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Prepared By:

Hussein Bin AliasBa Eng Hons (Civil), UTM

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Ordinary Portland Cement.

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Cement is any material that binds or unites

essentially like glue.

In civil engineering or construction, the

word cement or cementitious material

refer to an ingredient in concrete, mortar or

grout.

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Is the product obtained by grinding clinker

formed by burning raw-materials

(argillaceous and calcareous) primarily

consisting of lime (CaO), silicate (SiO2),

alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3)

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Naturaltaken from natural deposits

without change in their nature during

production

Manufacturedinclude blast furnace

slag,clay, lightweight aggregate

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Less than 5 mm

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greater than 5 mm

(10, 20, 40 mm)

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Purpose/PerananFor hydration and workabilitywashing/membasuhcuring/mengawet

Condition/SyaratClean no (acid, alkali, sulfate, clay, sugar dan

chloride)

Jika khuatir bandingkan masa memejal dankekuatan mampatan dengan konkrit airsuling/ air paip

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The active ingredient in concrete is cementand water. The aggregates also is an inertmaterial,lengai. Aggregates do not give

any action during the hydration processbut act as filler space and provide strength,durability and resistance force of ashrink,pengecutan. As the aggregate pricecheaper than other materials so it can usethe maximum possible.

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Good quality concrete

sufficient amount of cement

well graded aggregates

ample compaction and,

minimum mixing water

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Concrete able to bear a great burden, has

its abrasion resistance lelasan, acid

resistance force and prevent another

attack damage.

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a) Strongb) The cost of the cheapestc) Easily available

d) Easy shaped molde) Durablef) Have the fire resistanceg) Permanent shape under loadh) not absorb serap

j) Non-Shrink kecutk) Non-Brittle rapuh

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Types of Portland Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)

Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)Modified Portland Cement (MPC)

Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC)

Portland-Blastfurnace Cement (PBC)Portland-Pozzolan Cement (PPC)

Others

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Oxide %

CaO 60 67

SiO2 17 25

Al2O3 3 8

Fe2O3 0.5 0.6

MgO 0.5 4.0

Alkalis (Na2O) 0.3 1.2SO3 2.0 3.5

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Stor

waterproof storage, land suitable for good aircirculation, surface floor cleaning and all

openings have lids and close tightly.

Bags of cement stacked vertically not morethan 1 meters (5 feet) tall and is placed on

the seat height from the surface at least 23cm and 30 cm from the wall. Cement sortedby the time it is received in order to avoid longretained.

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Siloi. Stored in dry conditions to prevent freezing air

(water setting) to form cement details freezes half.ii. Silos should be in waterproof.

iii. Checks should always be made to detect so it isalways waterproof and resistant to air.iv. Keeping with this method better because labor is

used to a minimum. No need to transport tostorage.

v. Avoid wastage if bags of cement leak or rupturevi. efficient storage.

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SILO

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Types of rock commonly used

Granite hard, tough and dense

Sandstone may contain clay

Limestone may contain clay

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Types of aggregates based on specificgravity

Lightweight aggregate < 1200 kg/m3

Normal weight aggregate 2300 2500 kg/m3Specific gravity in the range of 2.5-3.0

Heavyweight aggregate 4000 8500 kg/m3Barite with specific gravity of 4.5

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From river or quarry

River - spherical/ round

Quarry sharp

3 types 10mm, 20 mm,40mm

Popular size 20 mm

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Granite- Hard, tough and dense with an

specific gravity 2.6 2.7.

Limestone and sandstone wth an average

specific gravity 2.0 to 2.6 can be hard to

soft, heavy to light, dense to porous.

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1. Sand river2. Sand Mine3. Sea sand

River sand and sea sand is fine aggregate is the most

suitable because they are free from any chemical impuritiesor other substances that may affect the quality of concrete.

Manufactured sand called m-sand substitute for river sand isscarce in large quantities. Manufactured sand obtained fromthe quarry through the process of crushing coarse sand

filtered and graded. Graded sand generally of good qualityand comparable with river sand and the cheaper price.

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Mixing Water

-fit for drinking, unless high concentration ofsodium and pottasium

-contain dissolve solid less than 1000ppm

- water with pH 6.0-8.0, does not taste saline orbrakish (contain chlorides and sulfates) considered

suitable

chloride content < 500ppm, or SO3< 1000ppm,water is harmless

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Mixture ratio must be in accordance with

specifications set to produce the required

strength. The strength of concrete depends

on the mixing ratio

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Gred Konkrit Kekuatan ciri(N/mm)

Kegunaan

710

710

Konkrit tanpa tetulang.

15 15 Konkrit tetulang dengan batubaur ringan.

2025

2025

Konkrit tetulang dengan batu

baur padu.30 30 Konkrit tetulang tegas dulu.4050

4050

Konkrit tetulang tegas

kemudian.

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The strength of concrete is usually meant

when it reaches the crushing strength of

cubes of 150mm (6 ") at the point of 28

days. This strength is known as thecharacteristic strength of the concrete.

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Fixed mixture

-based on weight

In some cases, the engineers have set the

mixing ratio, and the contractor is requiredto present the right mix as described.

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DOE METHOD.

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Minimal strength but often less than prescribed and due to the low

cement content, cause it is often not durable. Mixing rate is difficult to control the volume and mix

nominal specifications so controlling the water content.

Therefore, the specifications of the mix is notrecommended except as required at site or the qualityof the concrete is required to be conducted by hand.

Preparation of materials with heavy mixing rate isencouraged and must have resolution of engineers.

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Definition

Property of the concrete which determines its ability to beplaced, compacted and finished (the greatest emphasisshould be placed on compaction)

The amount of work needed to produce full compactionthereby relating it to the placing rather than handling process

(Can be associate with cohesion, mobility, internal friction,pump and finishing)

High workability: easy to place, compact and work with