condenser water and cooling tower in thermal power plant
DESCRIPTION
this is for thermal power plantsTRANSCRIPT
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Adiabatic Expansion in Turbine
Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser
Pump Work
Sensible heat Addition in Economizer
ENTROPY
TEMPERATURE
Latent Heat Addition in water wall (constt. Pressure) Super Heating
L + V
BASIC RANKINE CYCLE (SUB-CRITICAL)
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Effect of CW flow on condenser back pressure
CW Flow, M3/hr
Unit load = 210 MWHeat load = 2.5 x 108 kcal/hrDesign CW flow = 22500 m3/hrTemp. rise = 10.8oCCW inlet temp = 32oC
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CW Inlet temperature (oC)
Effect of CW inlet temperature on condenser back pressure
Unit load = 210 MWHeat load = 2.5 x 108 kcal/hrDesign CW flow = 22500 m3/hrLMTD = 7.413oCTemp. rise = 10.8oCCW inlet temp = 32oC
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CW (Cooling Water system)CW (Cooling Water system)
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CW SYSTEM
• PURPOSE:REJECT THE HEAT FROM CONDENSOR TO ATM IN EFFICIENT MANNER & ALSO CONFIRM THERMAL DICHARGE REGULATION
• QR=(1/n-1)WQR->Rejected heat.W->Work doneN->cycle efficiency
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EFFECT OF n ON QRWORK DONE
n QR QR/W
W 0.20 4W 4
W 0.25 3W 3
W 0.33 2W 2
W 0.40 1.5W 1.5
W 0.50 1W 1.0
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Open Loop system
Water is abundant…Reduction in the APC..
Condenser
River Flow
Steam from Turbine
PumpHot water
Cold Water
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM-Water is taken from natural body and pump though the condenser, where it heated and discharge back to source
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CLOSE LOOP SYSTEM
Condenser
Cooled Water
Cooling Tower AirAir
Make-up Water
Hot Water
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Cooling Water Requirement
• Bulk requirement of water is used in thermal plants for the purpose of cooling the steam in condensers. The requirement of water for this purpose is of the order of 1.5-to2.0 cusecs/MW of installation.
• Where sufficient water is available once through system is used.
• Where water supply is not consistent, closed loop cooling system with cooling tower is used.
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WATER SUPPLY TO KSTPS
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NTPC Korba CW/CT system at a glance
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Hasdeo Barrage RBC Darri Gate open
Stage-II3X500 MW
Stage-I3 X 200 MW
Hot pond
CT- I
CT- IIOpen CyclePragati Nagar Regulator
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Charpara Cross Regulator open
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Hasdeo Barrage RBC Darri Gate partially open.
Hot pond
CT- I
CT- IIPartial Closed Cycle
Pragati Nagar Regulator
Stage-II3X500 MW
Stage-I3 X 200 MW
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Charpara Cross Regulator Partially open
Emergency Exit
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Hot pond
CT- I
CT- IITotal Closed CyclePragati Nagar Regulator
Stage-II3X500 MW
Stage-I3 X 200 MW
CWPH-I
CWPH-II
Hasdeo Barrage RBC Darri Gate open for makeup
Charpara Cross Regulator totally closed
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CW scheme…
Reservoir/ River Canal Intake
Trash rack
TWS
CW pumps
Condenser
Hot Pond
CT pumps
Cooling tower
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RBC
• All water requirement of NTPC korba is met by RBC.• Water to RBC comes from Darri barrage.• Two cross regulator – one at Barrage side other at NTPC side.• Irrigation dept supply water for irrigation thru this RBC.
During this time plant operate on open cycle or semi open cycle.
• If there is no requirement of water for irrigation, only make-up water is released by darri Barrage. During this, CWCT system operates on closed cycle.
• RBC supply water to Raw water p/h, st-1 CW p/h, st-2 CW p/h.
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RBC
IRRIGATION X REG
INTAKE (ST-1&2)
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Intake• It is RCC open trench from where Raw water/CW is
taken through canal/reservoir. • Metallic grid frame work gate (INTAKE GATE)is
provided to avoid entering wood, tree branches, animal, plastic, floating object. It can be lifted and cleaned when water level difference observed.
• It is approximately 12 meter in depth
• In KSTPS RBC level is 285.3 M
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INTAKE CHANNELINTAKE CHANNEL
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GRID WALLGRID WALL
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GRID WALLGRID WALL
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Trash Rack
It is near the suction point of CW Pump & made of steel.
Trash rack avoid entering wood, tree branches, animal, plastic, floating object & provides uniform flow/ suction to the CW pump
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TRASH RACK
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TRASH RACK
CW PUMP SUCTION
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Traveling Water Screen
• Traveling Water Screens are Thick wire buckets rides over the structure .
• The whole structure is partially submerged in water before the suction of CW pumps
• It catches small pieces of coal, sand, gravel, wood, plastic, herbs, leaves which can go into the impeller and may choke/damage the pump.
• These foreign material can be removed by jet of water through nozzles over the header inside the TWS.
• Water is supplied by screen wash pump
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CW PUMP SUCTION PIT
TWS
TRASH RACK
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TWS DRIVEWATER HDR
REVOLVING BASKET
TRAVELLING WATER SCREEN
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TWS DRIVE
SHEAR PIN
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TWS SECTOR
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SCREEN WASH PUMP AND TWS LINE DIAGRAMEMERGENCY LUB WATER SUPPLY
TO ST-I SCREENWASH HDR.
SCREEN WASH PUMP
DPSWITCH
C W PUMP
PG
S
S
TWSA
CW
HDR
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JETTING WATER
INLET TO TWS
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SCREEN WASH PUMPS
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CW Pump Stage#1 Make : M/s. KSB Pumps Limited Model : SEZ 1200-1020 Type : Vertical mixed flow Pump design : Pull out type Speed : 493 rpm Discharge capacity : 15000cub meter/hr Total dynamic head (TDH) : 12.2 m wc Bowl efficiency : 89% Motor : 6.6 KV, 81.5 amp, 685 KW No. of stages : 1 Pump specific speed : 131.6 Critical speed : 625 rpm Spacing between shaft bearing : 4500 mm Impeller shaft dia :150 mm Line shaft Dia : 1.05 mm Impeller weight : 0.45 tonn Impeller Dia :1020 mm
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Lube water pumpLube water pump
Pump MotorPump Motor
Motor Foundation Stool Motor Foundation Stool
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Discharge Taper PipeDischarge Taper PipeDischarge ElbowDischarge Elbow
Column PipeColumn Pipe
View from (-) minus metre floorView from (-) minus metre floor
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Air Vent
MDV
Taper Pipe
View from (-) minus metre floor
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efficiency
power
CW PUMP CHARECTRISTIC
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clf hdr-6ksc
Flow switch
O/Htank-2
O/HTank-1
x
x
x x
To st-2
Emergency hdr
p/p thrust
motor
Lower guide brg
Upper guide brg motor th-1&2
Pump disch
Swp disch hdrTo st-2
NC
LUB WATER SYSTEM
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ROUTINE CHECKS & STARTING PROCEDURE
Checks before Start-up of CW Pump
1. The intake channel level is above 284.75m.2. Oil quality and oil level in the top bearing of the motor is alright. (Oil level
should be halfthe oil pump.)
3. Check the availability of the pump discharge valves by remote full opening and closing.
4. Confirm the proper lubrication of the motor lower bearing.5. Confirm the manually operated discharge valve of the pump is fully
opened.6. Check that permits from all section concerned are clear and pump is free
to rotate.7. Emergency push button is under reset condition.
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ROUTINE CKECKS & STARTING PROCEDURE
Starting Procedure of CW pumps1. Start the lube water pump and check that lube water flow to thrust
bearings and rubber bearing is there.2. Start the selected CW pump.3. Check the pressure at the discharge of the pump is about 1.22 ksc.4. Feel the temperature of the glands to be normal (<60oC) of the pump.5. Check that the motor bearing temp. shown in the indicator is normal.
(<60oC)6. Check that the vibrations at the gland housing and motor bearing are
within limit. (<40microns) and no abnormal sound audible from the pump.7. Check oil flow in the motor top bearing by opening drain cock and then
close it.8. Check for any loosening of the lock nut of the pump.9. Check the current absorbed by the motor and the pump discharge
pressure.
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COOLING TOWER
The primary task of cooling tower is to reject the heat of CW into the atmosphere
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Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Cooling Tower Theory
Water Drop with Interfacial Film
Heat is transferred from water drops to the surrounding air by the transfer of sensible and latent heat
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How cooling tower works ?• 1 kg of water on evaporation removes approximately 530
kcals of heat• The heat given up by the water falling inside the tower
equals the heat gained by the air rising through the tower• The hot water entering the tower is distributed within the
structure in a manner that exposes a very large water surface to the air passing through.
• 80% heat removed by evaporation (mass transfer)• 20% heat removed by convection (heat transfer)
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Main Features of Cooling Towers
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Cooling tower: Types
Natural draftLarge concrete chimneys Generally used for water flow rates above
45,000 m3/hrSuited in cool & humid atmosphereLess mass transferHigh approach
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Hot air moves through tower
Fresh cool air is drawn into the tower from bottom
No fan required
Concrete tower <200 m
Used for large heat duties
Natural Draft Cooling Towers
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NDCT
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Cooling tower: Types
Mechanical draft Large fans to force or suck air through circulated
water. The water falls downward over fill surfaces, which
help increase the contact time between the water and the air maximizing heat transfer between the two.
Cooling rates of Mechanical draft towers depend upon their fan diameter and speed of operation
Suited in cool & dry atmosphere Low approach
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Large fans to force air through circulated water
Water falls over fill surfaces: maximum heat transfer
Cooling rates depend on many parameters
Large range of capacities
Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell tower
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
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Three types
• Forced draft
• Induced draft cross flow
• Induced draft counter flow
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
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60
©© UNP 2006 UNP 2006
• Air blown through tower by centrifugal fan at air inlet
• advantages: less motor power consumption
• Disadvantages: recirculation due to high air-entry and low air-exit velocities
• Poor mass transfer
• More drift losses
Forced Draft Cooling Towers
(GEO4VA)
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Types of Cooling Towers
Two types
Counter Flow
Cross Flow
Advantage: less recirculation than forced draft towers
Disadvantage: fans and motor drive mechanism require weather-proofing
Induced Draft Cooling Towers
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• Hot water enters at the top
• Air enters at bottom and exits at top
• Uses induced draft fans
Induced Draft Counter Flow CT
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Induced Draft Cross Flow CT
• Water enters top and passes over fill
• Air enters on one side or opposite sides
• Induced draft fan draws air across fill
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Components of Cooling Tower….
Frame & casing : Glass fiber or RCC structures
Fill : It facilitates heat transfer by maximizing water & air contact. Made of PVC, polypropylene, polymers, treated Wood and shaped flat, corrugated, honeycombed.
Cold water basin : have sump/low point for cold water discharge connection
Drift eliminator : Capture water droplets entrapped in air stream
Louver : In cross flow tower to equalize air flow into the fill and retain the water within the tower.
Nozzles : Spray water to wet the fill, made of PVC, aluminum, glass fiber, Galvanized steel
Fan :Axial or centrifugal fan with fixed/variable pitch made of Galvanized steel, aluminum, glass fiber reinforced plastic
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CT CELL
CT INTAKE CHANNEL
RISER PIPE
HOT AIR OUT
COLD AIR IN
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SPLASH FILLS IN SPLASH FILL, THE HOT WATER
STRIKES OVER THE BARS AND BREAKS UP INTO MANY SMALLER DROPS.
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FILM FILLSFILM FILL PROVIDES MORE
SURFACE FOR WATER/AIR CONTACT.
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FILM FILLS USED IN NTPC PROJECTS
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WATER I/L PIPE TO CELL
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NOZZLE HDR FROM INDIVIDUAL CELL
SPLASH BAR
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NOZZLE HOLE
SPLASH BARS
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SPRAY HEADERNOZZLE
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DRIFT ELIMINATOR
FAN
SPRAY OF WATER
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CT BASIN
CT SUPPORT STRUCTURE
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LOWER HALF OF CT
SUPPORT STR.
SPLASH BAR
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SPLASH BAR BARRIER
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CT NOZZLE ARRANGEMENT
NOZZLE
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REDUCTION GEAR ASSEMBLY
DRIFT ELIMINATOR
GEAR BOX
COUPLING SPOOL
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CT FAN FRP BLADES
(FIBRE REINFORCE PLASTIC)
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FIXED BLADES
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CT Pump Stage#1• Make : M/s. KSB Pumps Limited• Model : SEZ 1200-1155• Type : Vertical mixed flow• Speed : 493 rpm• Discharge capacity : 15000 cub meter/hr• Total dynamic head (TDH) : 18.5 m wc• Bowl efficiency : 81.5%• Motor : 6.6 KV, 130 amp, 1015 KW• No. of stages : 1• Pump specific speed : 98• Critical speed : 625 rpm• Spacing between shaft bearing : 4500 mm• Impeller :Open, pullout type
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COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATIONS
Description Stage-I Stage-II
Wet Bulb Temp 27.50 oC 27.50 oC
Approach 5.50oC 6 oC
Tower Pump Head ( Above ground level)
18.5 M 20 M.
Fan Motor Power ( driver out put)
35 KW per fan. 75 KW per fan
Drift loss per Tower 30,000 kgs/hr. 33,000 Kgs/hr.
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Description Stage-I Stage-II
Number Nozzles /Cell 225 250
Total number of fans 16 x 3 12 x 6
L/G Ratio 1.55 Kg water/ Kg.Air 1.886 Kg water/ Kg. Air
Drift eliminator PVC PVC
Casting Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATIONS
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Description Stage-I Stage-II
Type Axial Flow Axial Flow
No. of fans / tower 16 12
Diameter 7315 mm 8530 mm
No. of blade 7 7
Blade angle 13o 13o
Fan speed 151 Rpm 118 Rpm
Absorbed power 35 KW 56 KW
COOLING FAN SPECIFICATIONS
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Description Stage-I Stage-II
Blade material Al.alloy/FRP , = 80.5%
FRP = 80.5%
Total static pressure 0.4094 inches 0.434 inches
Fan dia. 24ft. 28 ft.
Air delivery per fan 9,97,200 CMH 13,50,000 CMH
COOLING FAN SPECIFICATIONS
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Description Stage-I Stage-II
Make / Model M/s Elecon / CTU 260 M/s Greaves CT-V 1400
Type / Number Worm gear / 16 x 3 Worm / 12 x 6
Reduction Ratio 9.75:1 12.5 :1
No. of reduction stage 1( One) 1 ( One)
Service factor 2.1 1.5
Weight 765 Kg. 1465 Kg.
Input and output speed 1470 & 151 RPM 1485 & 118 RPM
FAN GEAR BOX SPECIFICATIONS
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Assessment of Cooling TowersAssessment of Cooling Towers
Measured Parameters
• Wet bulb temperature of air
• Dry bulb temperature of air
• Cooling tower inlet water temperature
• Cooling tower outlet water temperature
• Exhaust air temperature
• Electrical readings of pump and fan motors
• Water flow rate
• Air flow rate
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Performance Parameters
1. Range
2. Approach
3. Effectiveness
4. Cooling capacity
5. Evaporation loss
6. Cycles of concentration
7. Blow down losses
8. Liquid / Gas ratio
Assessment of Cooling TowersAssessment of Cooling Towers
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1. Range
Difference between cooling water inlet and outlet temperature:
Range (°C) = CW inlet temp – CW outlet temp
High range = good performance
Ran
ge
Ap
pro
ach
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Cold Water Temperature (Out)
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
(In) to the Tower(Out) from the Tower
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2. Approach
Difference between cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature:
Approach (°C) = CW outlet temp – Wet bulb temp
Low approach = good performance
Ran
ge
Ap
pro
ach
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Cold Water Temperature (Out)
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
(In) to the Tower(Out) from the Tower
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3. Effectiveness
Effectiveness in %
= Range / (Range + Approach)
= 100 x (CW temp – CW out temp) / (CW in temp – Wet bulb temp)
High effectiveness = good performance
Ran
ge
Ap
pro
ach
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Cold Water Temperature (Out)
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
(In) to the Tower(Out) from the Tower
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4. Cooling Capacity
Heat rejected in kCal/hr or tons of refrigeration (TR)
= mass flow rate of water X specific heat X temperature difference
High cooling capacity = good performance
Ran
ge
Ap
pro
ach
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Cold Water Temperature (Out)
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
(In) to the Tower(Out) from the Tower
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5. Evaporation Loss
Water quantity (m3/hr) evaporated for cooling duty
= theoretically, 1.8 m3 for every 10,000,000 kCal heat rejected
= 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation rate (m3/hr) x (T1-T2)
T1-T2 = Temp. difference between inlet and outlet water
Ran
ge
Ap
pro
ach
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Cold Water Temperature (Out)
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
(In) to the Tower(Out) from the Tower
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6. Cycles of concentration (C.O.C.)
Ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the dissolved solids in make up water
Depend on cycles of concentration and the evaporation losses
Blow Down = Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C. – 1)
7. BLOW DOWN
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8. Liquid Gas (L/G) Ratio
Ratio between water and air mass flow rates
Heat removed from the water must be equal to the heat absorbed by the surrounding air
L(T1 – T2) = G(h2 – h1)
L/G = (h2 – h1) / (T1 – T2)
T1 = hot water temp (oC)
T2 = cold water temp (oC)
Enthalpy of air water vapor mixture at inlet wet bulb temp (h1) and outlet wet bulb temp (h2)
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Tower Size vs Approach
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Cause of CT Poor Performance.Common causes are
1. Recirculation of vapors.2. Poor air flow due to less blade angle, algae,
deposition on blade, blade erosion.3. Higher blade tip clearance. In general it should
not be more than 0.3% of the dia of fan blade4. Fan door sealing not proper, other opening in
suction of the fan.5. Damaged Drift Eliminator causes more
makeup and .
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Cause of CT Poor Performance
6. Chocking of nozzle by OLTC balls.7. Falling of nozzle.8. Hot water distribution pipe
leaking/braeking/end cover falling.9. Fill clogging10. Damage of fills.11. Lot of trees/plants/bushes growth near
cooling tower 12. Poor quality of water (make-up)
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Optimizing C T Performance.• Cleaning of cold water basin during overhauls.• Quarterly cleaning of nozzles.• Visual inspection of pipes, nozzles, fills, etc., for proper water
distribution.• Checking of fan pitch angle, fan blade tip clearance, fan seal
disc cover (at hub).• Annual servicing of gear box.• Regular removal of moisture from G/B oil and oil top up.• Annual cleaning of fills with water jets. And cleaning it
manually by removing from tower when chocking is more.• All around CT proper lawn or brick paving to be done (abut 30
meter from tower)• Fan blade angle to be adjusted to avoid any recirculation of
vapour during mansoon/windy days.• Thickness measurement of hot water duct, inspection,
cleaning/painting if required annualy.
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Optimizing CT Performance.
• Cleaning of civil structure annually and removal of algae from DE, Fills.
• Fan door and any other air ingress point to be sealed.• Regular condition monitoring of CT fans.• Continuous chlorine dosing to be done.• Sludge disposal pump to be run once in a day minimum for 15
minutes.• Monthly checking of effectiveness of tower for comparison
purpose and once checking of perf. during mansion as per OGN.• Both side of OAC to be barricaded by railing with wire mesh at
about 1.5 meter height and both side about 2 meter wide brick paving to be done to avoid any plant growth
• At CT outlet screen to be provided to remove any debris, plastic pieces if there is no TWS provided in CW system.
• To protect OLTC balls and any other material going to nozzles; nozzle protector to be provided which is a hollow steel pipe inserted into H.W.D. pipe with wire mesh.
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Major Problems faced in CT
• Fill clogging and support structure failure• Sagging of PVC Drift Eliminators in counter flow type:
It has no support in between.• hot water distribution pipe failure.• Growth of trees/bushes/plants near CT after cleaning
again and again.• Civil structure reinforced steel exposed
to atmosphere.• Algae growth in CT structure.
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Algae Growth in the Intake Channel
Algae growthAlgae growth
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Clogged Fills
Deposited dust particles
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Sagged Drift Eliminators
Sagged Drift Eliminators
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Clogging Of Fill Packs
Clogged Fills
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PVC fill pack saggingExcessive weight initiating bending of SS Supports
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Sagging of SS supports of PVC fills at TSTPS-II
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SITE FILTRATION SYSTEMTO REDUCE TURBIDITY
C.W Pumps
Site Filt. Pumps
Condenser
Sand Filters
Cooling Tower
Cold Water
Hot Water
5% of C.W Water flow
Chemical Treatment
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Drift Eliminators not in position.
Stage-I CT
Asbestos Drift Eliminators in
C.T.
Drift Eliminators that are not
properly laid only serve to block the air
passage
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Shaft hole of fan not sealed
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Inspection door not sealed
To be sealed properly
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
1. Selecting a cooling tower
2. Fills
3. Pumps and water distribution
4. Fans and motors
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1. Selecting a cooling tower
Capacity
• Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)
• Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)
• Other factors
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Range
• Range determined by process, not by system
Approach
• Closer to the wet bulb temperature
= Bigger size cooling tower
= More expensive
1. Selecting a cooling tower
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Heat Load
• Determined by process
• Required cooling is controlled by the desired operating temperature
• High heat load = large size and cost of cooling tower
1. Selecting a cooling tower
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Wet bulb temperature – considerations: Water is cooled to temp higher than wet bulb
temp
Conditions at tower site
Not to exceed 5% of design wet bulb temp
Is wet bulb temp specified as ambient (preferred) or inlet
Can tower deal with increased wet bulb temp
1. Selecting a cooling tower
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Relationship range, flow and heat loadRange increases with increased
Heat load
Causes of range increase
Inlet water temperature increases
Exit water temperature decreases
Consequence = larger tower
1. Selecting a cooling tower
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Hot water distributed over fill media and cools down through evaporation
Fill media impacts electricity useEfficiently designed fill media reduces pumping
costs
Fill media influences heat exchange: surface area, duration of contact, turbulence
2. Fill media
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Comparing 3 fill media: film fill more efficient
Splash Fill Film Fill Low Clog Film Fill
Possible L/G Ratio 1.1 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 1.4 – 1.8
Effective Heat Exchange Area
30 – 45 m2/m3 150 m2/m3 85 - 100 m2/m3
Fill Height Required 5 – 10 m 1.2 – 1.5 m 1.5 – 1.8 m
Pumping Head Requirement
9 – 12 m 5 – 8 m 6 – 9 m
Quantity of Air Required High Much Low Low
2. Fill media
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Fill Media Effects
Heat exchange between air and water is influenced by surface area of heat exchange, time of heat exchange (interaction) and turbulence in water effecting thoroughness of intermixing. Fill media in a cooling tower is responsible to achieve all of above.
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3. Pumps and water distribution Pumps: ?
Optimize cooling water treatmentIncrease cycles of concentration (COC) by
cooling water treatment helps reduce make up water
Indirect electricity savings
Install drift eliminatorsReduce drift loss from 0.02% to only 0.003 –
0.001%
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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4. Cooling Tower Fans
Fans must overcome system resistance, pressure loss: impacts electricity use
Fan efficiency depends on blade profile Replace metallic fans with FBR blades (20-
30% savings)
Use blades with aerodynamic profile (85-92% fan efficiency)
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Stage I
3 x 200 MW3 cooling towers16 fans per tower Induced draft multi fill
counter flow30,000 mtr cube per
hour per towerNozzles per cell-225
Stage II
3 x 500 MW6 cooling towers12 fans per tower Induced draft multi fill
counter flow33,000 mtr cube per
hour per towerNozzles per cell-250
Specifications
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Specifications…
Stage-1 Hot CW inlet temp.- 43°C
Cold CW outlet temp.- 33°C
Range- 10 °C
Wet bulb Temp.- 27.5°C
Approach- 5.50°C
Stage-2 Hot CW inlet temp.- 43°C
Cold CW outlet temp.-33 °C
Range- 10°C
Wet bulb Temp.-27.5°C
Approach-6°C
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• Drift loss-30,000 kg/hr• Evaporation loss per
tower-4,35,000 kg/hr• L/G Ratio-1.55 kg
water/kg air• Absorbed power-35 kw
• Drift loss-33,000 kg/hr• Evaporation loss per
tower-4,79,156 kg/hr• L/G Ratio-1.886 kg
water/kg air• Absorbed power-56 kw
Specifications…
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