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9/16/2019 1 Conditional Use Permits The Long Beach (CA) Museum of Art Conditional Uses (Special Exceptions) In a traditional Euclidean scheme, a museum would not be allowed in an R‐1 zone But a museum might not be “harmful” to R‐1 neighbors if: Parcel was big enough and had off‐street parking Its hours were reasonable, and Lighting didn’t bother neighbors

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Page 1: Conditional Use Permits - mulaw.missouri.edu€¦ · Conditional Use Permits The Long Beach (CA) Museum of Art Conditional Uses (Special Exceptions) •In a traditional Euclidean

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Conditional Use Permits

The Long Beach (CA) Museum of

Art

Conditional Uses (Special Exceptions)

• In a traditional Euclidean scheme, a museum would not be allowed in an R‐1 zone

• But a museum might not be “harmful” to R‐1 neighbors if:  

–Parcel was big enough and had off‐street parking

– Its hours were reasonable, and

– Lighting didn’t bother neighbors

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• Modern schemes often allow for approval of “conditional” uses in a zone, by permit

– Some ordinances refer to conditional uses as “special uses” or “special exceptions”

• Ordinance has to identify “conditional” uses that are possible in each zone

• Without permit, owner does not have the right to make any conditional use within that zone

Common types of conditional uses

• Group homes

• Mortuaries

• Cell towers

• Hospitals

• Medical/dental clinics

• Cemeteries

• Law offices

• Duplexes

• Bed & breakfasts

• Home occupations 

• Manufactured 

Homes/Home 

Parks

• Churches

• Schools 

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• RSMo. § 89.143: “The ordinance shall contain provisions establishing as a permissive, conditional, or special use, the location and use of buildings, structures and land as residential or outpatient facilities for the treatment of alcohol and other drug abuse.”

This is the only mention of conditional uses in MO ZEA!Does this mean CoMo could not adopt broader 

conditional use zoning?

Conditional Use Permitting

• CoMo:  3‐step process–Community Development Department reviews permit application, makes recommendation to P&Z Commission

–P&Z has public hearing, then makes recommendation to City Council

–City Council makes decision, based on Code criteria [CoMo §29‐6.4(m)(2)]

• Process varies by municipality, but ordinance must contain standards governing permitting decision

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In acting on permit application, municipality can:

• Reject the application• Grant it, with conditions• Grant it without conditions                       (theoretically!)

• Appropriate conditions may                                       quell neighborhood concerns                                          or opposition

Typical conditions may relate to:

• Parking and access

• Landscaping

• Building size and placement

• Architectural style

• Signage• Lighting• Hours of operation• Noise (e.g., church bells)

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• The landowner must agree to conditions (otherwise, he/she will simply withdraw the application)

• Conditions are often recommended by the planning staff

• Sometimes, they may be demanded by neighbors (as quid pro quo for support/non‐objection to application)

• They may be (and often are) heavily negotiated

Petition of Skeen

• Skeen wants to operate a home day care/babysitting business in her home, and applies for a conditional use permit

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• How is applying for a conditional use permit different from applying for a use variance?

• Why did Board make “findings of fact and conclusions of law?” [p. 41]  Did it have to?

• What standard of review does court use in reviewing the Board’s decision?

• Why did Board deny the petition?  Was the Board justified? What circumstances would justify the Board in denying the conditional use permit?

• Usually applies only to usechanges. (But cf. 917 Lusk)

• No proof of hardshipneeded

• Owner has right to permit, if standards are met

• Built into ordinance

• Can attach conditions

• Applies to use or areachanges

• Some hardship needed

• Discretionary

• Outside the ordinance’s zone classification

• Unclear if city can attach conditions (probably so)

Conditional Uses Variances

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Standard of Review

• Board is presumed to have acted correctly

• Court can reverse Board’s decision only if:–Board has applied an erroneous principle of law, or

–Board’s factual findings are plainly wrong; or

–Board has acted beyond its jurisdiction

• Court reverses Board’s denial of conditional use permit.  Rationale:–Board was wrong to base its denial on public objection, because that was not one of the stated criteria for evaluation of the permit

–Board wrongly concluded that the Skeens would suffer no hardship from denial of the permit

–Proposed use met statutory criteria

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• Suppose you had been hired by one of the Skeens’ neighbors to help block the Skeens from getting the conditional use permit

• What would you have done in this regard?

Could City Impose These Conditions?

• No more than 4 children

• Off‐street parking for 2 vehicles needed

• All children must be picked up by 6:00 pm

• Owner must be properly licensed

• Owner must carry liability insurance

• Owner must provide private trash removal

• Yard must be fully fenced

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What happens if Skeen later violates the conditions?

• Permit expires, and permitted use may no longer be made of the land (i.e., that use becomes illegal)

• This is automatic!  No formal municipal action is necessary (though municipal official may commonly issue citation)

917 Lusk

RiverEdgeApts.,

Boise, ID

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LUSKPARCEL

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917 Lusk, LLC v. City of Boise

• Royal wants to build a 622‐bed student apt bldg (63 feet tall)

• In R‐O zone, CUP is required for buildings >>> 35 feet tall

• Boise P&Z granted permit

• 917 Lusk (neighbor) sues to invalidate CUP

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• Why would Boise use a CUP approach, rather than rezoning (i.e., to increase allowed height in the zone), or requiring developers to get variances?

• Does 917 Lusk care about the height of the building?

• Why regulate parking? Won’t a developer like Royal provide adequate parking to meet customer demand?

• Did the Council have authority to impose parking conditions? If so, on what basis?

• Why isn’t the standard parking requirement of the City ordinance adequate here?

• Court:  Paragraph D allows the Board to impose parking‐related condition that would go beyond Code minimums (i.e., what’s required by C) if proposed use would have adverse spillover effect

• Do you think the court’s interpretation is sound? Why/why not?

The Commission . . . may approve a conditional use permit when the evidence presented at the hearing is such as to establish . . . .C. That the site is large enough to accommodate the proposed use 

and all yards, open spaces, pathways, walls and fences, parking, loading, landscaping and other features as are required by this title; and

D. That the proposed use, if it complies with all conditions imposed, will not adversely affect other property of the vicinity. . . .

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• If the building had been only 35 feet high, could Council have imposed 

additional parking conditions?

• After this decision, is Royal now out of luck in building higher than 35 

feet?

• What conditions could the City Council impose that would address 917 Lusk’s concern (and that the Board could legitimately impose)?

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• Suppose Royal agrees to provide students with bus service to other University parking lots

• If I’m 917 Lusk, would this be satisfactory to me?  If not, what evidence will I need to present to persuade the Board to deny a permit?

Chrismon v. Guilford County

North3.18 ac

South5.06 ac

Chrismon

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Chrismon v. Guilford County

• Clapp owned two A‐1 lots

• He had a nonconforming use right to sell agricultural 

chemicals on north lot, but moved his business to the 

south lot and expanded it 

• Why wasn’t this permissible?

• Why did Mr. Clapp have to seek both (1) a rezoning to CU‐M‐2 and (2) a Conditional Use Permit? Why wouldn’t rezoning alone be sufficient?

• What uses do you expect the County would permit as a matter of right in the CU‐M‐2 zone?

• What do you suspect was the nature of the conditions Clapp agreed to, so that he could obtain the permit?

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• Chrismon sues to invalidate the re‐zoning and the conditional use permit as illegal “contract zoning”

• What is contract zoning, and why is it illegal?

– It’s where both the landowner and the municipality “undertake reciprocal obligations in the context of a bilateral contract” [p. 54]

– This represents  “abandonment on the part of the zoning authority of its duty to exercise independent judgment”

Contract Zoning

• Suppose Bailey is building a home and will need a conditional use permit for his He‐Shed

• Bailey and 4 City Council members are at lunch at Main Squeeze

• They all agree that if Bailey will include certain listed conditions (as to the location and design of the shed) in his permit, they will approve it

• Is that illegal contract zoning? What’s the problem?

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• Potential concerns include–City is “bargaining away” the police power, before hearing from the neighbors (not following the process, not considering the broader public interest)

–Heightened potential for corruption?–May result in the City advancing private interests to detriment of neighbors, or making decisions not consistent with the comprehensive plan (encouraging more nonuniformity?)

–Ordinance becomes vague in its effect, b/c it is harder to tell exactly what promises will induce rezoning/permit

• Uncertainty is also a problem because:– (1) other owners need information about prior decisions (to help frame their negotiations about their own requests)

– (2) land use decisions don’t appear in the real estate records (not indexed in register of deeds office)

• This problem arises anytime conditions are imposed in a zoning process, whether it involves a CUP or a “floating” or PUD zone (which we address in Chapter 3), and requires planning department to maintain records organized by tract (to facilitate public awareness)

Uncertainty

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• Chrismon:  County’s action was not contract zoning–Clapp had no assurance or “guarantee” of getting approval [page 55:  “This is not a guaranteed option.”]

–Process involved opportunity for notice, public hearing, and expression (and consideration) of neighboring concerns, and process was followed

–Further, conditions imposed and approval were not arbitrary, but were in public interest

Note 4, Pages 58‐59

• Q:  Does the availability of conditional use zoning encourage municipalities to intentionally “overzone” land (so as to create bargaining power for the City when negotiating with developers over conditional use permits)?

• If so, is that a problem that should prohibit its use?

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Treme v. St. Louis County,609 S.W.2d 706  (Mo. Ct. App. 1980)

• Developer (D) wanted to rezone from M3 (Planned Light Industrial) to C‐8 (Commercial) to build a shopping center

–Land had been zoned M3 for the previous 10 years, but no development had occurred on the site

• As part of getting rezoning and site plan approval, Developer agreed to make street improvements on adjacent street (Grant Road), including widening a one‐lane bridge

• Nearby homeowners sued to invalidate rezoning decision as being illegal “contract zoning”

• Court of Appeals unanimously upheld rezoning

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• Court:  rezoning decision was not illegal contract zoning, articulating a “nexus” test

– If conditions bear no rational/reasonable relationship to concerns prompted by developer’s proposed use, city has contracted away police power (illegal)

– If development increases burdens on the city or neighbors, “the cost of meeting those needs may reasonably be required of the developer”