conducting ethical research - sfu.ca slides/chapter3_adobe.pdf · conducting ethical research...
TRANSCRIPT
I. Codes of Research Ethics
What is/are ethics?
Ethical concerns permeate every aspect of the research process.
Is the potential benefit to society strong enough to warrant the potential risk to the subject?
The Nuremberg Code (1947)
•Set of ethical principles essential for medical experiments to be “permissible” (also applies to behavioural research)
•Voluntary consent with freedom to withdraw at any time
• Information prior to giving consent about research purpose and potential risks
•Avoidance of unnecessary risk
•Results should be of sufficient value to outweigh risks to participants
•Qualified scientists must conduct the research
The Tuskegee Experiment
• 1932 – 1972•US Public Health Service
The Belmont Report – 1979• applicable to human research conducted
in the US• Respect • Beneficence• Justice
APA Ethics Code (2010)
• Beneficence and nonmaleficence• Fidelity and responsibility • Integrity• Justice • Respect
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN HUMAN RESEARCH
Tri-council policy for ethical conduct for research involving humans
• CIHR• NSERC• SSHRC
Basic Principles:• Respect for Human Dignity • Respect for Free and Informed Consent• Respect for Vulnerable Persons• Respect for Privacy and Confidentiality• Respect for Justice and Inclusiveness• Balancing Harms and Benefits
• Minimizing Harm• Maximizing Benefit
Canada
CPA
•protect and promote the welfare of participants;
•avoid doing harm to participants;
•not carry out any studies unless the probable benefit is proportionately greater than the risk;
•provide informed consent;
•ensure privacy and confidentiality
2000 (3rd edition)
Institutional Review: The IRB @ Sfu
at SFU Research Ethics Board (REB)• is a committee of Senate• consists of 20 voting members• includes members from each faculty,
graduate students, undergraduate students and four community members
• three categories of applications:• minimal-risk• greater-than-minimal-risk• course
Types of Harm
• Physical harm (e.g., pain)
• Psychological harm (e.g., anxiety)
• Social harm and loss of privacy (e.g., sensitive information disclosed)
• Economic or legal harm (e.g., accident after research-induced sleep deprivation)
Considered in judging degree of risk to participants
Informed Consent
• people have the right to make a voluntary, informed decision about whether to participate in a study
• for research that involves vulnerable populations informed consent is made by the legal guardian with assent given by the participant
Basic Elements of Informed Consent
1. Purpose and nature of research
2. Anticipated risks, discomforts, adverse effects
3. Anticipated benefits
4. Alternative procedures or treatments
5. Confidentiality and limits to confidentiality
6. Incentives and compensation
7. Contact information
8. Voluntary participation and freedom to discontinue participation
Deception
Passive deception: • Researchers withhold info that might
influence participants’ decision to provide informed consent
Active deception
• Researchers mislead participants about some aspect of a study
Debriefing
Dehoaxing• revealing the true purpose of the study
Desensitizing • reducing stress in the subjects
Prevention of Contamination
Ethics -- Risk Assessment
• study designed to examine the relationship between personal space and arousal
• three levels of personal space• close distance• moderate distance• control
Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976)
Ethical Issues in Nonhuman Animal Research
•Why is psychological research conducted on animals?
•Animals Used In Psychological Research
Ethical Issues in Nonhuman Animal Research
•Inherent/Fundamental Rights Perspective•Utilitarian Perspective
•Animal Welfare Act (US)•Care of Animals (CPA)
Ethical perspectives and attitudes (Herzog)
SFU
University Animal Care Committee
• Ethical standards for animal research revolve around •Reduction•of # of animals used in research
•Refinement •care and procedures to minimize pain
•Replacement •animals in research