conception and pregnancy
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Conception And Pregnancy. Are You Ready To Be A Parent?. Fertilization (Conception). Each life begins with 2 cells (XX or XY) Ovum (X) Sperm (X or Y) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Conception And Pregnancy
Are You Ready To Be A Parent?
Fertilization (Conception)
Each life begins with 2 cells (XX or XY)Ovum (X)Sperm (X or Y)
1 egg is released from the ovaries every 28 days. The ovum enters the fallopian tube to begin its journey to the uterus. If sperm is deposited in the vagina, while an egg is on the way to the uterus, fertilization can occur.
Fertilization Cont.Up to a half of billion sperm can be
deposited in the vaginaOnly a few hundred live to make the 6 inch
swim to the fallopian tube.Only 1 sperm can fertilize the egg
Within seconds of fertilization, the surface of the egg changes so no more sperm can enter.
At the moment of fertilization, the sex and genetic trait of the future person are set.
Pregnancy testing
Most common sign of pregnancy is a missed periodMenstruation ceases because progesterone levels remain
high.This causes endometrium to remain thick and intact
Pregnancy can be determined as soon as implantation has occurred.Embryo begins to produce a hormone called HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) HCG can be found in the blood of a pregnant woman a
few days after implantation. One week after menstruation should have begun, HCG
can be found in the woman’s urine.
Home Pregnancy Tests
Stages Of Fetal DevelopmentZygoteUnited egg and spermWithin 36 hours, the zygote is still
traveling through the fallopian tube; it begins to divide (2 cells-4 cells-8cells) Continues until dozens of cells.
Zygote cont.
Implantation – Process of attachmentWithin 4-5 days, zygote reaches uterus.
Floats around for a few days. (Approximately 500 cells)
No longer a solid mass of cells. Becomes a hollow sphere called a blastocyst. It begins to attach to wall of uterus After implantation occurs, the blastocyst is called an
embryo.
PlacentaThe attachment that holds the embryo to the
wall of the uterus develops into an organ into an organ called the placenta.
The placenta acts as a filter between the embryo’s bloodstream and the mother’s bloodstream. *Blood of the embryo and mother do not mix*
Many substances can pass through this filter (alcohol, drugs, smoke, and some organisms that cause disease)
Umbilical Cord25 days after fertilization, a cord develops
between the placenta and the embryo called the umbilical cord. This cord is the baby’s lifeline, containing
blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo.
Amniotic SacDeveloping embryo is enclosed in a bag of
thin tissue called the Amniotic sac. The embryo floats within the sac in amniotic fluid.
This fluid acts as a shock absorber, and keeps the embryo’s temperature constant.
Prenatal Care
Pregnant women require extra calories (2200-2400) per day
Supplements (folic acid, calcium, protein, iron)Exercise to maintain a healthy heart, to allow
it to meet the demands of developing fetus. Abstaining from alcohol, smoking, drugs
(street and prescription)Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Mental retardation
caused by alcohol, which damages the fetus’s brain development. 100% preventable
Prenatal TestingCertain disorders affecting the fetus can be
detected before birth through testing.Amniocentesis – Small amount of amniotic
fluid is removed from around the fetus and analyzed.
Prenatal testingChorionic villus sampling – A small piece of
chorion (part of the developing placenta) is removed for examination.
AlphaFetoProtein (AFP)An alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) blood test checks
the level of AFP in a pregnant woman's blood. AFP is a substance made in the liver of an unborn baby.
The amount of AFP in the blood of a pregnant woman can help see whether the baby may have such problems as spina bifida and anencephaly.
Prenatal testingUltrasound – High frequency sound waves that
bounce off the fetus. This is used to make a “picture” of the fetus. Ultrasounds can detect abnormal bone, muscle, and heart formation. Also shows the position, and if there is more than one. Also used to determine age.
Labor and Delivery1st Stage: Strong Contractions & Water
BreaksDuration: 4-24 hoursStrong contractions cause the cervix to dilate
(widen) from 1 to 4 inches.Each contraction lasts 30-90 secs.Contractions begin several minutes apart, and
then progress to seconds apart.Amniotic sac breaks, and the cervix softens to
allow the fetus to pass through. (water breaks)
Labor & Delivery 2nd Stage: Actual Birth (Delivery) Duration: 30 minutes to 2 hours
Muscular wall of uterus begins a series of contractions that will push the fetus down the birth canal. Once baby is out, umbilical cord is clamped and cut. Nose and mouth are suctioned out. Removing mucus. Eye drops are put in to prevent infection Vitamin K is given to prevent excessive bleeding from the cut
umbilical cord. Baby is examined within 1 minute of birth, and then again 5
minutes later. APGAR score is taken . Score is 0-21. heart rate2. breathing3. muscle tone4. skin color5. reactions
A score of 10 means the baby came through the birthing process in best condition possible
Labor & Delivery3rd Stage: Delivery of Afterbirth
(Placenta)Duration: The placenta is usually delivered
within 15-30 minutes of the baby being bornAfter baby is born, placenta separates from
uterine wall and is passed through birth canal.
Labor and DeliveryTypes of delivery Cephalic – Head down positionBreach – Buttocks/backside firstCesarean – surgical method
ComplicationsEctopic pregnancy – The blastocyst forms
and becomes implanted in the fallopian tube or elsewhere in the abdomen.Results in the death of the embryoSurgery is necessary to remove the embryo,
and to repair the damaged fallopian tube
ComplicationsMiscarriage – Expulsion of a dead zygote,
blastocyst, embryo, or fetus from the uterus.During 1st trimester15-20% of all pregnancies
Caused by serious genetic defect Mothers illness or drug mother has taken No apparent reason
ComplicationsStillbirth – Birth of a dead, full-term fetus.
Physical injury to the fetus
ComplicationsToxemia – Infection thorough out the
bodyHigh blood pressure:Protein in the urineSwelling ( fluid retention )
Serious condition affecting Teenagers Over 40 Not receive prenatal care
Rh factors – Most people contain a certain group of proteinsRh negative – Lack these proteins / 15% of
populationRh positive - Majority
Mother’s blood develops antibodies that fight the baby’s red blood cells. Baby will need a transfusion at birth Mother receives injections to prevent antibodies