Conceptual Metaphors and

Metonymies

Week 7-8

Metaphor and Metonymy Examples

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long as lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Is it for fear to wet a widow’s eyeThat thou consum’st thyself in single life?

Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed.

Lo, in the orient when the gracious lightLifts up his burning head, each under eyeDoth homage to his new-appearing sightServing with looks his sacred majesty.

Mine eye and heart are at mortal warHow to divide the conquest of thy sight.

Quotes from Shakespeare

In which sentences,is eye being used literally?In which sentences,is it being used figuratively?

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long as lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Is it for fear to wet a widow’s eyeThat thou consum’st thyself in single life?

Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed.

Lo, in the orient when the gracious lightLifts up his burning head, each under eyeDoth homage to his new-appearing sightServing with looks his sacred majesty.

Mine eye and heart are at mortal warHow to divide the conquest of thy sight.

Quotes from Shakespeare

the sun

the whole person

the whole person (as concerned with appearances)

metaphor

metonym

metaphor

metonym

Metaphor and Metonymy Examples

Metaphor and Metonymy

part for whole all hands on deck

whole for part We filled up the car.

container for content I’ll have a glass.

material for object a glass, an iron

producer for product We bought a Ford.

place for institution talks between Washington and Moscow

place for event Watergate changed U.S. politics.

controlled for controller The subways are on strike.

Based on relation of contiguity

nearnessneighborhood

Metaphor and Metonymy

traditional analysis (Leech, 1969)

Based on relation of similarity or comparison

Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed.

tenor vehicle ground

the sun eye of heaven shape, brilliance, etc.

the thing the explaining base of being explained element comparison

Metaphor and Metonymy

Metaphor is very common in everyday speech (See table on p. 117).

Metaphors that are not readily recognized as metaphorical by the language usersare called conventionalized metaphors.

Based on relation of similarity or comparison

Metaphor and Metonymy

Metaphor is very common in everyday speech (See table on p. 117).

Can you think of similar metaphors in Japanese that are based on parts of the body?

Are these conventionalized metaphors?

Based on relation of similarity or comparison

Metaphor and Metonymy

Metaphor is very common in everyday speech (See table on p. 117).

Lakoff and Johnson argue that just because a metaphor is conventionalized, we shouldn’t assume it’s dead.

Based on relation of similarity or comparison

Metaphor and Metonymy

Cognitive Linguistics- Metaphors are not just part of language. Rather, they’re ways of thinking.

Metaphor and Metonymy

tenor vehicle ground

the sun eye of heaven shape, brilliance, etc.

the thing the explaining base of being explained element comparison

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

mapping

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

TIME is MONEY.

You’re wasting my time.

Can you give me a few minutes?

How do you spend your time?

We’re running out of time.

Is that worth your while?

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

BIRTH is a JOURNEY.LIFE is a JOURNEY.DEATH is a JOURNEY.

The baby’s on its way.The baby has arrived.When we bring children into the world, we must care for them.He went through life with a good heart.She knows where she’s going in life.His heart stopped, but they brought him back.She has departed.She has passed away.

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

Image schemas (grounded in bodily experience)

mapping

basic correlations (also tend to be universal)

cultural-dependent evaluations

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

Image schemas (grounded in bodily experience)

mapping

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

Image schemas (grounded in bodily experience)

mapping

Example: Containment

He’s in a bad mood.

She came out of her depression.

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

basic correlations (also tend to be universal)

mapping

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

basic correlations (also tend to be universal)

mapping

Example: Emotional & Physical Warmth

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

cultural-dependent evaluations

mapping

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

cultural-dependent evaluations

mapping

Example: Associations with a Fox

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.

cultural-dependent evaluations

mapping

Example: Associations with a FoxShe’s a fox.

U.S. EastAsia

good-looking & sexy seductive & mischievous

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET CONCEPT SOURCE CONCEPT

X is Y.mapping

entrenchmentand

degree of conventionalization

Metaphor and Metonymy

Provide an example of the English metaphors listed in Figure 3.5 on p. 121.

TARGET SOURCELIFE

DEATHLIFETIME

TIMEANGERLOVE

ARGUMENTIDEAS

UNDERSTANDINGCOMMUNICATION

WORLD

JOURNEYDEPARTURE

DAYMONEY

DANGEROUS ANIMALWAR

BUILDINGPLANTSSEEING

SENDINGTHEATRE

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET SOURCELIFE

DEATHLIFETIME

TIMEANGERLOVE

ARGUMENTIDEAS

UNDERSTANDINGCOMMUNICATION

WORLD

JOURNEYDEPARTURE

DAYMONEY

DANGEROUS ANIMALWAR

BUILDINGPLANTSSEEING

SENDINGTHEATRE

Which tends to bemore abstract, the target or the source?

Metaphor and Metonymy

TARGET SOURCELIFE

DEATHLIFETIME

TIMEANGERLOVE

ARGUMENTIDEAS

UNDERSTANDINGCOMMUNICATION

WORLD

JOURNEYDEPARTURE

DAYMONEY

DANGEROUS ANIMALWAR

JOURNEY, WAR, BUILDING, CONTAINER

PLANTSSEEING

SENDINGTHEATRE

pp. 122-124