concrete airport pavement workshop right choice, right now ...€¦ · atl – world’s busiest...
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Concrete Airport Pavement WorkshopRight Choice, Right Now
ACPA – SE ChapterHilton Atlanta Airport
November 8, 2012
W. Charles Greer, Jr., P.E. – AMECSubash Reddy Kuchikulla – MME
James Drinkard, P.E. – ATL
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Pavement Management System
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CITY OF ATLANTA DEPARTMENT OF AVIATION STAFF
MR. MAX WALKER – DEPARTMENT OF AVIATION
MR. FRANK HAYES – ~40 YEARS IN NUMEROUS CAPACITIES
OTHERS TOO NUMEROUS TO LIST
Sustainable Concrete Pavement
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ATL – World’s Busiest Airport
In 2011
Passengers 92 million
Aircraft Operations 923,000
Concrete Pavement 1000+ acres
Replacement Value $2 billion
Enough concrete to pave a 10,000 ft runway --- Every year for 30 years
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ATL – World’s Busiest Airport
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<10 11…20 21…30 >30
% O
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AIR
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E PA
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PAVEMENT AGE IN 2010 (YEARS)
PAVEMENT AGE --- % OF TOTAL IN 2010
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Reasonable spread of pavement area among the age groups.
Why is Pavement Management important ----
Fast forward 5 years!!!
ATL – World’s Busiest Airport
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ATL – World’s Busiest Airport
2420
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<10 11…20 21…30 >30
% O
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PAVEMENT AGE (YEARS)
PAVEMENT AGE --- % OF TOTAL IN 2010 & 2015
%..2010 %..2015
WHAT A DIFFERENCE 5 YEARS CAN MAKE!!!!!!
15 – 10,000’ Runways
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Runway 8R-26L
How did the Pavement Management Program start?
…….Slowly at first…….
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ATL – World’s Busiest AirportRunway 8R-26L
Replaced in 1969
40 Day Wonder
In 1984
15 Years old (20 year design life)
20 Years of traffic
Surface cracks – cracked longitudinal joints
Replace it before accustomed to 4 runways
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Runway 8R-26L
ATL Management Agreed To:
Investigate/Evaluate
Need for replacement
1984 Study
FWD (relatively new)
Petrographic examination of concrete cores
Strength and modulus lab testing of pavement samples
Remaining Life Assessment
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Runway 8R-26L
FWD - 1984Falling Weight Deflectometer
Force = 25,000 lbs.Load Plate = 12” diameterSurface deflection across several feet
Deflection basin – pavement surfaceDeflection across joints
HWD - 2001Heavy Weight Deflectometer
Force = 60,000 lbs.Load Plate = 18” diameter
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Runway 8R-26L
Petrographic Examination – Cores
Stereo-optical microscope10x to 60x
Nature of cracksReactions - paste/aggregateSecondary deposits in voids and cracks
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Runway 8R-26L
Strength – Modulus Testing of Pavement Samples
Concrete coresCement treated baseSoil cement
Compressive strengthModulus of elasticitySplit tensile strength
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Runway 8R-26L
1984 Findings
Surface cracks 3” - 5” deep
Good structural capacity
Slight evidence of ASR
• alkali-silica reactivity• translucent rims around aggregate edges• little disruption of paste-aggregate bond
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Runway 8R-26L1984 Recommendations
Expect 5 more years of service
Replace 10-15 slabs
• Actual = portions of 2 of 800
Repair longitudinal joints
Seal cracks (<1/4” wide)
Seal all joints
Repeat program in 3 years --- Genesis of Pavement Management System
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Pavement Management System1984 Program Repeated
1987 // 1990 // 1994 // 1997 // 2001 // 2004 // 2007 // 2010 // 2013?
New techniques added with time
Pavement Condition IndexResilient Modulus of SubgradeLaser ProfilometerHigh-Speed Digital Video ImagingDistress Surveys with GPS & GISLong Term Photo LibrarySEM & XRD AnalysesSpecial Field Investigations
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Pavement Management SystemPavement Condition Index (PCI) – 1990
Corps of Engineers – 1970’s
Quantify defects – extent & severity• Spalls• Cracks• Patches• Joint Sealant
Process to a single value – 0 to 100
Pavement Condition Index – PCI
Best = 100Worst = 0
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Pavement Management SystemPavement Condition Index (PCI) – 1990
Develop performance history curves
Predict timing of future critical conditions
ACTUAL & PROJECTED PCI VS. TIMERW-8R (KEEL - CD LINE)
0102030405060708090
100
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
YEAR
PCI
8R-CD-act 8R-CD-proj
MAJOR REHAB FOR KEELNEEDED BY 2010
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Pavement Management SystemResilient Modulus Testing – 1990
Rebound Stiffness ModulusVarious Confining Pressures
Utilized for Mechanistic DesignsModel Physical Pavement System
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Pavement Management SystemLaser Profilometer & Roughness / Ride Quality – 1994
Rolling cart with light sensitive cells
Fixed laser source
Roll cart longitudinally along pavement
Record elevation every 1 foot
Develop profile
Analyze aircraft response
Develop Pavement Smoothness Index (PSI)
Laser source Cart
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Pavement Management SystemLaser Profilometer & Roughness / Ride Quality – 1994
8R-26L Smoothness Performance
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Distance, ft. (west-east)
PSI
8R-2004R&L8R-2001R&L
SOME DROP IN SMOOTHNESS FROM 2001 TO 2004
ENDS NOT SHOWN DUE TO LITTLE OR NO EFFECT2001 WAS CENTERLINE ONLY2004 INCLUDES CENTERLINE AND WHEELPATHS
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Pavement Management SystemHigh-Speed Digital Video Imaging – 2001
Van at night – 40 to 60 mph
12-to 13 wide path
Cover entire surface
Capture hairline cracks
Historical record
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Pavement Management SystemHigh-Speed Digital Video Imaging – 2001
Historical record – project on wall – like walking the pavement
2001
2004
2004
2007
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Pavement Management SystemLong Term Photo Library – 1984 Forward
Photos of key conditions over many years
Puts better perspective on when to replace
1990 2004
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Pavement Management SystemAnnual Crack Surveys with GPS and GIS - 1995
Surveyor on foot with GPS PoleDistress – sound pavement surface with steel dowel barGeneral limits with GPS – so can find it againPhoto and location --- input into GIS system
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Pavement Management System
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)Energy Dispersive X-rays (XRD)
Detailed nature of cracksChemical make-up of deposits
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Pavement Management SystemSpecial Investigations and Testing
Taxiway with unusual corner breaks (only 7 years old)Corner of one slab visually deflected under gear of DC-8Suspected curling of slabs (16 inches thick)Cut 26-inch diameter core
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Pavement Management SystemSpecial Investigations and Testing
Curling confirmedNote void between bottom of slab and top of cement treated base
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Pavement Management SystemSpecial Investigations and Testing
Slice core in sections 4-inch thickX-ray to see dowel and dowel socket conditionVoid above dowel on one side and below dowel on other side of joint
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Pavement Management SystemSummary
PCIcondition
HWDdeflection
PSIsmoothness
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Pavement Management SystemSummary
Not an exact science – pavement failure is like beauty
It is in the eye of the beholder/user
ATL – system development over 28 years
Institutional knowledge retrievable in a database
Asset worth $2 billion
Sustainable Concrete Pavement
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Pavement Management System
Summary
LIFE OF 2 RUNWAYS NEARLY DOUBLED TO ~40 YEARS
VALUE -- CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED > $100 MILLION
–Good News – Concrete lasts a long time.
Sustainable Concrete Pavement