www.cpaa.asn.auConcrete Pipe Associationof Australasia

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee WS/S, Fibre-ReinforcedConcrete Pipes. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on1 September 1993 and published on 13 December 1993.

The following interests are represented on Committee WS/S:

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Chamber of Manufactures

AUSTROADS

Brisbane City Council

Public Works Department, N.S.W.

Queensland Master Builders Association

University of New South Wales

Water Resources Commission, Qld

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards aresubject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions asnecessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latestedition, and any amendments thereto.Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards AustraliaCatalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine 'TheAustralian Standard', which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications,new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of StandardsAustralia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standardshould be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 91056.

AS 4139-1 993

Australian Standard® ,

Fibre-reinforced concrete pipes andfittings

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140

ISBN 0 7262 8564 1

AS 4139-1993 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Fibre-ReinforcedConcrete Pipes and Fittings.

The Standard has been compiled as a performance specification avoiding as far as possibleany requirements that may restrict innovation in design. Pipe Classes 2, 3 and 4, specifiedin this Standard, correspond to the equivalent classes for steel-reinforced concrete pipegiven in AS 4058-1992, Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure).

The terms 'normative' and 'informative' have been used in this Standard to define theapplication of the appendix to which they apply. A 'normative' appendix is an integral partof a Standard, whereas an 'informative' appendix is only for information and guidance.

© Copyright - STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where theCopyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmi~ted by any means without prior permission in writing fromStandards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropnate royalty payment. Requests for permission and informationon commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.

Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for useexclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.

Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royaltypayment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.

Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever theStandard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.

The use of material in print form or in computer software pr?grams to be used commercially, with or without payment, or incommercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. ThIS pohcy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.

3

CONTENTS

AS 4139-1993

Page

FOREWORD " 41 SCOPE 52 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 DEFINITIONS.................................................. 64 NOTATION.................................................... 65 MATERIALS................................................... 76 FITTINGS..................................................... 87 JOINTS....................................................... 88 DEFECTS 89 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES 8

10 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS '.'. . . . . . .. 1011 MARKING 1112 HANDLING AND STORAGE 11

APPENDICESA METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE REGRESSION FACTOR (R) . . . . . . .. 13B METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DRY/WET STRENGTH FACTOR (C). 17C METHOD FOR LOAD TESTING OF PIPES 18D METHOD FOR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21E METHOD FOR WATER ABSORPTION TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23F METHOD FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST 25G DESIGN PRINCIPLES USED FOR DETERMINING RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCES OFFIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE 1. • • •• 27

H ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING COMPLIANCE OF A'LOT' WITH THIS STANDARD '" '" . 29

I PURCHASING RECOMMENDATIONS 31J TYPICAL JOINT SECTIONS 32

AS 4139-1993 4

FOREWORD

In common with most materials, fibre-reinforced concrete pipe will exhibit creep undersustained loading conditions. In order that this may be accommodated into the design ofthe product, the change is quantified by type-testing and through the application ofregression analysis. The minimum allowable test load for a pipe is determined bypredicting the load that the pipe will be capable of withstanding in a saturated condition.A 50-year safety factor of 1.5 has been assumed for the purposes of design calculation.

The required design life and class of the pipe should be determined using informedengineering judgment of the conditions of installation and operation of the pipe.

"­"

5

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Fibre-reinforced concrete pipes and fittings

AS 4139-1993

1 SCOPE This Standard specifies minimum requirements for pipes and fittingsmanufactured from fibre-reinforced concrete using standard curing, including autoclaving,for the conveyance of gravity flow supply water, stormwater, waste water and sewage.

Four classes of pipes are covered by this Standard, distinguished on the basis of long-termdesign load: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4. Other classes of pipe may be designedusing the principles described in this Standard.

Fibre-reinforced concrete is herein abbreviated, and referred to as FRe. ,This Standard addresses the effect of creep under load by applying regression analysis toFRC materials (refer Appendix A).

NOTES:

1 This Standard does not cover the assessment of external service loads to which a pipe will besubjected to in a particular installation. Purchasers should therefore satisfy themselves thatthe class of pipe specified or selected on the basis of this Standard is suitable for its intendedapplication. For buried FRC pipes, reference to AS 3725 is required.

2 This Standard does not provide special requirements for pipes intended for use inenvironments aggressive to concrete. Where such applications are envisaged, the advice ofthe manufacturer should be sought.

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in thisStandard:

AS1057

1199

1379

1399

1478

1646

2193

27582758.1

35003500.0

3582

3725

39003900.1

39043904.1

Quality assurance and quality control-Glossary of terms

Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes

The specification and manufacture of concrete

Guide to AS 1199-Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes

Chemical admixtures for concrete

Elastomeric seals for waterworks purposes

Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testingmachines

Aggregates and rock for engineering purposesPart 1: Concrete aggregates

National Plumbing and Drainage CodePart 0: Glossary of terms

Supplementary cementitious materials for use with portland cement

Loads on buried concrete pipes

Quality management and quality assurance standardsPart 1: Guidelines for selection and use

Quality management and quality system elementsPart 1: Guidelines

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AS 4139-1993

AS3972

4058

SAAHB18HB18.44

6

Portland and blended cements

Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure)

Guidelines for third-party certification and accreditationGeneral rules for ISO or IEC International third-party certification schemes forproducts

3 DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions in AS 3500.0,AS 1057 and those below apply.

3.1 Deflection-the maximum angle (of deviation) between two adjoining pipes quotedby the manufacturer as being achievable without loss of joint integrity for an appropriateservice condition.

3.2 Test sample-portion of material or a group of items selected from a batch by asampling procedure.

3.3 Test specimen-portion of material or single item selected from the test sample by asampling procedure for the purpose of applying a particular test.

4 NOTATION Symbols used in this Standard are as follows:

a = linear regression coefficient

A = water absorption, as a percentage of dry mass

b = linear regression coefficient

C = dry/wet strength factor, determined in accordance with Appendix B

DN = nominal size

d = design diameter, nominated by the manufacturer for a specified nominal pipediameter

dm = mean internal diameter, in mm

F = maximum force, indicated by the testing machine, in N

L = length of the test specimen, in mm

L. = effective length of pipe

M 1 = mass of saturated specimen, in grams

M 2 = mass of oven-dried specimen, in grams

Pd = test load at failure for a dry specimen, in kN/m

PdLC = 97.5% lower confidence limit of P d, in kN/m, determined from not less than 30test results

p. = test load at failure for a saturated specimen, in kN/m

Ps LC = 97.5% lower confidence limit of Ps' in kN/m, determined from not less than 30test results

PI' = sustained test load, causing creep failure of a saturated specimen, in kN/m

P6 = sustainable load, for a saturated specimen at 50-years (value calculated from theregression equation), in kN/m

Pnc = 97.5% lower confidence limit of P 6, in kN/m

PM = minimum allowable test load at failure, in kN/m for testing in accordance withAppendix C

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7 AS 4139-1993

R = regression factor, determined from the analysis carried out in accordance withAppendix A

Tc = long-term design load, in kN/m, equivalent to the crack test load in steel-reinforced concrete pipe of the same nominal diameter and load class as that ofthe test specimen

t f = time to failure of test specimen, subjected to sustained load testing, in hours

t = wall thickness of the pipe specimen, in mm

b = 50 years (438 000 h)

5 MATERIALS

5.1 Concrete materials

5.1.1 Cement Cement shall comply with AS 3972.

5.1.2 Supplementary cementitious materials Supplementary cementitious materials shallcomply with AS 3582. '

5.1.3 Aggregates Aggregates, where used, shall comply with AS 2758.1 and with anyadditional requirements that may, according to that Standard, need to be separatelyspecified for a particular usage or application of the pipes.

Lightweight aggregate and non-ferrous metallurgical slag shall not be used in concrete forFRC pipes and fittings.

NOTE: Attention is drawn to the fact that AS 2758.1 includes a number of options, and cannot beused on its own as a specification for contract purposes. The particular option selected asappropriate to the intended usage of the pipes will therefore need to be separately referred to bythe purchaser. When not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer should select theappropriate options in accordance with AS 2758.1.

5.1.4 Water Water shall comply with the requirements of AS 1379.

5.1.5 Admixtures Chemical admixtures shall comply with AS 1478., Chemicaladmixtures shall not contain nitrates, significant chlorides or other strongly ionized saltsunless it can be shown that this does not adversely affect durability.

5.1.6 Restriction on chemical content The materials shall not contain acid-solublechloride or sulfate salts in excess of the values given in Table 1.

TABLE 1

MAXIMUM VALUES OF ACID·SOLUBLE CHLORIDEAND SULFATE ION CONTENT IN CONCRETE AS CAST

Condition

Concrete cured at roomtemperature

Steam-cured concrete

Maximumacid-soluble

chloride ion contentkg/mJ

0.8

0.8

Maximum acid-solublesulfate ion content

percent(by mass of cement)

5.0

4.0

5.2 Reinforcement materials Reinforcement shall be any of the following materials:

(a) Cellulose fibre.

(b) Plastic fibre.

(c) Glass filament.

(d) Steel fibre.

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AS 4139-1993 8

No restriction is placed on the choice of the materials given above, their combination orproportion in the finished product, except that pipes manufactured using these materialsshall comply with the performance requirements of this Standard. The manufacturer shall,upon request, provide the purchaser with documented evidence that the fibres employed arecompatible with other materials of manufacture.

5.3 J oint materials Where elastomeric joint rings or joint bands are used, they shallcomply with AS 1646. When placing an order for elastomeric joint rings or joint bands, thepipe manufacturer shall supply the information required in AS 1646. Other joint materialsshall comply with the relevant Australian Standard or, where no such Standard exists, theappropriate current ISO, BSI or ASTM Standard.

6 FITTINGS Pipe fittings of fibre-reinforced concrete shall be fabricated from pipecomplying with the requirements of this Standard using adhesives or fabrication techniqueswhich can be demonstrated to be suitable for the intended application.

7 JOINTS

7.1 Elastomeric ring joints Where elastomeric ring joints are employed, they shallprovide a drip-tight seal. When tested in accordance with Appendix D at the pressurespecified in Clause 10.2, the joints shall provide a drip-tight seal at the manufacturer'smaximum recommended angular deviation.

8 DEFECTS

8.1 Cracks Pipes shall be free from fractures and cracks wider than 0.1 mm and deeperthan 0.3 mm.

8.2 Delamination Pipes shall be free from any delamination visible with normal orcorrected vision.

8.3 Dents and bulges Dents on either inside or outside surfaces shall not exceed 3 mmdepth; and bulges shall not exceed 3 mm in height on the inside surface of the pipe. Dentsand bulges shall not extend in any direction by more than 50 mm.

9 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES

9.1 General Fibre-reinforced concrete pipes shall be designated by their nominal sizesas given in Table 2.

TABLE 2

FRC PIPES-NOMINAL SIZE (DN)

Nominal sizes, DN

100150­200

225250300

375450525

600675750

90010501200

NOTE: Manufacturers should be consulted forthe actual dimensions of pipes and fittings.

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9 AS 4139-1993

9.2 Internal diameter The mean internal diameter (dm) shall be determined by takingtwo measurements mutually at right angles at 200 mm from each end and at the centre ofthe length. For socket and spigot joints, the distance from the socket end shall be measuredfrom the point at which the socket meets the barrel. The mean internal diameter shall betaken as the mean of the six values. The mean internal diameter of a pipe shall not differfrom the design diameter (d) nominated by the manufacturer by more than the amountshown in Table 3. No individual internal diameter shall be less than the mean internaldiameter by more than 2 mm + 0.01dm, or 12 mm, whichever is the smaller.

TABLE 3

PERMISSIBLE TOLERANCESON DESIGN DIAMETER

Nominal size (DN) rangeTolerance on design

diameter (d)mm ,

>300

>600

s300

s600

s1200

±3

±5

±7

9.3 Wall thickness The wall thickness shall be determined by direct measurement and atany point shall be not less than the manufacturer's designated minimum wall thickness.

9.4 Pipe length The manufacturer shall supply the pipe in nominated effective lengths(L e). The tolerance on the manufacturer's nominated effective length shall be ±15 mm.

NOTE: The manufacturer should provide information on the length of pipes.

9.5 Squareness of ends The squareness of an end of a pipe shall be determined bymeasuring across three external end diameters at 60° to one another, as shown dn Figure l.The ends of the pipe shall be square relative to the internal surface, to within 1 mm per200 mm of the design diameter or within 10 mm, whichever is the lesser, except that forpipes less than 400 mm diameter the tolerance on squareness shall be 2 mm.

To be measured -0+-+--

Pipe

FIGURE 1 MEASUREMENT OF END SQUARENESS

9.6 Straightness When a pipe is tested by means of a straightedge laid along the wholelength of the pipe, the deviation from straight shall not exceed 8 mm/m distance fromeither end of the pipe.

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AS 4139-1993 10

10 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

10.1 Strength requirement When tested in accordance with the method in Appendix Cthe minimum test failure load of a dry specimen shall not be less than PM in kN/m,calculated from the following equation:

... 10(1)

where

PM = minimum allowable test load at failure, in kilonewtons per metre

1.5 =a factor of safety applied to the predicted load capacity

C = a dry/wet strength factor, determined in accordance with Appendix B

R = a regression factor, determined in accordance with Appendix A

Tc = as specified in Table 4

For the purpose of determining Pw test samples used in the calculation of the C and Rfactors shall be taken from the same batch of pipes.

NOTE: For quality assurance purposes, the test specimens should be selected from batches ofpipes of the same diameter, class and of consecutive manufacture.

TABLE 4

LONG·TERM DESIGN LOADS(CLASSES 1 TO 4) FOR FRC PIPE

Nomi.o,aJ Tel kN/msize

Classes of pipe

DN Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

100 10 13 20 26150 10 13 20 26200 10 14 21 27

225 11 14 21 28250 11 14 22 29300 12 15 23 30

375 13 17 26 34450 15 20 30 40525 17 23 35 46

600 19 26 39 52675 20 29 44 58750 21 32 48 64

900 23 37 56 741050 25 42 63 841200 27 46 69 92

NOTE: Some diameters and load classes may not beavailable. The manufacturer should be consulted.

10.2 Hydrostatic testing Where required by the purchaser, pipes and joints shallwithstand a test pressure of 250 kPa for 30 s or alternatively, 90 kPa for 1 min plus 30 sfor every 10 mm of wall thickness when tested in accordance with Appendix D. Thenumber of specimens to be tested shall be specified by the purchaser. For the purpose oftesting elastomeric joints, in accordance with Clause 7.1, the test pressure shall be 90 kPa.

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11 AS 4139-1993

10.3 Water absorption test Pipes shall be tested for water absorption in accordancewith Appendix E. The water absorption of the test specimen shall not vary from themanufacturer's claimed value, expressed as a percentage, by more than ±3.

10.4 Flexural strength test When tested in accordance with Appendix F, the nominalflexural strength of pipes of sizes DN 100 and DN 150 and length 4 m, expressed as theminimum bending load at failure, shall be not less than the appropriate value given inTable 5.

NOTE: The:H ural strength test is a performance test that relates to the ability of the pipe towithstand ~xial flexure in- ervice. The loads given in Table 5 do not represent the maximumservice load which could occur in service.

TABLE 5

NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Nominal size MinimumClass bending ,

DN load, kN

100 1 + 2 1.8100 3 2.4100 4 2.8

150 1 + 2 5.2150 3 6.6150 4 7.9

11 MARKING The following information shall be clearly and indelibly marked on theexterior'surface of each pipe:

(a) The class of pipe as given in Table 4.

(b) Date and place of manufacture.

(c) Manufacturer's name or registered trademark.

(d) The nominal size of the pipe.

(e) The calculated mass of the pipe, as supplied.

NOTES:

1 Manufacturers making a statement of compliance with this Australian Standard on a product,packaging, or promotional material related to that product are advised to ensure that suchcompliance is capable of being verified.

2 Design principles used for determining the relationship between long-term and short-termperformances of fibre-reinforced concrete pipe are outlined in Appendix G.

3 Advisory information on methods of determining compliance of a 'lot' with this Standard isgiven in Appendix H.

4 Guidance on the information to be supplied by the purchaser at the time of enquiry or orderis given in Appendix I.

12 HANDLING AND STORAGE

12.1 General Pipes shall be handled and, where necessary, stored in a manner suchthat-

(a) they continue to be in a condition that complies with this Standard;

(b) their shapes are not distorted so as to affect jointing, pressure tightness or watertightness; and

(c) their surface and edge finishes are not unduly damaged.

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AS 4139-1993 12

12.2 Lifting holes Where lifting holes are provided, they shall be cast with a taperedhole in the top centre of mass of the pipe, as per dimensions given in Table 6. The largerdimension in each case shall be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The holeshall be positioned so that the pipe can be lifted without tilt or radial twisting.

A plug of concrete, or other suitable material, shall be provided to fit each hole.

TABLE 6

STANDARD LIFTING HOLES

Nominal sizeDN

Minimum hole sizemm

>525>750

s525s750

s1200

40 x 3070 x 30

120 x 40

12.3 Lifting elements Where lifting elements are provided, they shall be installed inaccordance with the element supplier's recommendations. They shall comply with therequirements of the appropriate regulatory authority.

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APPENDIX A

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE REGRESSION FACTOR (R)

(Normative)

AS 4139-1993

At SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the regression factor(R) for sustained load testing with time of saturated test specimens.

A2 PRINCIPLE A number of test specimens are subjected to test loads selected so thatfailures occur within prescribed ranges of time.

A3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Loading rig-as described in Appendix C, capable of applying a sustained test loadthrough loading beams without shock, and capable of maintaining,an accurate setload. The test rig shall be calibrated with a load cell before commencement of eachtest to an accuracy of ±2%.

(b) Equipment-capable of applying the test load with the loading rig to a specimenimmersed in water.

(c) Water bath-maintained at an ambient temperature above 5°C.

A4 SELECTION OF TEST SAMPLES Test samples shall be randomly selected from abatch of pipe subject to the following conditions:

Test samples shall be of strength Class 2 and have a minimum mean internal diameter ofnot less than either-

(a) 375 mm; or

(b) the largest diameter produced by the manufacturer;

whichever is the smaller.

AS PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS The test specimens shall be prepared inaccordance with Paragraphs C4, C5 and C6.

A6 DETERMINATION OF TEST LOAD Test loads shall be selected to obtain aminimum of 30 failure points in the 10 h to 10 000 h range. The distribution of failurepoints shall be not less than those given in Table Al.

TABLE At

FAILURE POINT REQUIREMENT FORSUSTAINED LOAD TESTING

Time hoursMinimum Dumberof failure points

~10

>1000

>6000

>10000

s1000

s6 000

6

6

8

2

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AS 4139-1993 14

A7 PROCEDURE FOR SUSTAINED LOAD TESTING The procedure shall be asfollows:

(a) Check that the loading rig is free to move and place a calibrating load cell into thetest rig. Increase the load to the required value as shown by the test rig. Record thevalue shown by the load cell.

(b) Relieve the load without alteration to the load settings and remove the load cell.

(c) Insert the specimen and slowly load to the previous settings.

(d) The test specimen shall be considered to have failed when it is no longer able tosustain the applied load. Record the period of time to failure.

A8 TEST FREQUENCY The determination of regression factor (R) shall be repeatedas follows:

(a) Where the manufacturer changes the design, method of manufacture or materials, theprocedure described in this Appendix shall be repeated.

(b) Where the current design, method of manufacture or materials do not change, themanufacturer shall, at a frequency of not less than once in every two years, carry outa screening evaluation as follows using the test method of this Appendix and thefollowing procedure:

(i) Obtain failure points for at least two sets of specimens, each set consisting ofthree or more specimens tested at sustained crush loads that will give failureswithin the following time ranges:

Hours to failure(average of set)

10 to 200More than 1 000

Total

Failure points

at least 3at least 3

at least 6

Include as failures those specimens which have not failed after 3000 hoursprovided that they exceed the existing regression line.

(ii) The current design materials and manufacturing process shall be consideredpermissible if the results meet the following criteria:

(A) The average failure point for each load level falls on or above the97.5% lower confidence limit of the original test.

(B) The earliest individual failure point at each load level falls on or abovethe 97.5% prediction limit of the original regression line.

(C) The failure points are distributed about the originally determinedregression line. No more than two-thirds of the individual failure pointsmay fall below the original regression line.

(iii) As an alternative to Item A8(b)(ii), the current design, materials andmanufacturing process shall be considered permissible if all data points fallabove the 97.5% lower confidence limit of the original regression line, and atleast two points exceed the 3000-hour failure time.

(iv) Data meeting the criteria of Item A8(b)(ii) and Item A8(b)(iii) shall beassumed to be part of the original data set and a new regression Iine may bedetermined using all of the data points.

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15 AS 4139-1993

... A9(1)

(v) If the data fails to satisfy the criteria of Item A8(b)(ii) and Item A8(b)(iii), thecurrent design, materials or manufacturing methods do not fit the currentregression analysis data and a new regression line must be established.

While the new test program is being conducted, an interim value of R may betaken as the lower value of:

(A) the value determined using the procedures of Paragraph A9 from thescreening evaluation test results extrapolated to 50 years; or

(B) the value determined by using the 97.5% lower confidence limits of theoriginal regression line at 50 years.

A9 CALCULATION

A9.1 General The calculation methods employed in this Paragraph (A9) are commentedupon in Appendix G.

A9.2 Calculation of regression factor The regression factor (R) is calculated asfollows:

(a) Plot the data as logarithms with log load on the abscissa and log time on theordinate.

(b) Calculate the linear regression coefficients a and b using the method of least squaresfor the equation:

10glO t f = a + b logltfls

where

tr =time to failure of the test specimen, in hours

a and b = linear regression coefficients

P'S = the sustained test load, causing creep failure of a saturated specimen, inkilonewtons per metre

NOTE: The independent variable is the logarithm of the sustained test load at failure (i.e.X = loglt!'II)' The dependent variable is the logarithm of time to failure (i.e. Y = JoglOtC)'

(c) Include as failures those specimens that have not failed after being under tesJ formore than 10 000 h if they increase the value of the extrapolated load at 10000 h.Accomplish this by first obtaining the linear log-log regression equation (log loadversus log time, in hours) for the results in the 10 h to 10 000 h range.

(d) Calculate the time in hours for the load in kilonewtons per metre of those unfailedsamples. If the calculated time is less than the time the specimen has actually beenunder test, then include the point as a failure.

(e) Calculate the 97.5% lower confidence limit of the mean line of failure load at100000 h and the 100000 h mean value.

(f) Confirm that the tests satisfy the following conditions:

(i) Regression coefficient b is negative.

(ii) The lower confidence limit differs from the estimated mean value by less than15% of the latter, when both are determined at 100000 h.

(g) Calculate the 97.5% lower confidence limit (Ps Ld of the test results for 30 saturatedtest specimens tested in accordance with Appendix B.

Using Equation A9(1), calculate the 97.5% lower confidence limit (Pnd­

Y = logloo

and X = 10gloPlI

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AS 4139-1993 16

R =

(h) Determine the regression factor (R) as follows:

97.5% lower confidence limit of p$ (saturated)

97.5% lower confidence limit of P6 (saturated)

p$ LC=

P6 LC

... A9(2)

AIO TEST REPORT The test report shall include the following:

(a) Nominal thickness and composition of test specimens.

(b) Identifying markings on the pipe.

(c) Source of supply of raw materials.

(d) Details of manufacturing methods employed.

(e) Test data and results.

NOTE: Data other than that used to determine regression factor (R) is of a proprietary natureand may only be available for assessment by agreement with the manufacturer.

(f) Date and time of the test.

(g) Reference to this test method, i.e. AS 4139, Appendix A.

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17 AS 4139-1993

APPENDIX B

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DRY/WET STRENGTH FACTOR (C)

(Normative)

Bl SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the dry/wet strengthfactor (C).

B2 PRINCIPLE An equal number of dry and saturated test specimens are subjected totest loads.

B3 PROCEDURE FOR DRY AND WET LOAD TESTING Select sufficient testsamples to provide 60 test specimens for wet and dry load testing. The specimens shall beprepared as follows: ,(a) 30 specimens prepared in accordance with Paragraphs C4, C5 and dry conditioned in

accordance with Paragraph C6.

(b) 30 specimens prepared in accordance with Paragraphs C4, C5 and wet conditioned inaccordance with Paragraph C6.

Test specimens shall be load-tested in accordance with Appendix C.

B4 TEST FREQUENCY The determination of the dry/wet strength factor (C) shall berepeated as follows:

(a) Where the manufacturer changes the design, method of manufacture or the materials.

(b) Not withstanding (a) at a minimum frequency of two years.

BS CALCULATION OF DRY/WET STRENGTH FACTORlower confidence limit of the failure loads Pd and Ps.

The dry/wet factor (C) is given by the following equation:

97.5% lower confidence limit of Pd (dry)C=-:::=--=-=:;--:- --:::--:----_-:-:---;----::'-:::---;-__~

97.5% lower confidence limit of P s (saturated)PdLC=PsLC

B6 TEST REPORT The test report shall include the following:

(a) Nominal thickness and composition of test specimens.

(b) Identifying markings on the pipe.

(c) Source of supply of materials

(d) Details of manufacturing methods employed.

(e) Test data and results.

(f) Date and time of the test.

(g) Reference to this test method, Le. AS 4139, Appendix B.

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Calculate ,the 97.5%

... (B5)(1)

AS 4139-1993 18

APPENDIX C

METHOD FOR LOAD TESTING OF PIPES

(Normative)

Cl SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method for determining the test load at failure ofFRC pipes under the action of externally applied compressive loads, using the three-lineload configuration.

C2 PRINCIPLE A test specimen is placed between lower and upper press blocks. Anincreasing load is applied evenly to the test specimen at a constant rate until fractureoccurs.

C3 APPARATUS

(a) Loading rig-The loading rig shall be horizontal (see Figure Cl) and of sufficientsize and rigidity to apply the test load to the pipe specimen in the required mannerwithout the deformation of any of its parts, which would appreciably affect thevalidity or accuracy of the load measurement. It shall be capable of applying theloads uniformly along the length of the pipe barrel at the specified rates. It shall beprovided with a load indicating device. Such a device shall be capable of measuring,either directly or indirectly, the total load being applied, to an accuracy of ±2% of itsvalue, and be capable of recording a maximum load value.

(b) Timber bearers-The timber bearers shall be of hardwood with cross-sectionaldimensions as shown in Figure C2 and of length not less than the external length ofthe barrel of the pipe being tested. The surfaces of the bearers in contact with thepipe shall be faced with rubber packing of hardness equivalent to Shore A of 50 ±5°and the bearers shall be firmly fixed in the testing rig to prevent their movementduring a test.

pipe

Load indica tor

arersckinggure C2

Load 0 e pa kp w r c

_r-jR;g;d frame /0" centreline of bearerr--

rLOading ?eam

/ I // 1/

I I I' ICC-c-Timber l frame )--.::::.~

--------1---------I Sample

IL I

--------J--------- ~--- For be

Vand pa

CC-c-Timber frame )--.::::.~see Fi

I

FIGURE C1 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF HORIZONTAL LOADING RIGCOPYRIGHT

19 AS 4139-1993

,

Rubber packing13 to 25 thick

Loading beam

Hardwoodtimber bearers

~""""''''''''~r 75 x 75

Hardwoodtimber bearer150 x 75 -----t.

Rubber packing13 to 25 thi~k -----<~-.?c:;;.r

--1--1--1--- ~ (25 min.l

Three edge bearing method

DIMENSIONS IN MILLlMETRES

FIGURE C2 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF BEARERS

C4 SPECIMEN PREPARATION Test specimens shall be cut to a minimum length of300 ±5 mm with the ends cut square to the pipe axis. Test specimens shall be surface-dryand the surfaces of the barrel shall be free from-

(a) dust or any matter which might obscure a crack; and

(b) any defect described in Clause 8.

C5 MEASUREMENT OF PIPE DIMENSIONS Measure the internal diameter (dm),

wall thickness (t) and length (L) of the specimen as follows:

(a) Mean internal diameter (d~, of the test specimen shall be determined in accordancewith Clause 9.2.

(b) Wall thickness (t), in millimetres, with an accuracy of 0.1 mm, shall be taken as theaverage of four measurements equally-spaced around the pipe prior to testing.

(c) Length (L), of the test specimen, in millimetres, with an accuracy of ±0.5 mm, shallbe taken as the average of two measurements taken on opposite sides.

C6 SPECIMEN CONDITIONING

C6.1 Dry conditioning Specimens which are to be tested in a dry condition shall bestored in air at a temperature of 23 ±5°C and at 50 ±10% RH for 7 +1, -0 days,immediately prior to testing.

C6.2 Wet conditioning Specimens which are to be tested in a saturated condition shallbe immersed in water at an ambient temperature above 5°C for a period of 21-28 days,immediately prior to testing.

NOTE: Other dry conditioning methods that can be shown to give the same sample strength andsteady state should be acceptable. In the event of a dispute, the above conditioning method shallbe the reference test method.

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AS 4139-1993 20

C7 PROCEDURE

C7.1 Positioning of test specimen (see Figure C2) Position the test specimen and thebearers in the loading rig so that-

(a) the longitudinal axes of the test specimen and the bearers are parallel with oneanother and the bearers are symmetrically placed with respect to the diameter of thepipe cross-section; and

(b) the line of action of the applied load lies in the plane of symmetry of the bearers.

C7.2 Application of load Loading shall be applied to the test specimen at a minimumsteady rate of 4 kN/min/m so that failure occurs after at least 60 s. Record the maximumapplied force (F) indicated by the testing machine.

The pipe specimen shall be carefully seated on the lower press block to ensure evencontact along its full length and to avoid point load concentration. Similar care should betaken to align the upper press block. Any worn or damaged press block components shouldbe replaced immediately.

C8 CALCULATION OF TEST LOAD The test load shall be calculated as follows:

Pd

or P = F kN/ms L

where

Pd =Ps =F =L =

test load at failure for a dry specimen, in kilonewtons/metre

test load at failure for a saturated specimen, in kilonewtons/metre

maximum force, indicated by the testing machine, in newtons

length of test specimen, in millimetres

C9 TEST REPORT The test report shall include the following:

(a) The name of the manufacturer.

(b) The dates of manufacture and testing of the pipe.

(c) The specified load class.

(d) Whether the test is for type testing or routine testing purposes.

(e) The batch identification if for routine testing.

(f) The mean internal diameter (d,J, the wall thickness (t), and the length (L) of the testspecimen.

(g) The load at failure (Pd or Ps) of the test specimen in kilonewtons per metre to thenearest 0.1 kilonewton.

(h) A reference to this test method, Le. AS 4139, Appendix C.

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21

APPENDIX D

METHOD FOR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST

(Normative)

AS 4139-1993

Dl SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the resistance of pipesand joints to hydrostatic pressure, and is a normative part of this Standard wherehydrostatic pressure resistance is specified.

D2 PRINCIPLE A dry, single or jointed, test specimen is sealed at both ends andinternal hydrostatic pressure is applied at a constant rate of increase. At the appropriatelevel, the pressure is kept constant and the surface of the specimen is observed for theappearance of moisture.

D3 APPARATUS "

(a) Pressure equipment-capable of applying and sustammg the hydrostatic testpressure to the inside surface of the pipe to be tested.

(b) Test ends-with elastomeric jointing rings capable of reproducing the conditions ofjointing to be used in the pipeline and capable of closing the ends of the pipe tightly.The test ends shall incorporate a connection through which hydrostatic pressure canbe applied to the inside of the pipe and a means for the escape of air from within thepipe.

(c) Pressure gauge-with a suitable pressure range and an accuracy to within 2% overthe whole range of measurement fitted to the pipeline transmitting the pressure.

D4 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN The test specimen shall be prepared asfollows:

(a) The pipe shall be surface-dry at the time of testing. It shall be supported so that thelongitudinal axis is approximately horizontal and, except at the supports, the exteriorsurface shall be readily examinable. Where the testing of joints is specified (seeClause 7), the test pipes shall be deflected about the joint to the maximum anglerecommended by the manufacturer.

(b) The ends of the pipe shall be closed by means of the test ends and elastomericjointing rings specified in Paragraph D3, in a manner that will ensure that no leakageoccurs through or past the closure during the test. The pipe shall then be filled withwater and the air expelled.

D5 SELECTION OF TEST PRESSURE AND DURATION The test pressure shall bein accordance with Clause 10.2.

D6 TEST PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Apply pressure to the inside of the pipe until the test pressure, measured at thelowest point of the pipe, is reached. Maintain the test pressure on the pipe for thespecified duration of the test.

(b) During the test, moisture appearing on the surface of the pipe in the form of damppatches shall not be considered as leakage.

(c) If, during the test, beads of water appear on the surface of the pipe or at the joint,maintain the pressure on the pipe for an additional period equal to the initial periodrequired for the test. The pipe is accepted if the beads do not grow or run.

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AS 4139-1993 22

D7 RECORDS The test report written for selective testing, shall include the following:

(a) Name of manufacturer.

(b) Identification of batch number and pipe from which the test specimen was taken.

(c) The angle of deflection about the joint, if applicable.

(d) The type of joint tested.

(e) Date and time of the test.

(f) The test pressure and duration applied.

(g) Whether beads of water were observed on the surface of the test specimen.

(h) Failure of the test indicated by the growth of water beads.

(i) Reference to this test method, i.e. AS 4139, Appendix D.

pipe

dJus ab e supports

Rigid frameRigid frame

cap

Endcapl_

I--

rBleed pipeI-- Pressure

--------------------1 gauge

IIIIIII SampleIIIII

J -------------------- W

-r- J L J L '--I I • I

End - ~A t I

FIGURE 01 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR HYDROSTATIC TESTING

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23 AS 4139-1993

APPENDIX E

METHOD FOR WATER ABSORPTION TEST

(Normative)

El SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the water absorption offibre-reinforced concrete pipes and is a normative part of this Standard where waterabsorption resistance is specified.

E2 PRINCIPLE A test specimen is immersed in water for sufficient time to ensurecomplete saturation. The mass of the saturated specimen is recorded. The specimen is thendried in an oven and the dry mass recorded. The water absorption is calculated as apercentage of the dry mass.

E3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required: '

(a) Fan-forced air oven-capable of maintaining a constant temperature of 105 ±2°C.

(b) Desiccator

(c) Balance-sensitive to 0.01 g.

E4 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN Cut a 25 x 25 mm specimen from the pipewall. Ensure that the surfaces of the specimens are free from curing compounds and anyother coating materials.

ES TEST PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Completely immerse the test specimen in filtered mains water at a temperature of notless than 15°C. Mter 48 h, remove the specimen, wipe off surplus water with a dampcloth and weigh.

(b) Soak in water for another 4 h, remove, wipe off the surplus water and weigh.Continue this procedure until the difference in consecutive weighings is no greaterthan 0.5 g. Record the mass of the saturated specimen (M}).

NOTE: Record all masses to 0.01 g.

(c) Place the saturated specimen in a fan-forced air oven at a temperature of 105 ±2°Cfor 48 h. Remove the specimen from the oven, place in a desiccator, cool to roomtemperature and weigh.

(d) Replace in the oven and continue drying for 2 h. Cool in desiccator to roomtemperature and weigh. Continue this procedure until the differences betweenconsecutive weighings is no greater than 0.1 g.

(e) Record the oven-dried mass of the specimen (M2) to the nearest 0.01 g.

A

E6 CALCULATION The water absorption (A) shall be calculated in accordance withthe following equation:

(M} - M2)_"""":"":'__ x 100

M2where

A = water absorption, as a percentage of dry mass

M1 = mass of saturated specimen, in grams

M 2 = mass of oven-dried specimen, in grams

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AS 4139-1993 24

The calculated water absorption shall be reported as a percentage of the dry mass, to onedecimal place.

NOTE: The mass of the fibre reinforcement has been included in the calculation of waterabsorption.

E7 TEST REPORT

Dates of manufacture and testing of pipes.

If the test is for type-testing or routine testing purposes, and if for routine, the batchinformation.

E7.1 General The information specified in Paragraph E7.2 shall bemanufacturer and shall be kept available for inspection by the purchaser.

E7.2 Records The test report shall contain the following:

(a) Name of the manufacturer.

(b)

(c)

recorded by the

(d) The intended application of the pipe (drainage, sewerage, pressure).

(e) The type of reinforcing fibre.

(f) The masses M 1 and M 2•

(g) The calculated percentage absorption, and if the test specimen is conforming or non­conforming.

(h) Any other relevant information about the tested specimen which might influence themeasurements (e.g. duration of curing).

(i) Reference to this test method, Le. AS 4139, Appendix E.

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25

APPENDIX F

METHOD FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

(Normative)

AS 4139-1993

,

Fl .SCOPE This Appendix describes the method for determining the flexural strength ofpipes with nominal diameters DN 100 and DN 150.

F2 PRINCIPLE A full length of pipe is placed symmetrically on bearing blocks and aload is applied at intermediate points of the span until failure occurs.

F3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two steel bearing-bLocks-each 50 mm long with a 120° V-shaped notch on oneface.

(b) Two steel load-applying blocks-each 25 mm long and free to rotate about thetransverse horizontal axis with a 120° V-shaped notch on one face.

(c) Strips of felt-not more than 10 mm thick and of the same area as the blocks tointerpose between the V-shaped notch of the blocks and the test specimen.

(d) Load-testing machine-Grade B accuracy, in accordance with AS 2193, capable ofindicating the total test load when failure occurs.

(e) Gauges- for measuring pipe length, diameter and wall thickness.

F4 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN

F4.1 Test specimen size The length of the test specimen shall be between 3700 rom and4000 mID. The nominal size shall be either DN 100 or DN 150.

F4.2 Conditioning The test specimen shall be conditioned in air in a lJaboratoryenvironment for 24 h prior to testing.

F5 TEST PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Position the bearing blocks 3500 mm apart.

(b) Ensure that the test specimen rests symmetrically in the notches of the bearing blocksand extends at least 25 mID beyond the outer edges of the blocks (see Figure F1).Place felt between the specimen and the blocks.

(c) Position two load-applying blocks at positions that are equidistant from each otherand from the centre of the adjacent bearing block (see Figure Fl).

(d) Align the load-applying blocks so that they are parallel to the common axis of thepipe and bearing blocks.

(e) Commence applying a load, distributed equally between the two load-applicatorblocks, at a regulated constant rate, so that failure occurs after at least 25 s.

(f) Measure and record the total load at failure of the test specimen.

(g) Measure and record the wall thickness in the region of the fracture.

(h) Record the location of the fracture, if outside the middle third section (seeFigure F1).

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AS 4139-1993 26

F6 TEST REPORT The test report shall include the following:

(a) The bending load of the pipe at failure expressed in kilonewtons to the nearest0.01 leN.

(b) The time taken for failure to occur.

(c) Location of the fracture.

(d) Dimensions of test specimen.

(e) Identifying markings of the pipe from which the test specimen was taken.

(f) Date and time of test.

(g) Reference to this test method, Le. AS 4139, Appendix F.

,- ~I· = -I· = -I

~ ~--------~----------~--------:J1iJI. 3500mm _I

FIGURE F1 DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING FLEXURALSTRENGTH TEST

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27 AS 4139-1993

APPENDIX G

DESIGN PRINCIPLES USED FOR DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCES OF

FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE

(Informative)

Gl SCOPE This Appendix sets out guidance on the design principles used fordetermining the relationship between long-term and short-term performance offibre-reinforced concrete pipe.

G2 METHOD OF ESTIMATING PERFORMANCE In formulating the design criteriafor fibre-reinforced concrete pipe, the following method of estimating pipe performancehas been adopted. ,It is accepted that nearly all materials creep under load. The time to failure of a givenmaterial is related to the strain induced in the material, this being a function of the stress orload applied.

To determine the relationship of the failure time to the failure strain or load, a series oftests are conducted at various initial load levels and the time to failure determined (referAppendix A). These tests, commonly called regression tests, involve taking a set of pipespecimens of the same design composition, immersing them in water and subjecting themto sustained crushing loads. The regression equation is obtained from plotting the resultson a log-time versus log-load basis (see Figure Gl), using the linear method of leastsquares.

A value for the predicted 97.5% lower confidence limit of the load capacity of the pipe at50-years is determined from !he regression equation. This is used for determining theregression factor (R). Factor R is the regression ratio that gives the relationshiP betweenthe initial strength and the estimated strength at 50-years in a saturated condition.

Factor C is a test factor giving the dry/wet strength relationship for the pipes. It takes intoaccount the variability of the product between its dry and saturated states. The 97.5% lowerconfidence limit of the failure loads are calculated for 30 saturated test specimens and 30dry specimens tested in accordance with Appendix B.

G3 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRE-REINFORCED PIPE In order to assign theclasses of concrete pipe given in AS 4058 and the design principles given in AS 3725to fibre-reinforced concrete pipe, a design assumption concerning the long-termcharacteristics of both materials must be made. The Committee decided that the basis ofdesign would be to use the crack loads of the concrete pipe classes in AS 4058 to whichwould be applied three factors, namely the regression factor (R), the dry/wet strength factor(C), and an applied 50-year safety factor of 1.5.

The minimum allowable test load is determined by the equation:

PM = 1.5CRTc (see Clause 10.1)

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AS 4139-1993 28

Regression line

w~t-

91.S"50 years ~ :._ca"'iCle"

(438.000 h) I cei

ItI

LOG LOAD (Pts I. kN/m

FIGURE G1 GRAPH ILLUSTRATING RELATIONSHIP OF TYPE TEST DATATO MINIMUM PRODUCT PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT

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29 AS 4139-1993

,

APPENDIX H

ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING COMPLIANCE OF A 'LOT'WITH THIS STANDARD

(Informative)

Hi SCOPE This Appendix sets out the following different means by which compliancewith this Standard can be demonstrated by the manufacturer or supplier:

(a) Assessment by means of statistical sampling.

(b) The use of a product certification scheme.

(c) Assurance using the acceptability of the supplier's quality system.

(d) Other such means proposed by the manufacturer or supplier and acceptable to thecustomer.

H2 STATISTICAL SAMPLING Statistical sampling is a procedure which enablesdecisions to be made about the quality of batches of items after inspecting or testing only aportion of those items. This procedure will only be valid if the sampling plan has beendetermined on a statistical basis and the following requirements are met:

(a) The sample must be drawn randomly from a population of product of known history.The history must enable verification that the product was made from knownmaterials at essentially the same time by essentially the same processes and underessentially the same system of control.

(b) For each different situation, a suitable sampling plan needs to be defined. A samplingplan for one manufacturer of given capability and product throughput may not berelevant to another manufacturer producing the same items.

In order for statistical sampling to be meaningful to the customer, the manufacturer orsupplier needs to onstrate how the above conditions have been satisfied. Sampling andthe establishment of a sampling plan should be carried out in accordance with AS 1199,guidance to which is given in AS 1399.

H3 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION The purpose of product certification is to provideindependent assurance of the claim by the manufacturer that products comply with thestated Australian or international Standard.

The certification scheme should meet the criteria of an ISO Type 5 scheme as specified bySAA HB18.44 in that, as well as full type testing from independently sampled productionand subsequent verification of conformance, it requires the manufacturer to maintain aneffective quality plan to control production to ensure conformance with the relevantStandard.

The certification scheme serves to indicate that the products consistently conform to therequirements of the Standard.

H4 SUPPLIER'S QUALITY SYSTEM Where the manufacturer or supplier candemonstrate an audited and registered quality management system complying with therequirements of the appropriate or stipulated Australian or international Standard forsupplier's quality systems, this may provide the necessary confidence that the specifiedrequirements will be met. The quality assurance requirements need to be agreed betweenthe customer and supplier and should include a quality or inspection and test plan to ensureproduct conformity.

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AS 4139-1993 30

Guidance in determining the appropriate quality management system is given in AS 3900.1and AS 3904.1.

H5 ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVELS (AQL) While the responsibility for AQLslies with the manufacturer, it is recommended that a minimum AQL of 6.5% be adopted.

Irrespective of acceptable quality levels (AQLs), or test frequencies, the responsibilityremains with the manufacturer or supplier to supply products that conform with the fullrequirements of the Standard.

H6 OTHER MEANS OF ASSESSMENT If the above methods are consideredinappropriate, determination of compliance with the requirements of this Standard may beassessed by being based on the results of testing coupled with the manufacturer's guaranteeof product conformance.

NOTE: The provisions contained in this Appendix are minimum requirements only and morestringent requirements may be specified by the users of this Standard, especially third-partycertification organizations.

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31 AS 4139-1993

APPENDIX I

PURCHASING RECOMMENDATIONS

(Informative)

,,(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

11 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER The purchasershould supply the following information at the time of calling tenders or quotations:

(a) Nominal size (see Table 2).

(b) The intended application.

(c) The load class of pipe or installation conditions (see Table 4 and AS 3725).

(d) Type of joint.

NOTE: Typical joint configurations are detailed in Appendix J.

Tests other than those required by Clause 10.l.

Any other special treatments or requirement.

Specific requirements concerning repair of defects, if applicable (see Clause 8.3).

A statement of information to be supplied by the manufacturer (see Paragraph 12).

The place and rate of delivery.

12 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER In addition toinformation required by this Standard to be supplied, the manufacturer should, if requestedby the purchaser, supply with the tender or quotation all or any of the followinginformation:

(a) The methods of manufacture and testing.

(b) Drawings showing critical dimensions with tolerances thereon of the pipes and jointsincluding the allowable deflection angles.

(c) The type of fibre used in the pipe (see Clause 5.2).

(d) Details of the joint system and the composition and dimensions of the rubber rings orjoint material (see Clauses 5.3 and 7).

NOTE: Typical joint configurations are detailed in Appendix J.

(e) The values of C and R with test data establishing such values and the results of anyscreening evaluation performed.

(f) Type of cement (see Clause 5.1.1).

(g) Water absorption value (see Clause 10.3).

(h) Diameter, wall thickness and length of the pipe (see Clause 9.4).

(i) A statement of compliance with this Standard.

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AS 4139-1993 32

APPENDIX J

TYPICAL JOINT SECTIONS

(Informative)

J1 Details of standard joints currently available are given below. Other joints may beused and the manufacturer should be consulted for details.

DETAIL

I Le ~See Detail11--------------=-------1-(.'--i-II \

__________ ~LJ_~>_

(al Rebate joint

~»mElastomeric seal

DETAIL

LI'I:J::\ e

----..::~- ~ L ------- --- ==--

See Deta'J

01 Double-V-ring joint(non-pressure applications)

~e.,

DETAIL

II

(ii) Double-V-ring joint(pressure applicationsl

(b) Elastomeric joints

FIGURE J1 TYPICAL JOINT SECTIONS

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Standards Australia is an independent not-for-profit organization,established in 1922. It operates formally under a Royal Charter as theStandards Association of Australia and has recognition as the peakStandards body in Australia through a Memorandum of Understanding withthe Commonwealth Government. The essence of its operation is to bringtogether individuals and organizations committed to a common objective­to establish Australian Standards as national benchmarks for products andservices so as to enhance quality of life and industry efficiency.

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