsw
er th
atye
ar w
as to
invi
te th
eci
ty o
f R
oche
ster
to s
end
som
e co
re-c
ity c
hild
ren
to f
ill v
acan
cies
in th
e W
est I
rond
equo
itsc
hool
s.
The
re w
as "
favo
rabl
ere
spon
se, a
mou
ntin
g at
times
toen
thus
iast
ic p
rais
e,"
from
sch
ool
adm
inis
trat
ors,
par
ent-
scho
olgr
oups
, the
cle
rgy
-of
the
dist
rict
, the
teac
hers
asso
ciat
ion,
and
the
high
sch
ool s
tude
nt o
rgan
izat
ion.
How
ever
, Mr.
Hop
e po
inte
d ou
t, th
ere
spon
se f
rom
the
gene
ral
publ
ic w
as n
ot a
ll fa
vora
ble:
atte
ndan
ceat
sch
ool
boar
d m
eetin
gs s
oare
d; le
gal
actio
n w
as ta
ken
to s
top
the
prog
ram
; and
in th
ree
offo
ur r
ecen
tco
ntes
ts, v
oter
s el
ecte
d to
the
boar
dpe
rson
sop
enly
opp
osed
to th
epr
ogra
m.
*
4
44.-rw, .4
,
u1/4., 10e,iWIgot, ,ZZ' ',.?"
$4,444's
.".
4
- , . .
?^
,,,,,p,r4=s5;#4,;,44.,4141,445,
4),r4e- Na04k, gS
5 5
+s.
5),
NP;PFATtFill,kk
5
-
The
situ
atio
n no
w is
unc
erta
in,
he a
dmitt
ed,
beca
use
one
mor
e op
posi
tion
vote
on
the
pres
ent
boar
d w
ill e
nd th
epr
ogra
m. N
ever
thel
ess,
Mr.
Hop
e ex
pres
sed
cont
inui
ngfa
ith in
the
prog
ram
.sa
ying
"M
ore
and
mor
e pe
ople
in W
est I
ron-
dequ
oit w
ho s
uppo
rt th
epo
licy
have
bec
ome
conv
ince
d th
at a
par
t of
Am
eric
a's
battl
e w
ithra
cism
is ta
king
pla
ce in
thei
r ow
n ho
me
tow
n,an
d th
at th
ey a
re in
a po
sitio
n to
hel
p w
in it
."
Mrs
. Dor
othy
Jon
es,
Dir
ecto
r, O
ffic
e of
Chu
rch
and
Rac
e of
the
Prot
esta
ntC
ounc
ilof
New
Yor
kC
ity,
on "
Com
pens
ator
yE
duca
tion"
"Com
pens
ator
y ed
ucat
ion,
"M
rs. J
ones
beg
an,
not c
ostly
, and
has
not
bee
n un
succ
essf
ul."
The
pro
blem
, she
wen
t on,
has
bee
n in
und
er-
stan
ding
eX
actly
wha
tco
mpe
nsat
ory
educ
atio
nis
, and
wha
t it i
s no
t, it
isno
t sim
ply
a m
atte
rof
enri
chin
g th
e cu
rric
ulum
, and
it do
es n
otal
low
con
tinua
tion
of s
egre
gate
dsc
hool
s.
"Com
pens
ator
y ed
ucat
ion
prov
ides
all c
hild
ren
insc
hool
s th
ose
thin
gs th
eyar
e no
t, or
can
not b
egi
ven
at h
ome,
" M
rs. J
ones
sai
d.In
that
way
, it
appl
ies
to a
ll ch
ildre
n. T
hest
uden
t in
the
subu
rbs
in a
"go
lden
ghe
tto,"
thou
gh h
eis
com
fort
able
,st
ill is
isol
ated
. He
as w
ell a
s th
e ci
ty d
wel
ler
mus
t be
com
pens
ated
for
the
limita
tions
of h
ised
ucat
ion.
For
alon
g tim
e, s
he s
aid,
scho
ols
have
iden
tifie
dan
d co
mpe
nsat
ed f
or p
hysi
cal
and
men
tal l
im-
itatio
nsof
thei
r st
uden
ts. I
t is
time
now
tore
cogn
ize
that
soc
ial l
imita
tions
also
exi
st, a
ndth
at c
ompe
nsat
ion
for
them
mus
t be
prov
ided
in th
e sc
hool
s.
Thu
s fa
r, M
rs. J
ones
conc
lude
d, th
e ed
ucat
iona
les
tabl
ishm
ent h
as n
ot c
augh
tup
with
cha
nges
in o
ur s
ocie
ty. A
sa
resu
lt, o
ur s
choo
ls a
re n
ot
f,v-
e,,,Z
,V
NT
,1"7
-7.7
7;,1
31"I
nf,T
4M,
yet
equi
pped
to g
ive
stud
ents
all
they
nee
d.
Ver
y R
ever
end
Msg
r. W
illia
mR
oche
, Su-
peri
nten
dent
of
Scho
ols,
Cat
holic
Dio
cese
of R
oche
ster
,on
"Pr
ivat
e Sc
hool
s"
Mon
sign
or R
oche
, tho
ugh
his
topi
c was
the
priv
ate
scho
ol g
ener
ally
, spo
ke p
rim
arily
for
the
par-
ochi
al s
choo
ls.
He
poin
ted
out t
hat 1
out o
f ev
ery
8 st
uden
ts in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es is
ina
paro
chia
l sch
ool,
(for
Buf
falo
, tha
t fig
ure
is1
in3)
. The
par
ochi
alsc
hool
s,th
eref
ore,
with
so
man
y st
uden
ts to
educ
ate,
are
not
unaw
are
of, n
or a
re th
ey u
n-co
ncer
ned
abou
t, th
e pr
oble
ms
of e
qual
edu
catio
nfo
r al
l stu
dent
s.
How
ever
, Roc
he s
aid,
the
paro
chia
l sch
ools
are
sing
ular
ly h
ampe
red
by f
inan
cial
limita
tions
:th
ey m
ust p
rovi
de v
irtu
ally
all
thei
r ow
n fu
nds,
with
out t
ax s
uppo
rt.
The
par
ochi
al s
choo
ls in
the
subu
rbs
are,
alm
ost
with
out e
xcep
tion,
ful
lto
ove
rcro
wde
d no
w, w
ithno
roo
m f
or a
ny m
ore
stud
ents
. Mos
t hav
ew
ait-
ing
lists
of
thei
r ow
n ch
urch
mem
bers
, who
hav
ebe
en u
nabl
e to
reg
iste
r th
eir
child
ren.
In
the
citie
s, th
e pa
roch
ial s
choo
ls o
ften
do h
ave
room
for
mor
e st
uden
ts. T
hese
scho
ols,
Roc
he n
oted
,do
take
larg
e nu
mbe
rs o
fad
ditio
nal s
tude
nts,
with
no
rega
rd to
rac
eor
rel
igio
n.
Mr.
Jam
es B
ent,
past
pres
iden
t, H
artf
ord,
Con
n., A
rea
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
mer
ce, o
n"I
nter
est
of th
e B
usin
ess
Com
mun
ity"
"The
act
iviti
es u
nder
take
nin
Har
tfor
d to
com
bat
soci
al p
robl
ems
are
prom
pted
by
a co
ncer
nth
at is
fel
t by
ever
y bu
sine
ssm
an a
cros
s th
eco
untr
y w
ho k
now
s th
e fa
cts.
" W
ithth
ose
wor
ds,
Mr.
Ben
t ack
now
ledg
ed th
est
ake
busi
ness
has
1,17
gr,r
0.7
14o.
in p
rovi
ding
equ
ality
of
oppo
rtun
ity,
and
intr
o-du
ced
the
plan
und
erw
ay in
Har
tfor
d to
pro
vide
it. Seve
ral y
ears
ago
, he
said
,H
artf
ord
busi
ness
lead
ers
reco
gniz
ed th
at m
unic
ipal
prog
ress
was
tied
to s
olut
ion
of c
ore-
city
prob
lem
s. A
nd th
ese
prob
lem
s w
ere
not o
nly
in e
duca
tion;
"Why
mak
ean
eff
ort t
o ge
t a d
ecen
t edu
catio
n if
you
can'
tho
pe f
or a
dec
ent j
ob,
or li
ve in
a d
ecen
t hou
sein
a d
ecen
t nei
ghbo
rhoo
d?"
And
so
Har
tfor
d pu
t int
oac
tion
"Ope
ratio
n:G
o."
With
sup
port
fro
mbu
sine
ss, M
r. B
ent s
aid,
a re
cord
41
mill
ion
dolla
r bo
nd is
sue
for
scho
olbu
ildin
gs w
as p
asse
d, a
nda
new
reg
iona
l com
-m
unity
col
lege
was
est
ablis
hed.
In a
dditi
on, t
hebu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
sup
port
eda
prop
osal
for
esta
blis
hing
am
iddl
e sc
hool
sys
tem
, and
aci
ty-s
ubur
b bu
ssin
g pl
an th
atw
ent i
nto
effe
ctw
ith n
o se
riou
s op
posi
tion.
Mr.
Ben
t des
crib
ed h
owH
artf
ord
busi
ness
con-
cern
s ha
ve s
et u
p ed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
pro
-gr
ams
in th
e ar
ea a
t the
irow
n ex
pens
e, r
escu
ing
from
obl
ivio
n sc
hool
dro
p-ou
tsan
d ot
her
per-
enni
ally
une
mpl
oyed
pers
ons.
He
also
told
how
the
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
mer
ceha
s se
t up
ano
n-pr
ofit
corp
orat
ion
to h
elp
deve
lop
bette
r ho
usin
g:th
e G
reat
er H
artf
ord
Hou
sing
Dev
elop
men
t Fun
d,In
c. T
he F
und
has
asse
ts o
f ov
er a
mill
ion
dolla
rs to
hel
p fi
nanc
equ
ality
hou
sing
. It a
lso
prov
ides
con
sulta
nt s
ervi
ces
for
build
ers.
The
bus
ines
s co
mm
unity
stan
ds to
gai
n fr
om a
llth
is,
Mr.
Ben
t ack
now
ledg
ed,
as th
ere
is a
"ver
y di
rect
link
bet
wee
nth
e in
tere
sts
of e
d-uc
atio
n an
d bu
sine
ss. B
usin
ess
is th
e la
rges
tco
nsum
er o
f th
e pr
oduc
t of
our
scho
ols-
- ed
-uc
ated
you
ng p
eopl
e."
Not
onl
y th
at, h
e ex
plai
ned,
but s
omet
hing
mor
e: "
We
busi
ness
men
too
are,
by a
nd la
rge,
dec
ent h
uman
bein
gs."
,ft,4'11/1;
.3s
Tho
se in
tere
sted
inw
orki
ng to
war
d im
prov
edop
port
unity
for
all
in B
uffa
loha
ve, i
n th
e bu
s-
Mit"
.7;
47,5
M. .M
M9.
,,,,1
1,17
,-,,,
,,TT
1171
57:7
77.7
",
vi7r
.rrit
IrrI
TT
P,V
1V.
ines
s co
mm
unity
, "fr
iend
s re
ady
to c
over
the
dist
ance
with
you
."
WH
AT
WA
SIT
AL
L A
BO
UT
?
\Vha
t goo
d w
as th
e co
nfer
ence
? D
idit
open
any
eyes
, cha
nge
any
attit
udes
, pro
duce
any
actio
n? N
o on
e ca
n be
sur
e. C
erta
inly
, by
brin
g-in
g pe
ople
into
con
tact
with
oth
ers
who
had
dif-
fere
nt v
iew
s, it
for
ced
som
e se
riou
s th
ough
t abo
utth
ings
that
may
hav
e be
en ta
ken
for
gran
ted.
Eve
ryon
e th
at a
ttend
edw
as in
vite
d to
sub
-m
it a
brie
f ev
alua
tion
of th
e co
nfer
ence
on a
form
mai
led
out
afte
rwar
d. R
evie
win
g th
ese
eval
uatio
ns p
rovi
ded
valu
able
info
rmat
ion:
the
com
plim
enta
ry th
ings
mos
t peo
ple
said
show
edth
at th
e co
nfer
ence
had
acc
ompl
ishe
dpa
rt o
f its
goal
; sug
gest
ions
fro
mm
any
peop
le in
dica
ted
area
s fo
r ad
ditio
nal w
ork
in th
e fi
eld;
occ
asio
nal
criti
cism
hel
ped
iden
tify
teac
hniq
ues
and
goal
sfo
r fu
ther
con
fere
nces
.M
ost r
espo
nden
ts a
gree
dth
at m
ore
con-
fere
nces
wou
ld h
elp,
and
sug
gest
edge
nera
l top
ics
whi
ch m
ight
be
cove
red.
The
sead
ditio
nal c
on-
fere
nces
, man
y th
ough
t, sh
ould
be
smal
ler,
at
loca
l lev
els;
they
sho
uld
be h
eld
in m
any
plac
es--
sub
urbs
, sch
ools
, city
nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds,
or, a
son
e m
an s
ugge
sted
, "A
con
fere
nce
like
this
shou
ld b
e an
opp
ortu
nity
for
whi
tes
to r
eally
feel
the
pres
ence
of
negr
oes
as w
ell a
s sh
are
idea
s w
ith th
em. W
hyno
t lea
ve th
e co
llege
atm
osph
ere
next
tim
e an
dre
nt a
hal
l in
the
inne
rci
ty(w
here
ther
e is
n't m
uch
'equ
ality
of e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nity
')?"
Som
e ar
gued
that
the
conf
eren
ceco
uld
have
been
bet
ter
if th
ose
atte
ndin
g di
dn't
all s
hare
sim
ilar
view
s. A
s if
to r
efut
e th
at,
an a
nony
mou
sre
spon
dent
sai
d, "
Lea
ve th
e su
burb
ansc
hool
sou
t of
any
furt
her
disc
ussi
ons.
Buf
falo
shou
ldso
lve
its o
wn
prob
lem
s."
He
appa
rent
ly h
adbe
en in
the
sam
egr
oup
with
a B
uffa
lo c
ivic
lead
er, w
ho p
lead
ed, "
Som
e su
burb
anfo
lks
said
in e
ssen
ce, '
We
subu
rban
ites
have
no r
eal r
e-sp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r w
hat h
appe
ns in
the
city
.' L
et's
conv
ince
them
som
ehow
that
they
do.
"Fr
om r
eque
sts
for
addi
tiona
lin
form
atio
n,it
appe
ared
that
the
two
mor
ning
spe
eche
s,by
Doc
tors
Coh
en a
nd W
olff
, stir
red
up th
e m
ost
inte
rest
. As
a re
pres
enta
tive
ofa
loca
l bus
ines
sfi
rm s
aid,
"T
he m
ore
the
gene
ral
publ
ic c
anbe
exp
osed
to th
ese
forw
ard-
thin
king
educ
ator
s,th
e so
oner
will
com
e re
aliz
atio
n of
the
prob
lem
san
d th
e ne
eds
in e
duca
tion.
Bus
ines
san
d in
-du
stry
cer
tain
ly c
an h
elp,
and
sho
uld
bein
volv
edw
ith p
lann
ing.
"A
num
ber
of c
omm
ents
dis
pelle
dan
y no
tion
that
eve
ryon
e ag
reed
with
the
spea
kers
.Pe
rhap
sth
e m
ost d
irec
t one
cam
e fr
om a
wom
an r
e-pr
esen
ting
a ci
ty p
aren
ts' g
roup
, who
sai
d, "
It
v.77
,7-,
-r.r
.MM
Trr
.IT
7P.F
irtI
7M7/
1977
7", I
rilr
i.Mre
rfiT
TrA
rMir
rS
is o
bvio
us th
at th
is c
onfe
renc
ew
as a
n at
tem
ptto
bra
in-w
ash
the
publ
ic in
toac
cept
ing
the
con-
cept
of
an e
duca
tiona
l par
kto
ach
ieve
rac
ial
bala
nce.
We
are
oppo
sed
to th
is ty
pe o
f pr
ogra
m."
Smal
l-gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons
wer
e, f
or m
any,
a re
veal
ing
insi
ght i
nto
the
way
dif
fere
nt p
eopl
eth
ink
and
feel
;th
is w
as th
e on
e pa
rt o
f th
eco
nfer
ence
that
eve
ryon
e co
mm
Pnte
don
, for
goo
dor
thr
bad.
Tho
se w
ho c
ompl
aine
d ab
out
the
disc
ussi
ons
wer
e di
stur
bed,
mor
e th
an a
nyth
ing
else
, by
wha
t the
y th
ough
tw
as d
omin
atio
n of
thei
r gr
oup
by o
neor
a f
ew s
peak
ers.
The
oth
ersi
deof
that
prob
lem
cam
e fr
om th
ose
who
com
plai
ned
that
"So
me
peop
ledi
dn't
try
toco
ntri
bute
to th
e gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons.
"T
here
was
not
hing
app
roac
hing
a co
nsen
sus
on th
e "m
ost h
elpf
ul"
and
"lea
st h
elpf
ul"
part
sof
the
conf
eren
ce: E
very
elem
ent-
- m
orni
ngsp
eake
rs, m
orni
ng g
roup
s, a
fter
noon
spea
kers
,af
tern
oon
grou
ps--
was
list
ed a
t lea
st o
nce
asth
e "m
ost h
elpf
ul"
and
at le
ast o
nce,
by
som
eone
else
, as
"lea
st h
elpf
ul."
If a
ny c
onsi
sten
t ton
ew
as in
evi
denc
e in
the
resp
onse
s,it
may
hav
e be
en e
xpre
ssed
by th
e an
onym
ous
resp
onde
ntw
ho w
rote
, "H
owlo
ud m
ust w
e sh
out f
or g
enui
neth
inki
ng o
nth
ere
alis
sues
, for
solu
tions
,fo
r ac
tion?
"
_--
__.._
The
Equ
al O
ppor
tuni
ty C
onfe
renc
ew
as s
pons
ored
by
the
Buf
falo
Boa
rd o
f E
duca
tion
by th
e B
uffa
lo C
ham
ber
of C
omm
erce
and
by P
roje
ct I
nnov
atio
n
1 I
The
wor
k pr
esen
ted
or r
epor
ted
here
inw
as p
er-
form
ed, i
n pa
rt o
n a
gran
t fro
m th
e U
.S. O
ffic
eof
Edu
catio
n, D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth, E
duca
tion,
and
Wel
fare
. How
ever
, the
opi
nion
sex
pres
sed
here
in d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
ref
lect
the
posi
tion
or p
olic
y of
the
U.S
. Off
ice
of E
duca
ti-)n
, and
no o
ffic
ial e
ndor
sem
ent b
y th
e U
.S. O
ffic
e of
Edu
catio
n sh
ould
be
infe
rred
.